句子成分和句子結(jié)構(gòu)(20210426093959)

1、句子成分主要成分有 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；次要成分有 表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)：表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句 中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由 名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和 主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular 名詞2. We often speak English in class 代詞3. One-th

2、ird of the students in this class are girls.數(shù)詞4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure 不定 式5. Smoking does harm to the hea 1th. 動(dòng)名詞6. The rich should help the poor.名詞化的形容詞7. When we are going to have an English test hasnot been decided 主語(yǔ)從句8.It is necessary to master a foreignlanguage, it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正

3、的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。女口：You may keep the book for two weeks.（2）由助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞構(gòu)成。如：Do you speak English?They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.（3）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。女口：We are

4、students.表語(yǔ) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系 動(dòng)詞（如I be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、 不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句 表示。例 女口：1. Our teacher of English is an American. （名詞）2. Is it yours?（代詞）3. The weather has turned cold. （形容詞）4. The speech is exciting（分詞）5. Three times seven is twenty on

5、e? （數(shù)詞）6. His job is to teach English.（不定式）7. His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）8. The meeting is of great importance（介詞短語(yǔ)）9. Time is up. The class is over （ 畐ij詞）10. The truth is that he has never been abroad（表語(yǔ)從句）注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linking verb）用于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主 語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be 一詞，例如：He is a t

6、eacher2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度， 主要有 keep, remain, st ay, lie, st and,例如I：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示“看起來(lái)像”這一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look,例如：He seems （to be） very sad.4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,例 女口： This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fa

7、ll, get，go, come, run.例如I：The river was beginning to run dry.6)終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out,表達(dá)結(jié)果是；證明是“，之意，例如：The rumor proved falseHis plan turned out a success賓語(yǔ) 表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于 及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：1. He is doing his homework 名詞2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming toschool on time. 代詞、動(dòng)名詞3. Ho

8、w many dietionaries do you have? I have five.名詞、數(shù)詞4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.名詞化形容詞，名詞5. He pre tended not to see me. 不定式短語(yǔ)6. I enjoy listening to popular music 動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)7. I think ( that ) he is fit for his office. 賓 語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)種類：(1)雙賓語(yǔ)(間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ))，例如I： Lend me your dietionary, ple

9、ase.To: write，tell, pass, give, send, promise,show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw 等，例如I：He sent the novel to William yesterdayFor: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw,find, get，order，post，save 等，例如I：She bought a gift for her mother2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，一

10、般 位于賓語(yǔ)之 后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)?！百e補(bǔ)” 一般 可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從 句充當(dāng)。例如：1. His fat her named him Xiaoming 名詞2. They painted their boat white. 形容詞3. Let the fresh air in. 畐ij詞4. You mustrf t force him to lend his money to you不定式短語(yǔ)5. We saw her entering the room 現(xiàn)在分詞6. We found everything in the lab in go

11、od order 介詞短語(yǔ)7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.從句 定語(yǔ) 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句 稱為 定語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：1. Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容詞）2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. （分詞）3. There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名詞）4. His rapid progress in English ma

12、de us surprised.（代詞）5 Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不 定式短語(yǔ)）6. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.動(dòng)名7. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）8. She is the girl who sings best in my class（定語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ) 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子， 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀 態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。可由以

13、下形式 表示：1. Light travels most quickly.副詞及副詞性詞組2. He has lived in the city for ten years. 介詞短 語(yǔ)3. He is proud to have passed the national college ent rance examina tion. 不定式短語(yǔ)4. He is in the room making a model plane 分詞短5. Wait a minute名詞6. Once you begin, you must continue. 狀語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ) 對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通

14、常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，女口：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.插入語(yǔ) 對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有to behonest，I think (suppose, believe) 等，如I：To be frank, I don t quite agree with you.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞，常見的動(dòng)詞如：work,sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen 等。 eg： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明學(xué)習(xí)很努力。2) Th

15、e little girl cried even harder 小女孩哭得 更厲害了。3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午發(fā)生的。主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)這種句型主要用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)、身份 等。其系動(dòng)詞一般可分為下列兩類：(1)表示 狀態(tài)。這樣的詞有：be, look, seem, smell,taste, sound, keep 等。（2）表示變化。這類系動(dòng)詞有：become, turn, get,grow, go 等。主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞一般為及物動(dòng)詞。其賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等來(lái)充當(dāng)eg： 1） H

16、e took his bag and left.（名詞）2） Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.（代詞）3）She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）4）I dont know what I should do next.（從句） 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)為主要賓語(yǔ)，在句 中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來(lái)充當(dāng)；間接賓語(yǔ)也 被稱之為第二賓語(yǔ)，去掉之后，對(duì)整個(gè)句子的影響不大，多 由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔(dān)。引導(dǎo)這類雙賓語(yǔ)的常見動(dòng) 詞有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send 等。eg:The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)“賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓 語(yǔ)