英語閱讀參考

1、閱讀 全書共80篇閱讀，根據(jù)去年老師所提出的思想，太長的、太難的、可以不做為重點本人把大部分的閱讀收錄進來了，希望考生能靈活運用有道詞典，進行翻譯，查詞！這樣也節(jié)省了不少的時間和精力！ 前幾年基本是考的原題，沒有底子的同學(xué)，直接看問題和答案直接選正確的就行了！不行就拿我那小抄，好好參透一下吧！注：文章有點地方或問題有點出入請注意下14頁 it is commonly believed in the united states that school is where people go to get an education. nevertheless, it has been said th

2、at today children interrupt their education to go to school. the difference between schooling and education implied by this remark is important. education is much more openended and allinclusive than schooling. education knows not limits. it can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or on the j

3、ob, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. it includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of information learning. the agent (doer) of education can vary from respected grandparent to the people arguing about politics on the radio, from a child to a famous sci

4、entist. whereas schooling has a certain predictability (可預(yù)料性), education quite often produces surprises. a chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions (宗教). people receive education from infancy (嬰幼兒) on. education, then, is a very broad,

5、inclusive term. it is a lifelong process (過程), a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be a necessary part of ones entire life.schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. through

6、out a country, children arrive at school at about the same time, take the assigned (指定的) seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. the pieces of reality that are to learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of governmen

7、t, have been limited by the subjects being taught, for example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their sociery or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. there are clear and undoubtful conditions surround

8、ing the formalized process of schooling.1the passage is organized by _.這篇文章有條理的告訴dalisting and discussing several educational problemsbtelling a story about excellent teacherscgiving examples of different schoolsdtelling the difference between the meanings of two related words 兩個相關(guān)的詞的含義的差別2what does

9、 the writer mean by using the expression “children interrupt their education to go to school” in paragraph 1?在第一段里，那句是作者用于表達孩子們上學(xué)打斷了他們受教育aall of life is an education.所有的生活是一種教育blearning takes place everywhere.ceducation is totally ruined by schooling.dschooling prevents people from discovering new t

10、hingswhich of the following statements does the passagesupport.下面哪個陳述并通過支持。c.going to school is only part of how people become educated.去學(xué)校僅有一部分教人怎么受教育.4the phrase “for example”, in paragraph 3, introduces a sentence _.詞組“for example”在第3段，介紹了一個句子athat shows the unknown workings of governmentbthat br

11、ings about the bad results of schoolingcthat helps to find out some similar textbooksdthat gives examples of the limits of classroom subjects 給出了些例子范圍是課堂主題5. what is the main idea of this passage?什么是這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容嗎?athe more years students go to school the better their education is.beducation and schooli

12、ng are quite different experiences.教育和學(xué)校教育是有著相當(dāng)不同的經(jīng)驗。cthe best schools teach a variety of subjects.dstudents benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.大概譯文: 人們普遍認(rèn)為美國學(xué)校是人們受教育的地方。然而,也有一種說法,認(rèn)為今天的孩子們上學(xué)打斷了他們受教育。區(qū)別此觀點暗示了學(xué)校和教育是很重要的。教育更具openended和allinclusive比受過良好的教育。 教育不知道的極限。它可以發(fā)生在任何地方,無

13、論是在淋浴時還是在工作時,無論是在廚房或拖拉機上。它既包括發(fā)生的正規(guī)教育,在學(xué)校和整個宇宙的信息的學(xué)習(xí)。受托人(實干家教育部調(diào)節(jié)從受人尊敬的祖父母的人爭論政治廣播,從孩童到著名的科學(xué)家。盡管學(xué)校教育有一定的可預(yù)見性(可預(yù)料性),教育往往能帶來意外的發(fā)現(xiàn)。與陌生人偶然的一次談話可能會使人認(rèn)識到自己對其宗教所知甚少(宗教)。受教育的人從嬰兒(嬰幼兒)。因此,教育是一個非常豐富的詞。教育是一個終生的過程(過程),這個過程的開始,在很久很久以前,開始上課,應(yīng)是一個必要的那部分的人生。從另一方面來說,學(xué)校教育是一種特定的,正式的過程,一般模式的預(yù)設(shè)的一點一滴變化到下一個。在全國,孩子們到學(xué)校大約在同時,

