完整版高中英語名詞講解及練習

1、 名詞 一、名詞的分類 等。專有名詞主要是指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，如Beijing，China 等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness 專有名詞 抽象名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 普通名詞集體名詞 可數(shù)名詞 個體名詞個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。 Proper Nouns： 指人名、地名及某些人和事物專有的名稱 Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; N

2、ew Years Day 專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫注意：Common Nouns：一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞 1. Individual Nouns: 指作為個體而存在的人或東西 可以指具體的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments 也可指抽象東西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream 2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干個個體組成的集合體 Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public 集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般

3、來說，視為整體時作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時作復(fù)數(shù)看。 His family _ not large. His family _ all music lovers. 有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police. Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 個別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。 Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指無法分為個體的物質(zhì)。 Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; de

4、tergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil 一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況： 1) 有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種” Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 兩份) Three beers, please. (三杯) It was a special tea. (一種) 2)個別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。 Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙灘） snows (積雪) waters(海域) 4.Abstract Nouns:表示動作、狀態(tài)、

5、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念 Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc. 多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。 Eg: Hes learning French for fun. I wish you good luck. 抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。 1 Failure is the mother of success. (失敗與成功在此為抽象概念) As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a fail

6、ure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失敗者，可數(shù)) 二、名詞的數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。 例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America 不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞須用單數(shù)形式。 可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分。可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有以下幾種： 情況 加法 例詞 一般情況-s 加brothers; schools 以s, x, ch, sh,結(jié)尾的詞 加-es buses; watches; dishes 以輔音

7、y結(jié)尾的詞加-ies 去yladies; countries 結(jié)尾的詞 以f或feves 把f/fe改成halves; leaves Notes: 1. stomach - stomachs 2. 以元音+y或以專有名詞+y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys 3. 以-o 結(jié)尾的名詞+ es在課本中出現(xiàn)的有hero, potato, tomato；其余以-o結(jié)尾的詞+ s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo ,zoo) 4:以f/fe結(jié)尾只加-s的詞：proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; be

8、liefs; chiefs handkerchief（手帕，手絹）的復(fù)數(shù)形式兩者都可以。 不規(guī)則變化： 變內(nèi)部元音：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen 詞尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen, child-children ouse ice：mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子） 有些外來詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; ss-crisecrisi a

9、um-medi medi phenomenon-phenomena; criterion-criteria; 單復(fù)數(shù)相同的情況：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese 以及由漢語音譯表示度量衡、貨幣等單位的名詞。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況：trousers(褲子); glasses(眼鏡); compasses(圓規(guī)) a pair of thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle “某國人”的復(fù)數(shù)形式： ?單、

10、復(fù)數(shù)相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, ?詞尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians, ?變man為men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen 但：German-Germans 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：1.一般將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief 2.無主體名詞的在詞尾

11、加復(fù)數(shù)。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（無用的人），go-betweens （中間人），look-outs（守望者） 3.由man, woman,構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)將前后兩個詞都變成復(fù)數(shù)。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers ?boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students 2 有些名詞可以兼作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty(一個美人/物) danger(危險)a danger(一件危險的事/人) failure(失敗)a fai

12、lure(一件失敗的事/人) honour(光榮)an honour(帶來榮譽的/或事) pity(遺憾)a pity(一件可惜的事) success(成功)a success(一件成功的事/人) surprise(驚奇)a surprise(一件令人吃驚的事) pleasure(樂趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事) worry(擔心)a worry(一件令人擔心的事) experience(經(jīng)驗)an experience(一次經(jīng)歷) service(服務(wù))a service(一個服務(wù)機構(gòu)) 英語中有許多對詞，一個可數(shù)，一個不可數(shù)。a poem(一首詩) poetry(詩歌總稱) a

13、machine(一臺機器) machinery(機器總稱) a job(一件工作) work(工作) a laugh(一個笑聲) laughter(笑聲) a permit(許可證) permission(允許) a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳總稱) a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李) a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包) a hair(一根頭發(fā)) hair(頭發(fā)) 幾個名詞的特殊用法1. hair His hair is white.（他的頭發(fā)是白的。） He has a few grey hairs.（他有幾根

14、白的頭發(fā)。） 2. fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. 3. police The police are searching for the murderer. dozen, score two (many, several) dozen pencils three dozen of them / these pencils dozens of students two score of students scores of people word（消息，通知）, man（人類）

15、，前面不加冠詞，也不用復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語用單數(shù)。 三、名詞的格英語中的名詞（代詞）有三個格：主格、賓格、所有格。 所有格表示所有關(guān)系，修飾另一名詞，作定語，它有兩種形式：一種是由名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，另一種是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成，前者多用來表示有生命的東西，后者多用來表示無生命的東西。 所有格的形式： 1. 一般的名詞所有格在后面加 s：Marys book 2. 以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格在后面僅加：Teachers Day, the students reading-room 3. 以 s 結(jié)尾的專有名詞所有格：Engelss works 或Engels works 4. 復(fù)合名詞的所有格是在其

