建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的成本研究畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的成本研究hui liaudit department of tianjin polytechnic university摘要成本和質(zhì)量在任何工程上都是不能分割的問題。通常理解的概念是對(duì)物主來說在成本上質(zhì)量有一個(gè)直接的導(dǎo)向軸承，假定所有程序在各個(gè)方面都能很好的被管理和執(zhí)行，那么這種理解就是有根據(jù)的。然而，在從構(gòu)想引進(jìn)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目去完成這方面，有許多缺乏質(zhì)量的地方都可以逐步擴(kuò)大成本，除非業(yè)主，專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)人員和承包商能夠清晰地明白這些誤區(qū)從而避免這些誤區(qū)。通常有助于成本逐步擴(kuò)大的領(lǐng)域有：財(cái)產(chǎn)購置和搬遷，計(jì)劃和建造，融資的成本，效用搬遷和服務(wù)，建造，維護(hù)和操作。他能夠依據(jù)專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)工作內(nèi)容的理

2、解，對(duì)這些領(lǐng)域中的任何一個(gè)都有重要的影響。在一個(gè)項(xiàng)目上，一個(gè)好的質(zhì)量管理包括專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)人員的興趣的各個(gè)方面，這種好的質(zhì)量管理是獲得期望結(jié)果的最有效的方法。這份報(bào)告將會(huì)討論一些考慮因素和方法，專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)人員能夠利用這些因素和方法來管理所有的成本和質(zhì)量。關(guān)鍵詞：工程成本；質(zhì)量管理；成本控制引言 成本和質(zhì)量是兩種不同的問題，專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)人員在每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目上都必須對(duì)這兩種問題完全地解釋。這兩種問題是不能分割的，一般來說在一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的成功，業(yè)主的滿意度與將來工程師和物主的關(guān)系方面都有著意義深遠(yuǎn)的影響。工程量清單是建設(shè)項(xiàng)目中的一份文件，列舉了材料和勞動(dòng)力的數(shù)量。它是基于詳細(xì)的圖紙和規(guī)范，通常代表著委托人的利益（大衛(wèi)和

3、班卡瑞尼，2002）。按照拉希德等人，（2006）工程量清單主要用于成本估計(jì)，更重要的是承包商作為招標(biāo)文件的一部分用于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)投標(biāo)。它也有助于投標(biāo)決策。隨后,它被廣泛用于發(fā)布招標(biāo)工作如：成本計(jì)劃、預(yù)計(jì)現(xiàn)金流和預(yù)算，估值的臨時(shí)付款，變化的訂單和結(jié)算決算（1993）?？档?在1990年發(fā)現(xiàn),50%的工程量清單要求某種形式的改造,以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)的需要。 自從大約100年前開始，工程量清單的功能并沒有被改變太多，康迪等人在1993年指出，工程量清單的的主要目的是使所有參與招標(biāo)的承包商具有合同價(jià)格完全相同的信息并且拉希德等人同意此種說法，工程量清單對(duì)于承包商而言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的文檔，在價(jià)格相同的基礎(chǔ)上，從而允許最公

4、平的招投標(biāo)工作。 本研究的目的是確定承包商使用工程量清單在招投標(biāo)進(jìn)行階段，因此，本研究將探討信息有用性之間的關(guān)系，在工程量清單招投標(biāo)階段和招標(biāo)后階段。研究針對(duì)了不同的方法，從以往的研究，通過承包商的的角度尋找工程量清單中的信息的有用性，在招標(biāo)階段和招標(biāo)階段后期之間的關(guān)系，其中最近的研究主要集中在招標(biāo)階段，或從建設(shè)利益相關(guān)者的一般角度來看（大衛(wèi)等人，2009）。這將確定工程量清單在關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域急需得到關(guān)注，以達(dá)到使承包商更好地組織利用測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)。工程量清單的作用：為了有一個(gè)全面的看法，討論工程量清單的使用應(yīng)考慮在招標(biāo)階段，招標(biāo)后階段。 工程量清單在投標(biāo)階段，目的是協(xié)助承包商在他的投標(biāo)過程中提供有用的信

