畢業(yè)論文中藥專業(yè)發(fā)展前景研究24496

1、高等教育自學考試畢業(yè)設計（論文）說明書 生物技術(shù) （本科）市 地 信 陽 準考證號 名 董麗丹 河南科技大學高等教育自學考試辦公室摘 要：隨著中醫(yī)藥逐漸走向世界，傳統(tǒng)中藥的發(fā)展正面臨著新的形勢和機遇。應遵循國際慣例對中草藥的質(zhì)量要求，使中藥的生產(chǎn)加工達到標準化和規(guī)范化。結(jié)合我國中藥行業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，通過對世界中藥發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及世界中藥行業(yè)前景進行分析比較，找出我國中藥行業(yè)存在哪些不足，有哪方面發(fā)展機遇和空間，然后制定出合理的目標及執(zhí)行方案，從而使我國的中藥行業(yè)快速向前發(fā)展。關(guān)鍵詞：我國中藥行業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 世界中藥行業(yè)前景 中藥行業(yè)發(fā)展機遇abstract: with the g

2、radual move toward the world of chinese medicine, the development of traditional chinese medicine is now facing a new situation and opportunities. should follow the international practice of the quality requirements of chinese herbal medicine to chinese medicine production and processing to achieve

3、standardization and standardized.combined with the status quo of chinas medicine industry through the development of chinese medicine to the world the status quo and the prospects for world trade to the analysis of comparison to find out what my lack of existence of traditional chinese medicine indu

4、stry, and where opportunities for development and space, and then work out a reasonable target and the implementation of the program, which chinas rapid development of chinese medicine industry.key words: chinas medicine industry development of world trade to the prospects of chinese medicine indust

5、ry development opportunities目 錄1 概述1 2 我國中藥專業(yè)發(fā)展前景12.1中藥行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀22.2地道藥材產(chǎn)區(qū)具有發(fā)展綠色中藥的優(yōu)勢23有關(guān)中藥材發(fā)展的謀略231以發(fā)展地道藥材為主332加強珍稀名貴中藥材的開發(fā)研究333利用生物多樣性，有效利用中草藥資源334規(guī)范中藥材炮制，發(fā)展顆粒制劑34世界中藥專業(yè)發(fā)展前景35 有關(guān)政策措施的實施46 參考文獻5 中藥專業(yè)發(fā)展前景1概述中藥是我國國粹，是我國醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)中不可或缺的重要組成部分。中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)是我國具有傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)業(yè)，也是我國醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)業(yè)中快速增長的產(chǎn)業(yè)，在醫(yī)藥經(jīng)濟中占有很大的比重?？v觀改革開放后中藥行業(yè)的發(fā)展足跡，我們不

6、難發(fā)現(xiàn)，雖然中藥已經(jīng)有了長足的發(fā)展，但中藥創(chuàng)新體系不完善和產(chǎn)業(yè)化能力不足、中藥資源可持續(xù)利用的支撐能力不夠、中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)“旗艦”企業(yè)缺失等制約中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸問題尚未得到根本緩解。在國際醫(yī)藥公司開始大規(guī)模介入中藥創(chuàng)新領(lǐng)域后，傳承和做大做強中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)是我國中醫(yī)藥發(fā)展面臨的急迫任務。因此，現(xiàn)代中藥作為專項提出成為必然。現(xiàn)代中藥專項的設立指明了未來中藥行業(yè)的發(fā)展方向：發(fā)揮中醫(yī)藥特色，以提高中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新能力，提高中藥的標準，逐步達到可控，行業(yè)上下游并重，推動中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)快速發(fā)展。 隨著時間的推移，伴隨著醫(yī)改和社保的進行，這種政策導向性將更強，扶持力度將更大。在行業(yè)內(nèi)涌現(xiàn)一批銷售額超過10億元的中藥大品種

