射線(xiàn)檢測(cè)作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書(shū)RT Operation Specification（中英對(duì)照）

1、第三方nde檢測(cè)單位the third party inspection organizationrt作業(yè)指導(dǎo)書(shū)rt operation specification目 錄1.檢測(cè)范圍scope of testing12.防護(hù)precautionary measures13.檢測(cè)人員ndt personnel14.透照方式ways of radiographing25.表面要求surface requirements26.定位標(biāo)記和識(shí)別標(biāo)記position and identification marks37.象質(zhì)計(jì)image quality indictor38.射線(xiàn)透照質(zhì)量等級(jí)39.膠片和增

2、感屏films and intensifying screens410.幾何條件geometry511.無(wú)用射線(xiàn)和散射線(xiàn)的屏蔽shielding of unwanted rays and scattering rays612.曝光exposure713.膠片處理film processing714.底片質(zhì)量negative quality715.底片的觀察observation of films916.焊縫射線(xiàn)透照缺陷等級(jí)評(píng)定16 defect rating of weld radiography917.報(bào)告及驗(yàn)收標(biāo)記17 reports and acceptance91. 檢測(cè)范圍scope

3、 of testing1.1. 本章依據(jù)jb4730承壓設(shè)備無(wú)損檢測(cè)the guidelines are written in accordance with jb4730 nondestructive testing of pressure equipments.1.2. 本章規(guī)定了在焊縫透照檢測(cè)過(guò)程中，為獲得合格透照底片所必須遵循的程序和要求。the guidelines stipulate the procedures and requirements that must be followed in performing radiographic testing of welds in

4、 order to obtain satisfied films.1.3. 本章適用于碳素鋼、低合金鋼、不銹鋼焊縫及鋼管對(duì)接環(huán)縫的射線(xiàn)透照檢測(cè)。the guidelines are applicable to the radiographic testing of the welds including those of carbon steels, low alloy steels and stainless steels and circumferential welds of butt-jointed steel pipelines.2. 防護(hù)precautionary measures

5、2.1. x射線(xiàn)對(duì)人體有不良影響，應(yīng)盡量避免射線(xiàn)的直接照射和散射線(xiàn)的影響。x-ray is detrimental to human health. avoid direct exposure and the influence of scattering rays.2.2. 從事射線(xiàn)檢測(cè)的人員應(yīng)備有劑量?jī)x或其它劑量測(cè)試設(shè)備，以測(cè)定工作環(huán)境的射線(xiàn)照射量和個(gè)人受到的累計(jì)劑量,單個(gè)劑量?jī)x要包括一個(gè)tlv標(biāo)志，記時(shí)讀數(shù)劑量計(jì)和聲音警報(bào)儀。ndt personnel should equip with dose meters or other dose measuring devices in ord

6、er to determine the amount of exposure in working environment and accumulative dosage of individuals, individual dosimeters will inchude a tlv badge (cumulative),an instant reading dosimeter and audible alarm dosimeter.2.3. 在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行射線(xiàn)檢測(cè)時(shí)應(yīng)設(shè)置安全線(xiàn).安全線(xiàn)上應(yīng)有明顯警告標(biāo)志,夜間應(yīng)設(shè)紅燈,人工劑量計(jì)不能用于射線(xiàn)邊界監(jiān)控區(qū)域。safety bands with int

7、ermational radiation warning signs shall be provided when performing in situ testing. red flushing lights should be provided in night operation,personal dosimeters shall not be used for monitoring area radiation boundaries.2.4. 檢測(cè)人員每年允許接受的最大射線(xiàn)照射劑量為510-2sv，非檢測(cè)人員每年允許接受的最大劑量為510-3sv。for ndt personnel,

8、the maximum allowable exposure is 510-2sv per year. for non-ndt personnel, the maximum allowable exposure is 510-3sv per year.3. 檢測(cè)人員ndt personnel3.1. 凡從事無(wú)損檢測(cè)的人員，都必須經(jīng)過(guò)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)， 并按照無(wú)損檢測(cè)人員資格認(rèn)可規(guī)則(1995)及gb9445進(jìn)行考核鑒定。personnel engaging in ndt shall have received technical trainings and passed qualification t