5、息（布魯克，1998年）。它使承包商插入合適的利率名單中描述量化性的項(xiàng)目?；诖笮l(wèi)和班卡瑞尼（2004）在招標(biāo)前的階段，工程量清單協(xié)助承包商編制其承包商。事實(shí)上，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以觀察和分析，在這一階段進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)控來控制施工過程。在招標(biāo)后階段，工程量清單作為施工管理信息方面的規(guī)劃，編程，設(shè)備，材料采購，勞動(dòng)和分包商，支付，預(yù)算控制，等等。同時(shí)在實(shí)施的時(shí)候，作為一個(gè)法律文件（康迪等人，1993）。這可能作為總包合同下的工程量清單的誤差，導(dǎo)致索賠。此外，大衛(wèi)和班卡瑞尼（2004）表示，在招標(biāo)階段的后期，工程量清單也協(xié)助承包商和工料測(cè)量師評(píng)估進(jìn)度付款和變化。工程量清單提供了一個(gè)金融合同管理結(jié)構(gòu)。此外，賈格爾

6、等（2002）表示，工程量清單必定會(huì)成為不可缺少的文件，因?yàn)樗试S承包商使用工程量清單中的信息，以協(xié)助現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查和施工過程中的管理。陳（2003）曾列出了一些不同目的的工程量清單即避免不必要的努力，從多個(gè)承包商準(zhǔn)備的議案,提供質(zhì)量控制、成本分析、成本計(jì)劃和提供財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告/現(xiàn)金流的依據(jù)。 與此同時(shí)，大衛(wèi)和班卡瑞尼發(fā)現(xiàn)，建筑承包商的數(shù)量是基于測(cè)量資源需求而不是固定的，他們數(shù)量的變化在于是否支持其他管理功能并且是否有益處?？赡軙?huì)節(jié)省63%的工作人員時(shí)間，在整個(gè)招標(biāo)及招標(biāo)后階段的管理工作。 墾利（2004年）進(jìn)行了研究，旨在探討如果工程量清單的信息，可以由最終用戶有效地利用。從接受調(diào)查的人群中，承包商，分

7、包承包商和工料測(cè)量師同意工程量清單是一個(gè)應(yīng)該保留的文件，將用于生產(chǎn)。金等人（2006年）進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)研究，評(píng)論工程量清單的有效性;用來確定建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目的招標(biāo)過程中競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的程度工作。該研究從承包商的的角度來考慮，估計(jì)這些文件的主要用戶。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，目前工程量清單不是最有效的。當(dāng)前的文件格式增加了招標(biāo)過程的整體成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平，以及與投標(biāo)人的爭(zhēng)端。此外，對(duì)投標(biāo)價(jià)格的準(zhǔn)確性也存在潛在的損害。研究表明,(1)施工技術(shù)員和顧問應(yīng)該確保他們現(xiàn)在的文件,滿足招標(biāo)方的需求，(2)通過規(guī)范所采用的作法也應(yīng)該具有靈活性。斯金納和大衛(wèi)等人進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的研究工作發(fā)現(xiàn)，承包商的工程量清單的效用和信息包含在整個(gè)法案過程當(dāng)中。根據(jù)

8、研究,繼續(xù)證明該法案僅僅作為承包商選擇的一個(gè)媒介,未能認(rèn)識(shí)到潛在的細(xì)節(jié)及較為特別的部分，忽略了其廣泛的生產(chǎn)貢獻(xiàn)，這可能會(huì)使那些投標(biāo)成功的承包商忽略了工程量清單在投標(biāo)過程中所起到的作用。伍德發(fā)現(xiàn)。承包商們對(duì)工程量清單的利用信息是不足的，此外，計(jì)算機(jī)化的工程量清單并沒有導(dǎo)致向承包商和施工技術(shù)員傳遞數(shù)據(jù)的增加，所以，雖然工程量清單的生產(chǎn)效率有所增加，但是對(duì)工程量清單的整體效益卻沒有增加。根據(jù)上述調(diào)查的結(jié)果，作出決定，決定在馬來西亞的承包商中進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)類似調(diào)查。本次調(diào)查將分析不匹配的信息并由英國隊(duì)和澳大利亞隊(duì)執(zhí)行去分析其廣度和深度的意義，但它確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了一些有意義的結(jié)果在馬來西亞的建設(shè)業(yè)。研究方法論： 問