14、以指定(指定的)位置,接受一個成人的教學(xué),使用相同的教材,做作業(yè),考試等等?，F(xiàn)實的碎片的,無論他們是后天學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)字母還是了解政府的運作,是很有限的對象被教導(dǎo),例如,高中生們知道,他們不可能發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的班的政治問題的真相sociery或他們的最新電影制片人在做哪些嘗試。有明顯和undoubtful條件的過程學(xué)校正式教育。16頁 教育 education is not an end, but a means to an end. in other words, we do not educate children only for educating them. our purpose is to

15、fit them for life.in some modern countries, it has for some time been fashionable to think that free education for all can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation. but we can already see that free education for all is not enough. we find in such countries a far larger number of

16、people with university degrees refusing to do what they think is low work, and, in fact, working with ones hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such countries. but we have only to think a moment to understand that the work of a completely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of

17、a professor, we can live without education, but we die if we have no food. if no one cleaned our streets and took the rubbish away from our houses, we should get terrible diseases in our townsin fact,when we say that all of us must be educated to fit us for life,it means that we must be educated in

18、such a way that, firstly, each of us can do whatever work suited to his brais and ability and,secondly, that we can realize that all jobs are necessary to society, and that it is very bad to be ashamed of ones work. only such a type of education can be considered valuable to society.大概譯文: 在一些現(xiàn)代的國家,它

19、一直流行的看法,對所有人實行義務(wù)教育可以解決社會問題,建立了完善的nation.但是,我們已經(jīng)看到,對所有人實行義務(wù)教育是不夠的。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在這些國家的人的數(shù)量大得多,大學(xué)程度拒絕做那些他們認(rèn)為是低賤的工作,而事實上,用的是用被認(rèn)為是在這樣的骯臟、丟臉的countries.但我們也只能想一下了解一個完全沒有受過教育的農(nóng)民的工作遠比那個更重要的教授,我們生活中可以沒有教育,但我們沒有食物我們便會餓死。如果沒有人清掃街道,沒有人把屋子里的垃圾弄走,我們就會得可怕的疾病在城鎮(zhèn)里,事實上,當(dāng)我們說所有的人都必須接受教育,以適應(yīng)我們生命,它意味著我們必須以這樣的方式接受教育:第一,每個人都可以做任何工作

20、適合他的brais和能力;第二,我們應(yīng)該意識到所有的工作都是社會的必要組成,是很不感到羞恥的工作。只有這樣的教育才能被認(rèn)為是對社會有益的教育。17頁 teaching involves more than leadership. some of the teachers time and effort is directed toward instruction, some toward evaluation. but it is the teacher as a group leader who creates an efficient organizational structure an

21、d good working environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place. a group that is totally disorganized, unclear about its goals, or constantly fighting among its members will not be a good learning group. the leadership pattern includes helping to form and maintain a positive

22、learning environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place. on the first day of class, the teacher faces a room filled with individuals. perhaps a few closely united groups and friendships already exist. but there is no sense of group unity, no set of rules for conduct in the

23、group, no feeling of belonging. if teachers are successful leaders, they will help students develop a system of relationships that encourages cooperation. standards and rules must be established that maintain order, ensure justice, and protect individual rights, but do not contradict school policy.