7、，銷售收入超過100億元的中藥集團企業(yè)的目標也將實。2 我國中藥專業(yè)發(fā)展前景面對我國已經(jīng)加入世貿(mào)組織，中國的中醫(yī)藥事業(yè)逐漸走向世界的客觀現(xiàn)實，中藥的發(fā)展正面臨著前所未有的新情況。所以，必須認清形勢，切實抓好中藥生產(chǎn)加工各個環(huán)節(jié)，加強科學研究，不斷采用新技術(shù)、新工藝，為中醫(yī)藥現(xiàn)代化打下堅實的基礎。2.1、目前國內(nèi)外對于中草藥開發(fā)利用的形勢和方向 隨著人類疾病譜的改變和化學藥品毒副作用的日益顯現(xiàn)，人們崇尚返樸歸真，對于使用天然藥物的興趣日趨高漲，向傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學回歸已成為不可抗拒的歷史潮流，這給傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥的發(fā)展帶來了新的契機?，F(xiàn)在，歐共體對中草藥有了新的統(tǒng)一立法；美國2000年成立了中醫(yī)中藥教育委員會，

8、2001年建立了研究中國草藥中心；澳大利亞及東南亞各國也有新的舉措；而日本、韓國、德國等國家在中草藥開發(fā)研究的某些方面已超過我國。面對這種嚴峻的形勢，國家有關(guān)部門已制定戰(zhàn)略和部署，加速中醫(yī)藥學現(xiàn)代化的進程，迎合時代的發(fā)展和潮流1。中藥材在我國屬農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品，大部分藥材生產(chǎn)管理粗放，加工、包裝簡陋落后，即使是名貴的地道藥材，也僅以廉價的原材料外銷。世界衛(wèi)生組織（who）對傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥的要求是“安全、有效、穩(wěn)定、均一”。 2.2、地道藥材產(chǎn)區(qū)具有發(fā)展綠色中藥的優(yōu)勢以浙江省磐安縣為例，其地處浙江中部山區(qū)，以大盤山為群山的主峰，山巒迭嶂，連綿不斷，分別與天臺山、仙霞嶺山脈相接。山間溝溪縱橫，又為錢塘江、曹娥江

9、、靈江、甌江四大水系的發(fā)源地之一，素有“群山之祖、諸水之源”的稱號。目前生產(chǎn)加工以“浙八味”為主的50余種中藥飲片，計劃擴展到500余種。目前與上海雷允上藥業(yè)有限公司、北京同仁堂藥業(yè)有限公司、中國藥材集團公司等國內(nèi)知名企業(yè)建立了穩(wěn)固的經(jīng)貿(mào)協(xié)作關(guān)系。3、有關(guān)中藥材發(fā)展的謀略31以發(fā)展地道藥材為主。地道藥材是被人們公認其有確切療效的歷史產(chǎn)物。優(yōu)良品種的遺傳基因是形成地道藥材的內(nèi)在因素；而適宜藥材生長的生態(tài)環(huán)境是自然選擇的結(jié)果。32加強珍稀名貴中藥材的開發(fā)研究。這類藥材具有獨特的療效，并可創(chuàng)造可觀的經(jīng)濟效益。但是藥源越來越少，有的又列為國家保護的動植物范圍。應從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度出發(fā)，合理解決保護和利

10、用的矛盾。如石斛、穿山甲等加強人工栽培養(yǎng)殖。倘若能將冬蟲夏草培育繁殖成功，那將是人類的福音。33利用生物多樣性，有效利用中草藥資源。植物學提示，親緣關(guān)系相近的植物類群具有相似的化學成分。動物也有類似現(xiàn)象，如利用小靈貓代替野獐，生產(chǎn)麝香代用品，以替代珍稀藥材的短缺匱乏。34規(guī)范中藥材炮制，發(fā)展顆粒制劑。中藥炮制可增強療效，降低毒性，減少副作用。在包裝袋外面，印制注明品名、商標、規(guī)格、產(chǎn)地、炮制或生產(chǎn)制造類別、日期、條形碼等。這既便于保藏貯存，又便于運輸、銷售和臨床應用。是實現(xiàn)中藥標準化規(guī)范化的源頭和基礎。4 世界中藥發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀中國中藥研究、開發(fā)和臨床應用取得了很大進展，引起世界各國普遍關(guān)注，從而加