16、詞尾加 s： his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion 3 5. 如果一樣東西為兩人共有，則只在最后一個名詞后加s, 如果是分別所有，則兩個名詞后都要加s：Tom and Marrys father, Toms and Marrys fathers 6. 在表示“某人家”、“店鋪”的所有格時，一般省略它所修飾的名詞：at the doctors, at the barbers, at Mr. Greens, at the tailors 7. 有些表示時間、距離、國家、城市、團體、機構(gòu)等無生命東西的名詞，也可以加s來構(gòu)成所有格：

17、todays newspaper ten minutes walk Chinas industry the stations a dollars worth the earths surface waiting-room 8. 凡不能加 s 構(gòu)成所有格的名詞，都可以與 of 結(jié)成短語，來表示所有格關(guān)系。就是有生命的東西的名詞也可如此，特別是當這個名詞有較長的定語時： the door of our classroom Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate? 在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞或指示代詞時，常使用雙重所

18、有格，即“of詞組+所有格”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)帶有一定的感情色彩，表示贊美、厭惡等。 a friend of her mothers a few friends of Toms that book of Toms several classmates of his 9. 一個名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經(jīng)提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重復(fù)。如： This is not my pen, but Marys. 10. 名詞原形直接作定語（不表示所有關(guān)系） room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth br

19、ush power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名詞習慣于用復(fù)數(shù)作定語 parents meeting(家長會) goods train(貨車) sales department (銷售部) sports meet(運動會) 名詞所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns) some patterns: 1.Ill take the risk for friendships sake. (為了友誼) 2.She was at her wits

20、end. （黔驢技窮） 3.Now they could sing at their hearts content. （盡情地） 4.We should get the children out of harms way. （不受損害） 5.We had best keep them at arms length. （保持距離） 6.For goodness sake, stop arguing. （看在上帝的份上） 7.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. （很合算） 1. The lion is considered the king of

21、the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup 3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot 4. H

22、e gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works 5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material 6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get r

23、ound London. 4 A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness 7. - Who did you spend last weekend with? - _. A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers 8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion 9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as

24、 it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol 10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers 11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. A. area B. plac

25、e C. room D. surface 12. It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _. A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results 13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. A. species B. group C. amount D. variety 1

26、4. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . A. range B. reach C. control D. distance 15. The life of London is made up of many different _. A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities 16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. we

27、ather B. temperature C. season D. climate 17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. A. force B. energy C. power D. health 18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant. A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation 19. It ca

28、nt be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance 20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause 21. - Im sorry I stepped outside for a smok

29、e. I was very tired. - There is no _ for this while you are on duty. A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation 22. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking 23. Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little childr

30、en. A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance 24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication 5 of the better environment. A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance 25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk A . a four hour B. a four hours C.

31、a four-hours D. a four hours 26. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance 27. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science. A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as 28.

32、The police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the lost key. A. price B. prize C. reward D. money 29. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens . A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place 30. At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics。 A. a

33、pproaches B. means C. methods D. ways 31. Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. A. explanations B. instructions C. descriptions D. introductions 32. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of_。 A. date B. shape C. order D. balance 33. To mak

34、e members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values 34. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they dont give you any direct _. A. solution B. target C. measure D. function 35. James took

35、 the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television. A. room B. area C. field D. position 36. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine. A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter 37. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reach

36、ed 200,000, a (n) _ of 40,000 per year. A average B number C amount D quantity 38. After the earthquake, tile first thing the local government did was to provide _for the homeless families. A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture 39. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble a

37、nd never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_. A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization 40. This restaurant has become popular for its wide_ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. A. division B. area C. range D. circle 41. I havent seen Sara since she wa

38、s a girl，and she has changed beyond _ . A. hearing B. strength C. recognition D measure 42. I found her sitting in the corner, reading _ newspaper, with _ in her eyes. A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear 43. Her father works as a _ in a hotel and her mother a _ in a priva

39、te company. 6 A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter 44. “Why couldnt they meet us at five oclock?” “Because they were delayed by _.” A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics 45. In fact, _ one cause that leads to the problem. A.

40、cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are 46. By all _, you must try every _ to help him. A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D. mean, means 47. Jim is _ person, and everyone is willing to be _ with him. A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so

41、a kind, friend 48. We already have _ pencils, but we need two _ pens. A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozen C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of 49. She raised her finger to her lips as _ for silence. A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word 50. May I take your order now?” “Wed like three bla

42、ck _ and two green _.” A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teas C. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas 51. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair C. some white hair D. more fifty hair 52. Hi, this way, please. OK.I sometimes have no sense of _ wh

43、en I arrive at the crossroad. A. position B. direction C. situation D. condition 53. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _. A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire 54. I didnt have to work all weekend I did it by _. A. chance B. choice C. accident D. myself 55. “Did you get _ to the party?” “Yes,