24、what happens when one student hurts anothers individual rights? without clear guidelines mutually agreeable to students, teachers, and administration, the classroom can become chaotic. students may break rules they did not know existed. if standards are set without input from the class, students may

25、 spend a great deal of creative energy in ruining the class environment, finding ways to break rulesno matter how skillful the teacher is in uniting students and establishing a positive atmosphere, the task is never complete. regular maintenance is necessary. conflicts arise. the needs of individual

26、 members change. a new kind of learning task requires a new organizational structure. sometime outside pressure such as holidays, upcoming tests or athletic contests, or family troubles cause stress in the classroom. one task for the teacher is to restore a positive environment by helping students c

27、ope with conflict, change, and stress.1. this article is written mainly for the purpose of 寫這篇文章的是主要為目的a. providing information for teachingb. studying the teachers behavior in the classroomc. comparing the teachers behaviors with studentsd. teaching and organizing a class2. the teacher, to some ext

28、ent, is a leader because 老師,在某種程度上是一個領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者原因a. he is responsible for a well-organized class and a good learning environmentb. he deals with students in the same way as a leader deals with peoplec. he should develop harmony among studentsd. he has to maintain order and give instruction and evaluation3.

29、 the teacher should do more than teach. it is his responsibility to _教師應(yīng)做超過教。這是他的責(zé)任a. create an organizational structure and a positive learning structureb. establish standards and rules students should followc. help students deal with conflict, change, and stressd. all of the above4. the following

30、statements are true of the standards and rules to be establishedexcept 以下內(nèi)容真實標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則的規(guī)定除了a. the standards and rules should maintain orderb. the standards and rules should not violate school policyc. the standards and rules are accepted only by the teachers andd. the standards and rules should ensure j

31、ustice and protect students individual rights5. which of the following is not true? 下列各項哪個是不真實的a. if the teacher well unites his students and creates a positive atmosphere, he then will complete his task.b. if guidelines are not acceptable both to students and teachers, the classroom can be a mess.c

32、. outside pressures may cause stress among students.d. students need the teacher just as sheep need a shepherd.大概譯文: 教學(xué)方式超過領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。一些老師的時間和精力的研究是為了指導(dǎo),一些對評估。但這是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一個團隊的老師創(chuàng)造了一種有效的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和良好的工作環(huán)境,使教學(xué)和評估活動是可以實現(xiàn)的。一個組織,該組織是完全雜亂無章,不清楚它的目標(biāo),或者其成員國不斷戰(zhàn)斗就不是一個好學(xué)習(xí)小組。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)模式包括幫助形成和維持一個積極的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境,使教學(xué)和評估活動是可以實現(xiàn)的。 上課的第一天,教師面臨的一個房間里

33、充滿了個人。也許有一些緊密團結(jié)組織和友誼已經(jīng)存在。但是,沒有任何意義,團隊統(tǒng)一規(guī)范的行為在集團公司、沒有感情歸屬。如果老師都成功的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,他們將幫助學(xué)生建立一個系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系中,鼓勵合作。準(zhǔn)則、規(guī)則,必須建立維持秩序,保證正義,保護個人權(quán)利,但不要學(xué)校政策相抵觸。一個學(xué)生傷害時,會發(fā)生什么事別人的個人的權(quán)利嗎?沒有明確規(guī)定,雙方都同意學(xué)生、教師、管理、教室可成為亂糟糟的。學(xué)生可以破例他們不知道的分歧。如果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的輸入,課堂中,學(xué)生可能會花相當(dāng)多的有創(chuàng)造性的精力在破壞了環(huán)境一流、尋找一種方法來打破規(guī)則 無論純熟老師團結(jié)學(xué)生和建立一個積極的氛圍,任務(wù)是不完整的。定期維護是必要的。間發(fā)生沖突。個體黨員的需

34、要改變。一種新的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),需要一個新的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。有時外界的壓力像休假,即將來臨的測試或體育比賽中,或家庭問題造成的壓力在教室里。老師一項任務(wù)就是要恢復(fù)一個積極的環(huán)境,幫助學(xué)生應(yīng)對沖突,改變,和壓力。18頁（公共英語3級） life learning (sometimes called un-schooling or self-directed learning) is one of those concepts that are almost easier to explain by saying what it isnt, than what it is. and thats probabl