9、卷調(diào)查已經(jīng)分成兩部分，受訪者集建設(shè)目標(biāo)；與馬來西亞建筑工業(yè)發(fā)展局注冊(cè)等級(jí)在7和6級(jí)以下的公司。所有的部分反映了需要實(shí)現(xiàn)的具體目標(biāo)。調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)的分析采用的是社會(huì)科學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包來對(duì)問卷調(diào)查進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析，李克特式量表也被應(yīng)用在這部分。為了研究投標(biāo)后工作，研究了超過二十一項(xiàng)最關(guān)鍵的管理任務(wù)和五項(xiàng)管理功能，即：估計(jì),采購,計(jì)劃,網(wǎng)站管理和財(cái)務(wù)控制。它們被用來代表承包商用最簡(jiǎn)單的方式來進(jìn)行招標(biāo)后工作。意思是選擇的分析得出推論差異的度量值。意味著是被認(rèn)為是最合適的分析的理由需要扭曲的值。因此,它將提供更準(zhǔn)確的值分析。相關(guān)性分析：有兩個(gè)類型的相關(guān)性用于此項(xiàng)分析：一是肯德爾等級(jí)相關(guān)系數(shù)，二是皮爾森相關(guān)。肯德爾等級(jí)

10、相關(guān)系數(shù)：肯德爾的等級(jí)相關(guān)系數(shù)分析,是非參數(shù)化的,用于調(diào)查的關(guān)系： （1）相關(guān)的有用信息，工程量清單在招投標(biāo)階段之間基于個(gè)人信息和總體信息，（2）基于個(gè)人發(fā)布招標(biāo)的工程實(shí)用性之間的相關(guān)性分析管理的任務(wù)和總體管理任務(wù)。相關(guān)系數(shù)之間的1范圍（加或減1）為樣本估計(jì)相關(guān)系數(shù)是由樣本相關(guān)系數(shù)（r）表示?！皉”標(biāo)識(shí)的程度為這兩個(gè)變量之間的關(guān)系的性質(zhì)。相關(guān)系數(shù)可以解釋如下：（一）為零沒有關(guān)聯(lián)密切值。（二）0.5或0.5低相關(guān)。（三）在0.5和0.7之間中度相關(guān)。（四）高于0.7或低于0.7高/強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。（五）正相關(guān)，意味著兩個(gè)變量在同一方向移動(dòng)，反之則為負(fù)相關(guān)。皮爾森相關(guān)：皮爾森相關(guān)分析，這是參數(shù)化的，被

11、用來研究工程量清單之間有用的信息，在招標(biāo)階段招標(biāo)后階段，工程量清單被用于承包商的管理任務(wù)。使用相關(guān)分析之前，一個(gè)正常的測(cè)試已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了，目的是確定個(gè)體受訪者是否認(rèn)為工程量清單是有用并且實(shí)用的，在招標(biāo)后的得分工作中。通常是使用一個(gè)斯米爾諾夫分布樣本試驗(yàn)?？聽柲缏宸?- 斯米爾諾夫z軸測(cè)試，也被稱為柯爾莫哥洛夫 - 斯米爾諾夫顯示d試驗(yàn)，是一個(gè)擬合優(yōu)良的測(cè)試。測(cè)試是否一個(gè)給定的分布中沒有顯示出不同的假設(shè)（例如，一個(gè)正態(tài)分布的假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上）。正態(tài)性建立后，該研究是使用的皮爾森相關(guān)參數(shù)。 皮爾森相關(guān)性可用于找到至少兩個(gè)連續(xù)變量之間的相關(guān)性。該皮爾森值介于0.00（不相關(guān)）和1.00（完全相關(guān)）。其他因

12、素如組的大小將決定是否相關(guān)性是顯著的。皮爾森積矩相關(guān)系數(shù)是衡量?jī)蓚€(gè)變量之間的線性關(guān)系的強(qiáng)度。它被稱為皮爾森相關(guān)或簡(jiǎn)單的相關(guān)系數(shù)。如果變量之間的關(guān)系不是線性的，那么相關(guān)系數(shù)是不充分的變量之間的關(guān)系代表。 在采訪中，通過抽樣的方式選擇了代表該行業(yè)樣本的八個(gè)承包商。在討論中，他們被問及關(guān)于工程量清單的使用，該采訪的目的是通過他們的意見使工程量清單的使用得到發(fā)展。有兩個(gè)選定的測(cè)試進(jìn)行了分析：（1）均值的分析（2）相關(guān)性的分析，此外還有兩個(gè)相關(guān)性被用于該分析中：（1）肯德爾等級(jí)相關(guān)系數(shù)（2）皮爾森相關(guān)性分析。工程量清單在招投標(biāo)階段的有用性：四十個(gè)承包商參加的問卷調(diào)查。他們中的大多數(shù)都工料測(cè)量師和項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理