9、ests in accordance with rules of certification for ndt personnel (1995) and gb9445 national standard.3.2. 取得不同無(wú)損檢測(cè)方法的各技術(shù)等級(jí)人員，只能從事與該等級(jí)相應(yīng)的無(wú)損檢測(cè)工作，并負(fù)相應(yīng)的技術(shù)責(zé)任。technicians who have passed certain levels of ndt qualification tests should perform ndt tasks equivalent to that level and be liable to such respo

10、nsibilities.4. 透照方式radiography technics4.1. 按射線(xiàn)源、工件和膠片三者間的相互位置關(guān)系，透照方式分為縱縫透照法、環(huán)縫外透法、環(huán)縫內(nèi)透法、雙壁單影法和雙壁雙影五種，見(jiàn)圖1-1。in view of the interposition of radiation source, weldment and film, there are five ways of radiographing: longitudinal weld radiography, circumferential weld radiography from outside, circumf

11、erential weld radiography from inside, dual walls single projection and dual walls dual projections. see picture 1-1.射線(xiàn)源射線(xiàn)源 射線(xiàn)源射線(xiàn)源 膠片膠片 c1 膠片 ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) c2 (a)縱縫透照法 (b)環(huán)縫外透法 注：c1射線(xiàn)源不在部件中心；c2 射線(xiàn)源在部件中心。(a) longitudinal weld (b) (b) circumferential weld from outside (c) circumferential weld from

12、 inside (note: c1: radiation source is not placed at the center of the weldment; c2: radiation source is placed at the center of the weldment.) 射線(xiàn)源射線(xiàn)源膠片膠片 ( d ) ( e )(d)雙壁單影法 (e)雙壁雙影法(c) dual walls single projection (d) (e) dual walls dual projections圖1-1 透照方式示意圖figure 1-1 illustrations of radiograp

13、hy technics5. 表面要求surface requirements5.1. 焊縫的表面質(zhì)量(包括焊縫余高)應(yīng)經(jīng)外觀檢查合格，表面的不規(guī)則狀態(tài)在底片上的圖像應(yīng)不掩蓋焊縫中的缺陷或與之相混淆，否則應(yīng)做適當(dāng)?shù)男蘩?。surface quality of the weld (including excess weld metal) should pass the appearance check. images on the films derived from surface irregularities should not conceal defects in the weld or c

14、onfuse with them. or surface preparation is needed.6. 定位標(biāo)記和識(shí)別標(biāo)記position and identification marks6.1. 定位標(biāo)記： 焊縫透照部位應(yīng)有搭接標(biāo)記()，如有需要也可放置中心標(biāo)記( )。當(dāng)抽查時(shí)搭接標(biāo)記稱(chēng)為有效區(qū)段標(biāo)記。position marks：a lapped mark() ,or a centre mark ( ) when necessary, should be placed on the part of the weldment to be radiographed. in spot-che

15、ck, the lapped mark is referred as the “effective zone” mark.6.2. 識(shí)別標(biāo)記： 被檢的每段焊縫附近應(yīng)貼有下列鉛質(zhì)識(shí)標(biāo)記：產(chǎn)品編號(hào)、焊縫編號(hào)、部位編號(hào)和透照日期。返修透照部位還應(yīng)有返修標(biāo)記r1、r2(其數(shù)碼1、2指返修次數(shù))。identification marks：every section of welds to be examined should have the following lead marks beside it: product number, weld number, position number and

16、date of radiographing. parts that returned for repair should have repair marks like r1, r2 (number 1, 2 refer to the times of repair.)6.3. 標(biāo)記位置：上述定位標(biāo)記和識(shí)別標(biāo)記均應(yīng)放在膠片的適當(dāng)位置，并離焊縫邊緣至少5mm；搭接標(biāo)記的安放位置見(jiàn)附錄a。placement of marks：the above-mentioned position and identification marks should be placed on suitable posit