35、y because our own schooled backgrounds have convinced us that learning happens only in a dedicated building on certain days, between certain hours, and managed by a specially trained professional.with in that schooling framework, no matter how hard teachers try and no matter how good their textbooks

36、, many bright students get bored, many slower students struggle and give up or lose their self-respect, and most of them reach the end of the process unprepared to enter into society. they have memorized a certain body of knowledge long enough to rush back the information on tests, but they havent r

37、eally learnt much, at least of the official curriculum.life learners, on the other hand, know that learning is not difficult, that people learn things quite easily if theyre not compelled and forced, if they see a need to learn something, and if they are trusted and respected enough to learn it on t

38、heir own timetable, at their own speed, in their own way. they know that learning cannot be produced in us and that we cannot produce it in othersno matter what age and no matter whether were at school or at home.life learning is independent of time, location or the presence of teacher. it does not

39、require mom or dad to teach, or kids to work in workbooks at the kitchen table from 9 to noon from september to june. life learning is learner-driven. it involves living and learning in and from the real world. it is about exploring, questioning, experimenting, making messes, taking risks without fe

40、ar of making mistakes, being laughed at and trying again.furthermore, life learning is about trusting kids to learn what they need to know and about helping them to learn and grow in their own ways. it is about providing positive experiences that enable children to understand the world and their cul

41、ture and to interact with it.51.it is implied in the text that it is hard to _.也就是意味著本文,很難a.carry life learning thoughb.tell the nature of life learningc.learn without going to schoold.find a specially trained teacher52.according to the author, the schooling framework often _.根據(jù)作者的觀點,學(xué)制架構(gòu)經(jīng)常a.produce

42、s slow students with poor memoriesb.ignores some parts of the official curriculumc.fails to provide enough knowledge about lifed.gives little care to the quality of teaching materials53.life learners recognize that learning will not be difficult if they are _.生活的思考模式幫助學(xué)習(xí)者認(rèn)識學(xué)習(xí)將不會是比較困難的a.clear about w

43、hy to learnb.careful to make a time tablec.able to respect other peopled.cautious about any mistakes54.according to the author, life learning _. 根據(jù)作者,生活學(xué)習(xí)a.could prevent one from running risksb.could be a road full of trials and errorsc.makes a kid independent of his parentsd.teaches a kid how to av

44、oid being scorned55.through life learning, children _. 度過你的一生,學(xué)習(xí),孩子們a.will grow without the assistance from parentsb.will learn to communicate with the real worldc.will be driven to learn necessary life knowledged.will be isolated from the negative side of society生活學(xué)習(xí)(有時叫做un-schooling或自主學(xué)習(xí)是其中之一的概念,幾

45、乎是更容易地解釋說它不是,它是什么。和大概是因為我們自己的訓(xùn)練背景如何都使我們確信學(xué)習(xí)事只會在一個專門的建筑上幾天,可以限定小時,由一受過專門訓(xùn)練的專業(yè)。在,教育框架,無論如何努力,不論多教師們嘗試好他們的教材,許多聰明的學(xué)生厭倦,許多較慢的學(xué)生斗爭和喪失他們的自尊心,他們中的大多數(shù)人到達終點的過程還沒有準(zhǔn)備好去進入社會。他們背了一定的知識體的時間還不夠久,倉促復(fù)出考試的信息,但他們沒有真的學(xué)到了很多,至少官方的課程。生活學(xué)習(xí)者,另一方面,知道,學(xué)習(xí)沒有困難,人學(xué)習(xí)東西都很容易如果他們不是強迫并迫使時,如果他們看見需要學(xué)到一些東西,如果他們是信任和尊重,有足夠的時間學(xué)習(xí)在他們自己的時間表,在自