13、，87.5%的受訪者有10年以上工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。為他們做了十項(xiàng)信息研究調(diào)查。十項(xiàng)的平均得分為3.59，以下解釋5分的評(píng)分系統(tǒng)，這意味著受訪的承包商認(rèn)為作為平均上來說這十項(xiàng)信息全是有用的在編制投標(biāo)書的提交方面。對(duì)于個(gè)別項(xiàng)目的結(jié)果單獨(dú)列示的效用遞減順序（降低滿意度）。篩選法是統(tǒng)籌法的一種，通過找出分部分項(xiàng)工程在每單位建筑面積上的工程量、價(jià)格、用工的基本數(shù)值，歸納為工程量、價(jià)格、用工三個(gè)單方基本值表，當(dāng)所審查的預(yù)算的建筑標(biāo)淮與基本值所適用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同，就要對(duì)其進(jìn)行調(diào)整。這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是簡(jiǎn)單易懂，便于掌握，審查速度快，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題快。但解決差錯(cuò)問題尚須繼續(xù)審查。數(shù)量單位： 承辦商都非常滿意的信息在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目下收到的

14、平均得分為4.75。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是非常有用并認(rèn)為這是最有用的相對(duì)于其他信息包，在工程量清單中，數(shù)量單位是根據(jù)馬來西亞工料測(cè)量師協(xié)會(huì)而定的，在招投標(biāo)文件中數(shù)量單位必須按照這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來進(jìn)行。因此可以得出結(jié)論,承包商很開心，因?yàn)闃?biāo)準(zhǔn)化的信息更容易與其他承包商競(jìng)爭(zhēng)投標(biāo)的項(xiàng)目。也就是說，他們確切地知道什么是數(shù)量單位。 項(xiàng)目成本控制和管理是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過程。動(dòng)態(tài)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),使投資在識(shí)別和控制變得更為復(fù)雜,這就需要建設(shè)單位對(duì)工程造價(jià)的管理項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)過程中,必須有一個(gè)全面的關(guān)注。實(shí)施階段的項(xiàng)目。實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理是實(shí)施全過程項(xiàng)目管理。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理可分為三個(gè)部分:招標(biāo)管理、施工管理和結(jié)算管理。申

15、辦施工階段的施工單位招標(biāo)系統(tǒng)控制工程造價(jià)的有效手段,組織可以提高出價(jià)的成本效益的建設(shè)項(xiàng)目和確保工程的施工質(zhì)量,縮短施工周期的投資回報(bào)率,施工單位可以充分利用招標(biāo)的有效成本控制的方法。估計(jì)是一個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)近似,為決策提供信息,是一個(gè)代理或代替實(shí)際測(cè)量。它被認(rèn)為是準(zhǔn)確的,如果它是足夠接近實(shí)際性能,決定基于估計(jì)是一樣的決策基于實(shí)際性能,是實(shí)際性能可用。雖然指導(dǎo)概念的一個(gè)估計(jì)量是精度,其本質(zhì)上是不確定的估計(jì)。一個(gè)估計(jì)量必須面對(duì)不確定性。因?yàn)椴淮_定性包含在一個(gè)估計(jì)是重要信息的估計(jì)價(jià)值本身。一個(gè)應(yīng)急是一個(gè)可能的或不可預(yù)見的事件。期望值可能確定事件。例如,如果有一個(gè)20%機(jī)會(huì)承包商可能需要兩個(gè)推土機(jī)而不是一個(gè)