17、ions on the film and at least 5mm away from the edge of the weld. see appendix for the placement of lapped marks.6.4. 工件表面應(yīng)作出永久性標(biāo)記，以作為對(duì)每張底片重新定位的依據(jù)。產(chǎn)品上不適合打印標(biāo)記時(shí)，應(yīng)采用詳細(xì)的透照部位草圖和其它的有效方式標(biāo)注。surfaces of the weldments should have permanent marks for relocation of films. if not suitable to stamp marks on the s

18、urfaces, a detailed draft of the part to be radiographed should be provided or other effective means of marking be adapted.7. 象質(zhì)計(jì)image quality indictor7.1. 象質(zhì)計(jì)是用來(lái)檢查透照技術(shù)和膠片處理質(zhì)量的，衡量質(zhì)量的參數(shù)是象質(zhì)指數(shù)，它等于底片上能識(shí)別出的最細(xì)金屬絲的線(xiàn)編號(hào)。image quality indictor is used to measure the level of radiographic technique and the qua

19、lity of film processing. the parameter used to measure quality is image quality index, which is equivalent to the number of the smallest metal wire that can be identified on the negative.7.2. 象質(zhì)計(jì)的放置：線(xiàn)型象質(zhì)計(jì)應(yīng)放在射線(xiàn)源一側(cè)的工件表面上、被檢焊縫區(qū)的一端，金屬絲應(yīng)橫跨焊縫并與焊縫方向垂直，細(xì)絲置于外側(cè)。當(dāng)射線(xiàn)源一側(cè)無(wú)法放置象質(zhì)計(jì)時(shí)，也可放在膠片一側(cè)的工件表面上，但象質(zhì)計(jì)指數(shù)應(yīng)提高一級(jí)或通過(guò)對(duì)比試驗(yàn)

20、，使實(shí)際象質(zhì)指數(shù)達(dá)到規(guī)定的要求。象質(zhì)計(jì)放在膠片一側(cè)工件表面上時(shí)，應(yīng)附加“f”標(biāo)記以示區(qū)別。position of the image quality indictor：wire-type image quality indictor should be placed on the weldment surface at the same side with the radiation source and at one end of the weld zone to be tested. metal wires should traverse across the weld and are p

21、erpendicular to the welding direction. wires of smaller diameters are placed on the outer side. when it is impossible to place the indictor at the same side with the radiation source, the indictor may be placed on the weldment surface at the same side with the film. in such case, quality index shoul

22、d increase 1 grade correspondingly. or that the actual quality index reach the requirements should be made sure by comparison tests. when the indictor is placed on the weldment surface at the same side with the film, “f” mark should be attached to the indictor to show difference.8. 射線(xiàn)透照質(zhì)量等級(jí)射線(xiàn)透照質(zhì)量等級(jí)分

23、為a級(jí)(普通級(jí))、ab級(jí)(較高級(jí))和b級(jí)(高級(jí))。不同材料不同厚度的工件采用a級(jí)、ab級(jí)或b級(jí)時(shí)，在射線(xiàn)底片上必須顯示的最小象質(zhì)計(jì)線(xiàn)徑及相應(yīng)的象質(zhì)指數(shù)見(jiàn)表1-1。quality of radiography is measured in three grades: a grade(common); ab grade(higher) and b grade(highest). to weldments of different materials and thickness, when a, ab or ab grade of quality is needed, the smallest di

24、ameter of wires that must be showed on the negative and its relative image quality index are summarized in table 1-1.表1-1 象質(zhì)計(jì)的選用table 1-1 selection of image quality indictor要求達(dá)到的象質(zhì)指 數(shù) zrequire image quality indexz線(xiàn) 徑mmwire diametermm適合的透照厚度 ta (mm)suitable radiographed thickness ta (mm)a型a gradeab型a

25、 bgradeb型b grade161514131211109876543210.1000.1250.1600.2000.2500.3200.4000.5000.6300.8001.0001.2501.6002.0002.5003.2006688101016162525323240406060808015015017017018018019019020066881212161620202525323250508080120120150150200200250668810101616252532324040505080801501502002002509. 膠片和增感屏films and int