46、己的速度,在自己的方法。他們知道學(xué)習(xí)不可能被產(chǎn)生在我們里面,它無法制造的others-no事什么年齡和不管我們在學(xué)?；蛟诩依?。 生活學(xué)習(xí)是獨立于時間、地點或存在的老師。它不需要父母教,或者孩子練習(xí)冊的工作在廚房的桌子旁從上午9點到中午從9月到6月。生活學(xué)習(xí)是learner-driven。 它涉及到生活和學(xué)習(xí),并從現(xiàn)實世界。這是關(guān)于探索,提問,實驗,使垃圾冒險,而不必?fù)?dān)心犯錯,被嘲笑,再試一次。此外,生活學(xué)習(xí)是信任孩子們學(xué)他們需要知道什么,幫助他們學(xué)習(xí)和成長在他們自己的方式。這是關(guān)于提供的經(jīng)驗,使孩子理解世界,他們的文化并與其進行交互。35頁most of the people who appe

47、ar most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. we do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seaworthy boat, or calculated the length of the

48、year, or manured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. people think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. and i think most people believe that the great

49、est countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. it is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. animals fight; so do savages; hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a

50、savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently - this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done - is not being civilized. people fight to settle quarrels. fighting means killing, and c

51、ivilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won. and not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. for tha

52、t is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right. 在歷史上獲得最多榮耀，最經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在歷史教科書中的是那些征服者、將軍以及士兵，真正推動人類文明發(fā)展的人卻始終不被提及。我們不知道誰第一個醫(yī)好受傷人的斷腿，誰第一次用小船到深海遠航，誰第一個發(fā)明了日歷，誰第一次開墾農(nóng)田，相反，我們只知道那些屠殺別人的人和摧毀人類文明的人。人們總是想到這些人，以致于在世界上大城市里最高的柱子上到處都可以看到這些征服者、將軍和士兵的雕像。大多數(shù)人相信最偉大的國家是那些打敗了其它國家，并作為征服者統(tǒng)治它們的國家。在人類歷史上，它們確實是這

53、樣的，但它們并不是創(chuàng)造人類文明。動物只會打斗，野蠻人也是只會打斗，所以善于打斗就是與動物和野蠻人一樣，這樣做并不是創(chuàng)造人類文明。進一步講，如果某人能夠很好地與別人相處，最終能驅(qū)使別人為他效命打斗，教會別人如何打斗更有效率，就是征服者和將軍們所為，這也不是創(chuàng)造文明。文明的人應(yīng)當(dāng)是能夠找到某種方法平息人們之間的爭議，而不是通過一方殺掉另一方很多人來證明殺人多的一方獲勝。在歷史上，人們通過打斗來解決爭端。打斗意味著殺戮。而且，不僅一方已經(jīng)獲勝，而且由于它這一方已經(jīng)獲勝，所以它這一方是正義的。殺戮意味著勝利，勝利又成為下一次戰(zhàn)爭的借口，這個借口就是：實力就是正義。36頁every 14 days a

54、language dies. by 2100, more than half of the more than 7,000 languages spoken on earthmany of them not yet recordedmay disappear, taking with them a wealth of knowledge about history, culture, the natural environment, and the human brain. national geographics enduring voices project (conducted in c

55、ollaboration with the living tongues institute for endangered languages) strives to preserve endangered languages by identifying language hotspotsthe places on our planet with the most unique, poorly understood, or threatened indigenous languagesand documenting the languages and cultures within them

56、.language defines a culture, through the people who speak it and what it allows speakers to say. words that describe a particular cultural practice or idea may not translate precisely into another language. many endangered languages have rich oral cultures with stories, songs, and histories passed o

57、n to younger generations, but no written forms. with the extinction of a language, an entire culture is lost. much of what humans know about nature is encoded only in oral languages. indigenous groups that have interacted closely with the natural world for thousands of years often have profound insi

58、ghts into local lands, plants, animals, and ecosystemsmany still undocumented by science. studying indigenous languages therefore benefits environmental understanding and conservation efforts. studying various languages also increases our understanding of how humans communicate and store knowledge. every time a language dies, we lose part of the picture of what our brains can do. thr