11、速了傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)藥在世界范圍內(nèi)的傳播與發(fā)展。據(jù)不完全調(diào)研統(tǒng)計，目前世界上歐、亞、非洲，南、北美洲和大洋洲64個國家共有2122個中醫(yī)藥機構(gòu)（中國除外）。在澳大利亞，政府及其高等教育界承認中醫(yī)是一門科學，并于1995年宣布開辦中醫(yī)碩士課程。墨爾本皇家理工大學于1995年3月正式開辦了中醫(yī)五年制本科雙學位課程，這是西方社會首次成功設立中醫(yī)正規(guī)大學課程，中醫(yī)學術(shù)地位從此得到西方國家的肯定。1994年10月美國國會通過并于1995年5月28日正式發(fā)布實施膳食增補劑法令，將草藥作為增補劑。美國食品和藥物管理局（fda）決定從1995年起將原來列為健康食品的傳統(tǒng)中藥改按藥品管理，中國、印尼、中南美洲和歐洲出產(chǎn)

12、的許多草藥可以作為藥品在美國申請注冊。中藥作為藥品進入美國社會是一次較大的突破，將給世界各國尤其是西方發(fā)達國家?guī)碇卮笥绊?，給中國中草藥及產(chǎn)品出口提供了新的契機。 隨著許多頑癥，如心臟病、癌癥、腦中風、艾滋病、病毒性傳染病等難治性重大疾病的出現(xiàn)，以及化學藥品的毒副作用、耐藥性以及藥源性疾病等問題的不斷出現(xiàn)，國際市場對于中藥了解和接受程度加深，全世界已有124個國家與地區(qū)建立了各種類型的中醫(yī)藥機構(gòu)。隨著中醫(yī)藥逐漸走向世界，傳統(tǒng)中藥的發(fā)展正面臨著新的形勢和機遇。應遵循國際慣例對中草藥的質(zhì)量要求，使中藥的生產(chǎn)加工達到標準化和規(guī)范化。同時，要充分利用地道藥材產(chǎn)區(qū)獨特的地理、氣候條件，因地制宜，順勢利導

13、，建立綠色中藥材生產(chǎn)加工基地。多年來，作為中國藥材之鄉(xiāng)的磐安縣已在這方面作了大量的工作，初見成效。與時俱進，應加強對地道藥材及珍稀動植物藥源的科學研究，以實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的目的；不斷引入現(xiàn)代生物工程技術(shù)和中藥有效成分分離提取的新工藝，使傳統(tǒng)中藥適應時代發(fā)展的潮流。5、有關(guān)政策措施從支持中藥民族工業(yè)，將中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)的潛在優(yōu)勢盡早發(fā)揮出來變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實的可行方面出發(fā)，國家對中藥行業(yè)的發(fā)展要給予以下特殊政策和措施：1、國家重點支持和鼓勵對中藥材料科研方面的投入和中藥材生產(chǎn)扶持。2、國家鼓勵和支持中藥企業(yè)進行中藥gmp示范建設，提高藥品質(zhì)量，改善生產(chǎn)條件，探索中藥gmp建設的路子。對實施gmp示范建設的企業(yè)所生產(chǎn)

14、的中藥產(chǎn)品價格實行優(yōu)質(zhì)優(yōu)價。3、國家重點鼓勵對飲片工業(yè)建設，積極促進中藥飲片工業(yè)積極采用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新設備，以提高技術(shù)裝備水平。4、國家支持對中藥主產(chǎn)區(qū)和中藥集散地的倉儲建設。5、國家重點支持和鼓勵對中藥新藥的研究，鼓勵企業(yè)在銷售收入中提取5以上作為新藥開發(fā)資金。6 參考文獻1 中國中醫(yī)藥學會.中醫(yī)藥現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)略研討會.亞洲醫(yī)學，1999810：922-1033.2 詹正嵩等編.知識產(chǎn)權(quán)與國內(nèi)新藥研究開發(fā).北京：人民軍醫(yī)出版社，1993，52-55.3 陳新希主編.磐安縣志.杭州：浙江人民出版社1993，43-61.4 梁玉衡編，土壤知識淺說.北京：農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，19901-21.5 日曾我部

15、泰三郎.花卉無土栽培.北京：農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，1983，10-22.6 裘家奎、顧慶超.元素與人.江蘇科學技術(shù)出版社.2000, 56.7 喜編.營養(yǎng)健康與化學元素.南昌：江西科學技術(shù)出版社，1984，70-95.8 張樹榛編.作物育種基礎知識.北京：農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，2006 63-669陳因良.陳志宏編著。細胞培養(yǎng)工程.上海：華東化工學院出版社，2006，2-38.10 張洪魁、李華祥主編.中藥研究進展.北京：中國醫(yī)藥科技出版社，2000，249.高等教育自學考試畢業(yè)設計（論文）任務書一、題目： 中藥專業(yè)發(fā)展前景 二、本環(huán)節(jié)自2008年4月25日起至2009年 3月28日三、進行地點： 河南科技大學