16、,它可能包括一個(gè)成本的20%(或者更多)的成本第二方案作為應(yīng)急。第二種類型的應(yīng)急可能成本的不可預(yù)見的事件:事件,不能確認(rèn),因?yàn)楣こ處煵恢朗裁磿?huì)發(fā)生。這第二個(gè)類型是一個(gè)真正的應(yīng)急和需要密切關(guān)注,因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)犯錯(cuò)誤的余地。最令人擔(dān)憂的事情在工程(可能在每個(gè)行業(yè))的發(fā)生未預(yù)料到的。取費(fèi)應(yīng)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)毓こ淘靸r(jià)管理部門頒發(fā)的文件及規(guī)定，結(jié)合相關(guān)文件如合同、招投標(biāo)書等來確定費(fèi)率。審核時(shí)應(yīng)注意取費(fèi)文件的時(shí)效性；執(zhí)行的取費(fèi)表是否與工程性質(zhì)相符；費(fèi)率計(jì)算是否正確；價(jià)差調(diào)整的材料是否符合文件規(guī)定。如計(jì)算時(shí)的取費(fèi)基礎(chǔ)是否正確，是以人工費(fèi)為基礎(chǔ)還是以直接費(fèi)為基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于費(fèi)率下浮或總價(jià)下浮的工程，在結(jié)算時(shí)特別要注意變更或新

17、增項(xiàng)目是否同比下浮等。 他們知道從過去的項(xiàng)目中,他們幾乎沒有領(lǐng)域知識(shí),施工困難發(fā)生,他們不能事先確定。和這些不明身份的事件添加20%的平均成本的事件和活動(dòng),她們發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此他們添加20%至他們的估算成本,因?yàn)椴贿@樣做將不能準(zhǔn)確反映他們的最佳估計(jì)的最終成本。質(zhì)量成本核算項(xiàng)目管理信息系統(tǒng)幾個(gè)質(zhì)量成本項(xiàng)目管理是開發(fā)和實(shí)施來確定質(zhì)量成本:質(zhì)量績(jī)效管理系統(tǒng)(qmps)、質(zhì)量性能跟蹤系統(tǒng)(qpts)11,和質(zhì)量成本矩陣。然而,這些一直被限制在測(cè)試在美國和英國,因此無法直接實(shí)現(xiàn)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目在國家,如澳大利亞,與文化和其他方法之間的差異,項(xiàng)目采購和信息組織和管理。數(shù)量： 它收到的平均得分為3.90，這意味著有個(gè)別承

18、包商不滿意工程量清單資料。從這些受訪者訪談獲得反饋表明，他們獲得的不滿是由于數(shù)量的事實(shí)應(yīng)該是材料的凈用量。例如，這里面的缺陷是,工程量清單中提供的數(shù)量并不總是準(zhǔn)確的。承包商投標(biāo)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目有時(shí)需要檢查這些數(shù)量的準(zhǔn)確性,但是所耗費(fèi)的時(shí)間卻需要算在整個(gè)投標(biāo)過程中。在這種情況下，如果在工程量清單中指定的數(shù)量超過實(shí)際，承包商將會(huì)中標(biāo)并獲得額外的收益 ，如果數(shù)量小于實(shí)際，那么將會(huì)失去機(jī)會(huì)。為了減少這種損失，大多數(shù)承包商在其他項(xiàng)目中提出了更高的價(jià)格估計(jì)，特別是那些在預(yù)選中。在這樣做時(shí)，他們會(huì)自己核對(duì)他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的價(jià)格。大衛(wèi)還說，對(duì)于數(shù)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來說并沒有特殊的準(zhǔn)確性。這可能就是承包商不參與評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目好壞的重要

19、原因。工作方法： 工程量清單在一個(gè)項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)過程中提供有關(guān)的施工方法、工藝和性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。3.58的平均得分意味著平均受訪者滿意，而它統(tǒng)計(jì)的描述性指出，那些無法找到有用的信息的存在。 這可以歸因于一個(gè)事實(shí)，即所謂的工作描述，從訪談的一些人中，經(jīng)常有太多的不相關(guān)的項(xiàng)目包含在其中。 暫定金額：3.35的平均得分意味著這些信息包只另平均受訪者滿意，但只有輕微的。從訪談反饋表明，那些不滿意的承包商認(rèn)為，信息包中缺乏詳細(xì)的工作描述或信息的工作本身并不說明程度，因此需要把未能明確的項(xiàng)目形成暫定金額?？偨Y(jié)對(duì)質(zhì)量重新關(guān)注的需要發(fā)生在美國大多數(shù)工業(yè)上。世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)迫使我們對(duì)質(zhì)量付出更多的關(guān)注。美國工程師協(xié)會(huì)就在這些工業(yè)中