26、ensifying screens9.1. 膠片的分類(lèi)和選擇：工業(yè)x射線(xiàn)膠片的類(lèi)型見(jiàn)表1-2。通常，如需縮短曝光時(shí)間，則需使用表1-2中號(hào)數(shù)較大的膠片；如需提高射線(xiàn)透照的底片質(zhì)量，則需使用號(hào)數(shù)較小的膠片。types of films and film selections：table 1-2 is three types of film for industrial x-ray. generally speaking, if shorter exposure time is desired, films of bigger figures should be used. if you want

27、 to improve image quality, films of smaller figures are needed.表1-2 工業(yè)射線(xiàn)透照膠片的類(lèi)型table 1-2 types of industrial x-ray films膠片型號(hào)film model速 度speed反 差contrast粒 度f(wàn)ineness123低low中medium高h(yuǎn)igh高h(yuǎn)igh中medium低high細(xì)good中medium粗bad9.2. 增感屏：金屬增感屏按表1-3選用。intensifying screens：follow table 1-3 for the selection of met

28、al intensifying screens.表1-3 增感屏的選用table 1-3 selection of intensifying screens射線(xiàn)種類(lèi)type of ray增感屏材料material of intensifying screen前屏厚度mmfront screen thickness mm后屏厚度mmrear screen thickness mm120-250kv250-450kvir192鉛箔 lead foil 鉛箔 lead foil 鉛箔 lead foil 0.025-0.1250.05-0.160.05-0.160.100.100.6010. 幾何條

29、件geometry10.1. 一次透照長(zhǎng)度是指采用分段曝光時(shí)，每次曝光所檢測(cè)的焊縫長(zhǎng)度，應(yīng)符合相應(yīng)透照質(zhì)量等級(jí)的黑度和象質(zhì)指數(shù)規(guī)定。one radiographic length refers to the length of weld that can be tested in every exposure when multi-sectional exposure is adapted. requirements for densities corresponding to radiographic quality grade and image quality index should

30、be satisfied.10.2. 焊縫的透照厚度比k，按圖1-2和式1-1來(lái)確定，環(huán)縫的a級(jí)和ab級(jí)的k值不大于1.1，b級(jí)的k值不大于1.06；縱縫的a級(jí)和ab級(jí)的k值不大于1.03，b級(jí)的k值不大于1.01。焊縫透照厚度比為：radiographic thickness rate of weld “k” is determined according to figure 1-2 and formula 1-1. for a grade and ab grade of circumferential welds, values of “k” do not exceed 1.1, whil

31、e for b grade, the value of “k” do not exceed 1.06. for a grade and ab grade of longitudinal welds, values of “k” do not exceed 1.03, while for b grade, the values do not exceed 1.01. radiographic thickness rate of weld is： k = t t （1-1）式中：t-母材厚度，mm；which t-thickness of base metal, mm；t-射線(xiàn)束斜向透照最大厚度，

32、mm。 t-maximum thickness that the oblique ray beam can penetrate, mm 射線(xiàn)源radiation source t t圖1-2 焊縫透照厚度比示意圖圖1-2 illustration of thickness rate10.3. 透照時(shí)射線(xiàn)束應(yīng)指向被檢部位的中心，并在該點(diǎn)與被檢區(qū)平面或曲面的切面垂直。如需要，也可從有利于發(fā)現(xiàn)缺陷的其它方向進(jìn)行透照。當(dāng)采用雙壁透照法時(shí)，一般應(yīng)使射線(xiàn)偏離焊縫軸線(xiàn)所在的平面進(jìn)行斜透照，以免兩側(cè)焊縫影象重疊。in radiography, ray beam should point to the cent

33、er of the weldment to be tested and be perpendicular to the section of the flat or curved plane of the tested area. in case of necessity, radiography can be done from other directions that facilitate the finding of defects. when double walls radiography is used, the rays should deviate from the plan

34、e where the axis of the weld is and shoot obliquely to the weldment so that the images of the welds on both walls would no overlap.10.4. 透照厚度應(yīng)按附錄b確定。radiographic depth should be decided according to appendix b.11. 無(wú)用射線(xiàn)和散射線(xiàn)的屏蔽shielding of unwanted rays and scattering rays11.1. 為減少散射線(xiàn)的影響，應(yīng)采用適當(dāng)?shù)钠帘畏椒ㄒ韵拗?/p>

