語言功能Functions of language

1、functions of languagefunction definedfunction means purpose, usefulness aspects of language. examples from classic literature (/function)in such cases natural selection might easily specialise, if any advantage were thus gained, a part or organ, which had performed two

2、 functions, for one function alone, and thus wholly change its nature by insensible steps.the origin of species by darwin, charlesview in contextthere exists a monition of the bishop of durham against irregular churchmen of this class, who associated themselves with border robbers, and desecrated th

3、e holiest offices of the priestly function, by celebrating them for the benefit of thieves, robbers, and murderers, amongst ruins and in caverns of the earth, without regard to canonical form, and with torn and dirty attire, and maimed rites, altogether improper for the occasion.ivanhoe by scott, wa

4、lterview in contextwith dim lights and tangled circumstance they tried to shape their thought and deed in noble agreement; but after all, to common eyes their struggles seemed mere inconsistency and formlessness; for these later-born theresas were helped by no coherent social faith and order which c

5、ould perform the function of knowledge for the ardently willing soul.middlemarch by eliot, georgeview in contextsearle (1969) and leech (1983), etc. have respectively classified the functions of languages in terms of speech acts.language can perform many functions. here are some of the key ones:2.2.

6、2 phatic (寒暄功能)when language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it fulfills the phatic function. e.g.: farewells, comments on the weather, greetings (addressing as part of greeting) such as hi!; good weather, isnt it?; ho

7、w are things with you? 2.2.3 directive （指令功能）when language is used to get the hearer to do something, it serves a directive function. e.g.: listen, my children. pass me the salt, please; you should do it right away; if i were you, i would not take the money; have another sandwich; do come in, please

8、. (speaker-cost / benefit; hearer-cost / benefit)2.2.4 informative （信息功能） language can serve the informative function when it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about facts, or to reason things out. e.g.: water boils at 21 degree fahrenheit. 從西方哲學(xué)史看，對(duì)日常語言作哲學(xué)思辯不是什么新的哲學(xué)課題。早

9、在古希臘時(shí)期哲學(xué)家對(duì)語言是否是人的區(qū)別屬性就做過較深入的思考。分析哲學(xué)所關(guān)心的一些核心問題，如命題、真假值、指稱、有定表述、分析命題、綜合命題、預(yù)設(shè)等都是跟語言發(fā)生直接的關(guān)系。（顧曰國，2002：25）2.2.5 interrogative （疑問功能）language is used to get information from others. e.g.: questions to expect an answer such as when /where/ why/ what / how . did you manage it? what do you think of my plan?

10、那么當(dāng)代的日常語言分析哲學(xué)又有什么特點(diǎn)呢？首先，日常語言分析哲學(xué)是分析哲學(xué)這個(gè)大浪潮中的一個(gè)分支。（顧曰國，2002：15）2.2.6 expressive （表達(dá)功能）language is used to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. e.g.: ejaculations such as good heavens!; “my god!; “im extremely sorry about it. 牧場(chǎng)是我家home on the rangehttp:/www.usembassy-china

11、./infousa/amreader/gb/p388.htm 關(guān)于牧場(chǎng)是我家這首詩歌的來歷有兩種不同的說法。一種認(rèn)爲(wèi)它是由堪薩斯州的布魯斯特希利博士和丹凱利所作；另一種則認(rèn)爲(wèi)它是由哪位不知名的作者創(chuàng)作的一首牧童曲。據(jù)傳，堪薩斯州哈欽森的希利博士于1873年寫下它的歌詞，而他在堪薩斯州史密斯縣開一家商棧的一位朋友丹凱利爲(wèi)它譜了曲。該詩沒有取得版權(quán)，所以長(zhǎng)期以來有不少人冒稱詩作者，但均未遂心愿。弗蘭克林d羅斯福總統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)說過這是一首他最喜歡的詩。因此，它便廣泛流傳開來。 哦、給我一個(gè)家，那里牛群信步走，山鹿羚羊戲玩耍；沒有遮天蔽日云，只有激勵(lì)人心話。(合唱)家，牧場(chǎng)是我家，山鹿羚羊戲玩耍

12、；沒有遮天蔽日云，只有激勵(lì)人心話。多少夜晚星光閃，翹首舉目星空望，驚嘆星斗比我美，顆顆銀釘真燦爛。哦，給我一片地，鉆石金沙順流走；雪白天鵝水中嬉，可是仙女下凡舞?空氣清新萬里風(fēng)，微風(fēng)輕輕千里香?縱有都市百樣美，豈能換我牧場(chǎng)家?2.2.7 evocative （表情功能）language is used to create certain feelings (amusement, startling, anger, soothing, worry, pleased, etc. ) in the hearer. e.g.: 高高興興上班去，平平安安回家來；舉杯天地醉，中國貴州醇；今年20，明年18

13、；”i do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. i want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. but i refuse to be blown off my feet by any. (mahatma gandhi) 2.2.8 performative （言語行為功能）language is used to do things. e.g.: i decla

14、re the meeting open; i declare war; i sentence you to 10 years of hard labor; i name this ship titanic; we elected you premier of the peoples republic of china.other views performing “suggesting”:-在結(jié)束本文時(shí)，我們想向愛好泛讀的人們提個(gè)建議。語言和社會(huì)生活息息相關(guān)；我們靠語言與他人協(xié)作；通過語言繼承傳統(tǒng)文化，接受外國先進(jìn)思想和科學(xué)知識(shí)；利用語言來教育下一代，幫助他們創(chuàng)造美好的未來；語言又反過來表達(dá)著

15、我們的個(gè)性和我們充當(dāng)?shù)母鞣N角色。學(xué)一點(diǎn)語言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語言學(xué)，有助于增強(qiáng)我們的語言意識(shí)，對(duì)我們的工作和生活都是有利的。我們不妨把此事作為一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，列入我們的日程。持之以恒，必有所獲。（王宗炎，2002：12）-關(guān)于grice的研究。導(dǎo)讀，顧名思義，引導(dǎo)讀者讀，它只能起個(gè)引見作用，如此而已。要把grice讀懂讀透則完全靠讀者自身了。為了幫助那些有志仔細(xì)研讀grice意欲獲其真諦的讀者，我們?cè)诖烁缴涎芯縢rice的一些參考書目：bach, k., 1994. conversational implicature. in mind and language 9:124-1162.davis, wayne

16、, 1992. speaker meaning. in linguistics and philosophy, 15:223-253.gazdar, g. 1979. pragmatics: implicature, presumption and logical form. new york: academic press.grandy, richard and richard warner, eds. 1986. philosophical grounds of rationality: intentions, categories, ends. oxford: clarendon pre

17、s.gu, yueguo, 1993. pragmatics and rhetoric: a collaborative approach to conversation. in h. parret, ed. pretending to communicate. berlin: walter de gruyter, pp.173-193.leech, g. n., 1983. the principles of pragmatics. longman.levinson, s., 2000. presumptive meaning. the mit press.neale, stephen, 1

18、992. paul grice and the philosophy of language. in linguistics and philosophy, 15:509-559.recanati, francoise, 1989. the pragmatics of what is said. in mind and language, vol.4:295-329.schiffer, s. r., 1972. meaning. oxford: clarendon press.sperber, d., and d. wilson, 1986. relevance. oxford: basil blackwell.待添加的隱藏文字內(nèi)容1walker, ralph c. s., 1975. conversational implicatures. in s. b