16、四、內(nèi)容要求： 綜述簡練完整，有見解；立論正確，論述充分，結(jié)論嚴謹合理，實驗正確，分析處理科學；文字通順 ，技術(shù)用語準確，符號統(tǒng)一，編號齊全，書寫工整規(guī)范，圖表完備、整潔、正確；論文結(jié)果有應用價值。 指導教師： 成澤艷 職稱 講師 批準日期： 2009年 5 月 20 日emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disci

17、plinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. for more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help. employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a leg

18、al process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underfurther h

19、elp. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seedismissal. you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a re

20、sult of your failure to appeal. remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. if you

21、are worried about how the time limits apply to you if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor

22、cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnea

23、rest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeemployment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch m cay man islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend city

24、s premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet ya ya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor t

25、he racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we fo

26、und no racist insults from fans of cska.age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been

27、 very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲?；蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏。總覺得自己似乎應該去做點什么，或者寫點什么

28、。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。the end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high s

29、chool, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high

30、school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年時，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進

31、，會越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時，以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成長，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學錄的時候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個句點，但畢業(yè)晚會的時候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場，看著他投過籃球的球框時，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to d

32、o, and time.原來，這個世界上，對某個事件能產(chǎn)生化學反應的，除了非做不可的堅決，還有，時間。a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that t

33、here are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個人的時候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯過，好像冥

34、冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end

35、 of the encounter that havent start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays a

36、n important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day

37、 weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot o

38、f turbulence. we often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. we try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hid

39、e from ourselves. we need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活發(fā)生不幸時，我們常常會關(guān)上心門；世界不僅沒能慰藉我們，反倒使我們更加消沉。我們假裝一切仿佛都不曾發(fā)生，以此試圖忘卻傷痛，可就算隱藏得再好，最終也還是騙不了自己。既然如此，何不嘗試打開心門，擁抱生活中的各種可能，讓世界感化我們呢？whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we sh

40、ould take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. the items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.當恐懼與焦慮來襲時，我們應該退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六個方法有助于你更完滿透徹地敞開心扉。whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask th

41、e hurt. when the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and lean into it. when we run away from sadness thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. we take an emotion thats fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us.當生活中出現(xiàn)痛苦的事情時，別再逃跑或隱藏痛苦，試著擁抱它吧；當悲

42、傷來襲時，試著深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我們一味逃避生活中的悲傷，悲傷只會變得更強烈更真實悲傷原本只是稍縱即逝的情緒，我們卻固執(zhí)地耿耿于懷by utilizing our breath we soften our experiences. if we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能減緩我們的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滯；呼出呼吸，更多新奇與經(jīng)歷又將拉開序幕。2. embra

43、ce the uncomfortable we all know what that twinge of anxiety feels like. we know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. we can practice leaning into these feelings of discomfort and let them show us where we need to go.我們都經(jīng)歷過焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受過恐懼造成的生理反應：

44、脖子僵硬、胃酸翻騰。其實，我們有能力面對這些痛苦的感受，從中領(lǐng)悟到出路。the initial impulse is to run away to try and suppress these feelings by not acknowledging them. when we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives that we need to experience most. the next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do

45、 yourself a favor and lean into the feeling. act in spite of the fear.我們的第一反應總是逃避以為否認不安情緒的存在就能萬事大吉，可這也恰好妨礙了我們經(jīng)歷最需要的生活體驗。下次感到不安時，不管有多害怕，也請試著勇敢面對吧。3. ask your heart what it wants傾聽內(nèi)心were often confused at the next step to take, making pros and cons lists until our eyes bleed and our brains are sore. instead of always taking this approach, what if we engaged a new part of ourselves that isnt usually involved in the decision making process?我們常對未來猶疑不定，反復考慮利弊直到身心俱疲。與其一味顧慮重重，不如從局外人的角度看待決策之事。from: /englishartic