35、受檢部位的受照面積。為避免從其它工件或膠片后方和側(cè)面物體上產(chǎn)生的散射線(xiàn)對(duì)膠片的影響，可采用加厚增感屏,或在膠片與增感屏后再加上一塊鉛板，其厚度約1-4mm。to reduce the influence of scattering rays, proper means of shielding should be adapted to restrict the area radiographed on the weldment. in order to avoid influence to the films caused by scattering rays emitting from ot

36、her weldments or objects behind and beside the films, intensifying screens can be used or a lead plate with 1-4mm thickness can be inserted between films and the intensifying screen.11.2. 為檢查背散射，可在暗盒背面貼附一個(gè)“b”的鉛字標(biāo)記(其高度為13mm，厚度為1.6mm)。若在較黑背景上出現(xiàn)“b”的較淡影象，就說(shuō)明背散射線(xiàn)保護(hù)不夠，應(yīng)采取有效措施重照。如在較淡背景上出現(xiàn)“b”的較黑影象，則該底片不能作為評(píng)

37、判的依據(jù)。to check backscattering, a “b” lead mark with 13mm high and 1.6mm thick can be attached on the rear side of the x-ray cassette. if a lighter “b” image appears in the darker backdrop, it shows that backscattering rays are too strong. in such case, effective measures should be taken and radiograp

38、hic task should be repeated. if a darker “b” image appears in the lighter backdrop, this negative should not be used for evaluation.12. 曝光exposure12.1. 應(yīng)根據(jù)設(shè)備、膠片、增感屏和其他具體條件制作或選用合適的曝光曲線(xiàn).并以此確定曝光規(guī)范。based on your equipment, film, intensifying screen and other practical conditions, decide and select the s

39、uitable curve of exposure so as to determine exposure requirements.12.2. 為達(dá)到規(guī)定的底片黑度，推薦采用不低于15mamin的曝光量，以防止用短焦距和高電壓所引起的不良影響。in order to reach the required densities on negatives, exposure15mamin is recommended to prevent unfavorable influences caused by short focal length and high voltage.13. 膠片處理fil

40、m processing13.1. 膠片的處理應(yīng)按膠片的使用說(shuō)明書(shū)。采用手工沖冼方式或自動(dòng)沖洗。follow the user manual of films in film processing. manual or automatic development can be used.13.2. 膠片的手工沖冼應(yīng)采用槽浸方式，在規(guī)定溫度(20左右)和時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行顯影、定影等操作。定影后的底片應(yīng)經(jīng)充分水洗和洗滌劑處理，以防止水跡的產(chǎn)生，然后自然干燥或在干燥箱內(nèi)烘干，顯影劑要根據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)環(huán)境有關(guān)規(guī)定處理好。when films are developed manually, they sho

41、uld be developed and fixed in specific temperature (about 20) and time by immersing them into a processing trough. negatives after fixation should be washed by adequate water and treated by detergents to avoid forming of water traces. then these negatives are dried naturally or by drying oven,all de

42、veloping chemicals shall be disposed of in accordance with relative prc environmental regulations.14. 底片質(zhì)量negative quality14.1. 象質(zhì)指數(shù)：底片上必須顯示出的最小線(xiàn)徑及象質(zhì)指數(shù)見(jiàn)表1-1。image quality index：the diameter of smallest wire that must be displayed on the negative and image quality index are showed in table 1-1.14.2.

43、黑度：選擇的曝光條件應(yīng)使底片有效評(píng)定區(qū)域內(nèi)的黑度均滿(mǎn)足表1-4的要求。density：exposal conditions chosen should be able to guarantee that densities in the effective rating zone on the negative meet the requirements in table 1-4.表1-4 底片的黑度范圍table 1-4 density ranges of negative射線(xiàn)種類(lèi)type of ray底片黑度 dnegative density d灰霧度 d0fog density d0x