20、。除了這些競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力，有一種好的財(cái)政獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)通過好的質(zhì)量管理過程被意識(shí)到了。那些已經(jīng)確立了廣泛的品質(zhì)管理過程以及通過發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)工作已經(jīng)增加了收益的人在第一次已經(jīng)做對(duì)了，很少有返工的。這就意味這降低成本和增加業(yè)主的滿意度。這也增加了自己的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)之間的自尊。因此,成本和質(zhì)量管理之間有直接的關(guān)系，如果他想保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和提供有關(guān)他的被尊重的服務(wù)的話，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該明白這種關(guān)系，從而采取必要步驟,制定有效的質(zhì)量管理。附錄c外文文獻(xiàn)study on construction cost of construction projectshui liaudit department of tianjin polytech

21、nic universityabstractchina is a country which has the largest investment amount in engineering construction in the world and which has the most construction projects. it is a significant subject for the extensive engineering managers to have effective engineering cost management in construction pro

22、ject management and to reasonably determine and control construction cost on the condition of ensuring construction quality and time limit.on the basis of the status quo of losing control in chinese construction investment and of separation of technique and economy in engineering, and guided by basi

23、c theories of construction cost control, the author discusses control methods and application of construction cost, sets forth existing issues in construction cost control and influences of these issues on determination and control of construction cost, puts forward that construction cost control sh

24、ould reflect cost control of the entire construction process at the earlier stage of construction, and then introduces some procedures and methods of applying value project cost control at all stages of construction projects.keywords: construction cost, cost control, project1. significance of the st

25、udythe existing construction cost management system in china was formulated in 1950s, and improved in 1980s. traditional construction cost managerial approach was one method brought in from the former soviet union based on unified quota of the country. it is characterized by the managerial approach

26、of construction cost in the planned economy, which determines that it cannot adapt to requirements of the current market economy.traditional construction cost managerial approach in china mainly includes two aspects, namely, determination approach of construction cost and control approach of constru

27、ction cost. the traditional determination approach of construction cost mainly applied mechanically national or local unified quantity quota to determine the cost of a construction project. although this approach has undergone reform of over 20 years, until now, influences of planned economy managem

28、ent mode have still been in existence in many regions. control approach of our traditional construction cost is mainly to control settlement and alteration of construction cost, which is merely an approach to settle accounts after the event, and which cannot satisfy the purpose of saving resources a

29、nd improving work. in recent years, requirements of developed countries on project investment have been to plan to control in advance and to control in the middle of an event, whose effects have proved to be effective. an actually scientific approach should be that construction cost control approach

30、 beforehand and after the event can eliminate or diminish labour in vain or poor efficiency and unnecessary resource degradation and methods applied in implementation of construction projects before or after the event.considering the above situation, the academic circles put forward concept of cost

31、management and control of the overall process as early as 1980s. they began to attach importance to prophase management of construction projects and take the initiative to conduct cost management. afterwards, on july 1, 2003, implementation of symbolized that cost estimate of china had entered a bra

32、nd-new era that complied with development rules of market economy. from then on, concepts and approaches of chinese cost management were really integrated with the international society.losing control of construction project investment is a universal phenomenon in fixed investment field in china. a

33、construction project consumes quite a lot of manpower, materials and machines, with large investment, long construction cycle, and strong synthesis, so it is related with economic interests of all construction parties and means a lot to national economy. currently, in the field of chinese project co

34、nstruction, there exists the status quo of separation of technique and economy. most of engineers and technicians tend to regard construction cost as duty of financing andpreliminary budget personnel, and mistakenly believe that it has nothing to do with themselves. in the process of carrying out a

35、project, they usually only focus on quality control and progress control, while they ignore control over investment in construction projects. if technicians ignore construction cost, and those who are in charge of construction cost have no knowledge in relevant technical construction connected with

36、construction cost, then it is difficult for them to reasonably confirm and effectively control construction cost. construction supervision investment control refers to managerial activities at the whole implementation state of the project, which attempts to guarantee realization of project investmen

37、t targets with the premise of satisfying quality and progress. investment targets are set at different stages with further progress of construction practice, and construction cost control runs through the entire process of project construction, but it should give prominence to the key points. obviou

38、sly, the key of construction cost control lies in investment decision-making and design stage before the construction, while after the investment decision is made, the key lies in the design. life cycle of construction project includes construction cost and recurrent expenditure after the constructi