44、射線(xiàn)x-raya級(jí)a level1.2-3.5 0.3ab級(jí)ab levelb級(jí)b level1.5-3.5射線(xiàn)gamma ray1.8-3.5 0.3注：表中d值包括了d0值。note: d values include d0 values.14.3. 影像識(shí)別要求requirements for image identification14.3.1. 底片上的像質(zhì)計(jì)影像位置應(yīng)正確，定位標(biāo)記和識(shí)別標(biāo)記齊全，且不掩蓋被檢焊縫影像。image quality indictor should be on the correct position on the negative. position

45、and identification marks should be both visible and do not cover up the image of the weld radiographed.14.3.2. 在黑度一致的范圍內(nèi)，應(yīng)能清晰地看到長(zhǎng)度不小于10mm的像質(zhì)計(jì)金屬絲影像。in area of the same density, image with length no less than 10mm produced by metal wire of the image quality indictor should be clearly visible.14.4. 不允許

46、的假缺陷： 在底片評(píng)定區(qū)域內(nèi)不應(yīng)有以下妨礙底片評(píng)定的假缺陷。unallowable artifacts：the following artifacts that could disturb evaluation process are not allowed to appear in the negative rating zone.14.4.1. 灰霧；fog；14.4.2. 處理時(shí)產(chǎn)生的條紋、水跡或化學(xué)污斑等缺陷； stripe, water trace and chemical blotch caused in film processing；14.4.3. 劃痕、指紋、贓物、靜電痕跡、

47、黑點(diǎn)或撕裂等；scratch, fingerprint, dirt, static trace, macula or tear；14.4.4. 由于增感屏不好造成的缺陷顯示。defect caused by bad performance of intensifying screen15. 底片的觀察observation of films15.1. 評(píng)片環(huán)境：評(píng)片應(yīng)在專(zhuān)用評(píng)片室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。評(píng)片室內(nèi)的光線(xiàn)應(yīng)暗淡，但不全暗，室內(nèi)照明用光不得在底片表面產(chǎn)生反射。observation environment films should be observed in a special room dedi

48、cated for that purpose. it should be dim in the room but not totally dark. the lighting should not cause reflection on the surface of films. 15.2. 觀片燈：觀片燈最大亮度應(yīng)不小于100,000cd/m2，且觀察的漫射光亮度應(yīng)可調(diào)。對(duì)不需要觀察或透光量過(guò)強(qiáng)的部分應(yīng)采用適當(dāng)?shù)恼诠獍迤帘螐?qiáng)光。經(jīng)照明后的底片亮度應(yīng)不小于30cd/m2。observation lamp the maximum brighness of the lamp should be n

49、o less than 100,000cd/m2 and the brightness of observable diffuse lights should be able to be adjusted. suitable shading plates should be used to cover those parts that need not to be observed or allow too much light to pass. the brightness of the film after illuminated should be no less than 30cd/m

50、2.16. 焊縫射線(xiàn)透照缺陷等級(jí)評(píng)定defect rating of weld radiography按jb4730-1994第6條執(zhí)行。defect rating is carried out according to no.6 article in jb4730-1994 standard.17. 報(bào)告及驗(yàn)收標(biāo)記17 reports and acceptance17.1. 報(bào)告至少應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容：a report should at least include the following items:a. 委托單位、被檢工件名稱(chēng)、編號(hào)；entrusting party, name of t

51、he weldment tested and serial number; b. 被檢工件材質(zhì)、母材厚度；material of the weldment tested and its thickness;c. 檢測(cè)裝置的名稱(chēng)、型號(hào)；name and model of the testing equipment;d. 透照方法及透照規(guī)范；means of radiography and its criterion;e. 透照部位及工件草圖(或示意圖)；part radiographed and draft of the weldment (or sketch map)；f. 檢測(cè)結(jié)果及缺陷等級(jí)

52、評(píng)定；test results and defects rating;g. 返修情況；repair records;h. 檢測(cè)人員和責(zé)任人員簽字及其技術(shù)資格；signatures of testing technicians and responsible director and their technical qualifications;i. 檢測(cè)日期。date of testing.17.2. 檢測(cè)結(jié)果要符合cc規(guī)定，檢測(cè)報(bào)告樣本見(jiàn)附件。 the test result shall inform cc tinely，test report sample see the attachment.附錄a 搭接標(biāo)記的安放位置（補(bǔ)充件）appendix a position of the lapped mark（a