39、on project is put into service, and discard and removal costs etc after usage period of the project. according to analysis of some western countries, usually design cost only amounts to less than 1% of life cycle of construction project. however, it is the cost of less than 1% that accounts for more

40、 than 75% of influences on construction cost. it is therefore obvious that, design quality is vital to benefits of the entire project construction.for a long time, construction cost control of the preliminary engineering of project construction has been ignored in china, while the primary energy of

41、controlling construction cost has been focused upon auditing working drawing estimate, settling construction cost and settling itemized account during construction. although this has its effect, after all, this had no difference from taking precautions after suffering a loss and getting half the res

42、ult with twice the efforts. in order to effectively control construction cost, the emphasis of control should be firmly transferred to preliminary construction stage. at present, we should take all pains to grasp this significant stage so as to achieve maximum results with little effort.this article

43、 aims to analyze existing issues in cost control of the entire construction period through study on theoretical methods and practice of construction cost management. especially, issues in cost control in the earlier period of construction deserve our research, so that we can explore corresponding re

44、form measures to offer some references for construction project cost control.the situation of a construction project in which budgetary estimate exceeds estimation, budget exceeds budgetary estimate, and settlement exceeds budget, is a universal phenomenon in investment in fixed assets in china. con

45、struction cost which is out of control adds to investment pressure, increases construction cost, reduces investment profit, affects investment decision-making, and, to a great extent, wastes the national finance, so it is likely to result in corruption or offence. since the middle of 1950s, on the b

46、asis of summarizing practical experiences of fundamental construction battle line for several decades, we have conducted a series of reforms in construction field. especially since may 1988, we have gradually implemented the system of construction supervision all over the country, which has had some

47、 positive effects upon reversing the phenomenon of losing control of a construction project in the implementation period. however, because that system is still in its starting stage, there hasnt appeared a large batch of professional and socialized supervision teams. in addition, in projects in whic

48、h construction supervision is carried out, there exist general phenomena, such as “emphasis on quality control at the construction stage and neglect of investment control”, and “emphasis on technical aspects of supervision and neglect of economic aspects of supervision”. in reality, rights of superv

49、ision tend to be confined to management of technical aspects, while management of economic aspects is firmly in control of proprietors. meanwhile, lagging behind of existing construction cost management system is the primary cause for losing control of construction cost. therefore, as a whole, the p

50、henomenon of losing control over construction project cost is still quite serious, so it is necessary to conduct further study and make further analysis on major factors of current construction cost management and factors at all stages of a construction project that affect construction cost.2. prima

51、ry study contentaiming at the subject of “control of whole-process of construction project cost”, and based on lots of literature reviews about determination and control of construction project cost both at home and abroad, the author of this paper has collected extensively some relevant provincial

52、and city reports and data after investigation. afterwards, the author conducts the following work.1) to analyze formulation of construction project investment and to find out primary reasons for losing control over construction cost at all stages of a construction project. 2) to study and analyze st

53、atus quo and existing issues of current construction cost management, and study influences of these issues upon determination and control of a construction cost. 3) to put forward effective approaches and methods as well application of value engineering of a construction project from its decision-ma

54、king stage, design stage, construction stage to the final acceptance of construction stage. 4) to make clear significance, necessity and feasibility of cost control of a construction project so as to provide recommendations for improvement of construction cost management in china.2.1 construction co

55、st control theory and management modeaccording to the new cost control theory, cost engineers are “professional persons who undertake cost estimate, cost control, marketing planning and scientific management”. fields undertaken by cost engineers include such aspects as project management, project pl

56、anning, progress management and profitability analysis etc of a project construction and its production process. cost engineers offer service for control over life cycle expenditure, property facilities and production & manufacture of a construction project with their management technique with an ov

57、erall cost.2.2 current construction cost management model and theories in china2.2.1 direct regulation and control of the governmentconsidering development process of quota, it can be discovered that quota has come into being, developed and become mature gradually with development of planned economy

58、 after foundation of prc. since china has carried out centralized management model of investment system for a long time, the government is not only a maker of macropolicy, but a participant of micro-project construction. therefore, a unified quota with dense colour of planned economy is able to provide powerful methods and means for the government to carry out macro-investment regulation and control and micro-construction project management.2.2.2 valuation basis for current construction costbasic materials for calcul