醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)Medical Terminology

1、medical terminology 醫(yī)學(xué) 術(shù)語(yǔ)學(xué) (yi xue shu yu xue) introduction to the first edition of medical terminology this is to serve as an introduction to medical terminology that is commonly in use by the english speaking international medical community. this book is put together with the chinese language spea

2、ker in mind but may be used by english language speakers who wish to familiarize themselves with chinese medical terminology. it is not intended as a replacement for the arduous study of the greek and latin languages, which are the basis of the majority of the words, used by the english speaking med

3、ical community, but rather as a beginning in learning the myriad of words and terms in use by the modern medical community. learning the terms presented in this book will enable the student to understand most of the words and expressions in current use, and armed with the knowledge of the constructi

4、on of how greek and latin words are created should enable the reader, to be able to obtain a comprehension of any new medical vocabulary terms. chinese has been added to facilitate a better understanding for the intended chinese reader. in the first part of the book the reader is introduced to the c

5、onstruction of medical terms. subsequent chapters then delve into the various medical fields, which use terms specific to their disciplines. abbreviations and terms not of greek or latin origin are introduced to familiarize the reader with additional idiosyncrasies in english medical terminology. ho

6、w to understand medical terms and expressions the foundation for medical terms in the english language has it roots in the languages of latin and greek. knowledge of these languages will give a chinese medical professional a much better understanding of an unfamiliar word and or expression. converse

7、ly, the medical professional whom has english, as their primary language will benefit from seeing the construction of the chinese medical terminology in their studies of the chinese language. familiarize yourself with the latin, greek and french works in this book and you will be able to understand

8、the vast majority of medical terms in use in the english language. when you encounter a word you have never seen before you will be able to understand its meaning by “dissecting” the word and knowing its components and how they are used in other words. english being a dynamic language will continue

9、to incorporate more new medical terms and replace older ones, you need to prepare yourself by knowing the material contained within this manual. medical terminology words and words of importance are in bold script. sometimes a definition is given for the word and this will be in parentheses. chinese

10、 is added to those words, which are written in bold script, to help the reader understand the relationship between the english terminology and the chinese terminology. pinyin is written in (blue italic arial script) within parenthesis. an example of this format is as follows: cardiology (the study o

11、f the heart) 心臟病學(xué) (xin zang bing xue) observe how in chinese the word myocarditis(inflamed muscle layer of heart) 心肌炎 (xin ji yan) has a structure, which is not too dissimilar to the english with 心 (xin) meaning heart, 肌 (ji) meaning muscle and 炎 (yan) meaning inflammation. using this word dissectio

12、n technique the non-chinese speaker can familiarize themselves with the chinese medical terminology. here is another example to illistrate how nicely the chinese construct medical words. the chinese word for big is 大 (da) and intestineis 腸 (chang). and from the previous example 炎 (yan) is understood

13、 to mean inflammation. so when you start to put them together in wanting to say large intestine you have 大腸 (da chang) and for colitis which is an inflammation of the large intestine it is simply 大腸炎 (da chang yan). generally there are three basic parts to english medical terms: word root 詞根 (ci gen

14、) this is the central meaning of the term and is usually in the middle of the medical term. prefix前綴 (qian zhui)seen at the the beginning of the term it helps to identify the central meaning. suffix后綴 (hou zhui) always at the end of the term, the suffix modifies the central meaning as to what or who

15、 is interacting with it or what is happening to it. here is an example of how to take apart a word to understand the term: myocarditis 心肌炎 (xin ji yan) prefix word root suffix myo = muscle 肌 (ji) card = heart 心 (xin)itis = inflammation 炎 (yan) myo as the prefix helps to identify the word root card,

16、and it is modifying the word root by implicating an inflammation process that is occurring. ergo, we can now understand that myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. prefix change: myocarditis(inflamed muscle layer of heart) 心肌炎 (xin ji yan) pericarditis(inflamed outer layer of heart) 心包炎

17、 (xin bao yan) endocarditis (inflamed inner layer of heart) 心內(nèi)膜炎 (xin nei mo yan) suffix change: cardiologist (a physician specializing in the heart) 心臟病專家 (xin zang bing zhuan jia) cardiomyopathy (damage to heart muscle layer) 心肌癥 (xin jin zheng) cardiomegaly (enlargement of the heart) 心臟擴(kuò)大癥 (xin z

18、ang kuo da zheng) the basics illustrated above are just to introduce the parts of medical terms and demonstrate 示 范 (shi fan) how moving the parts of the word around modifies the central meaning without changing the word root cardio 心 (xin). when the prefix and suffix changes it can alter the meanin

19、g of a term without changing its central meaning by keeping the word root the same. now let us take the word root therm 發(fā)熱 (fa re) which means heat, and see how it is used to make words. hypo is the prefix and means less, so hypothermia 體溫降低 (ti wen jiuan di) can mean less heat. and another prefix a

20、dded to therm is meter which means to measure, consequently a thermometer 溫度計(jì) (wen du ji), 體溫計(jì) (ti wen ji) is a something used to measuring heat. here both forms of the chinese word for thermometer are listed as the chinese language distinguish between a thermometer used for measuring the air temper

21、ature 溫度計(jì) (wen du ji) and another for body temperature 體溫計(jì) (ti wen ji). the following are frequently used word beginnings (prefixes) and word endings (suffixes) used to make up many medical terms. if you know them, you will know the majority of simple medical terms. note that some organs have more t

22、han one word root. for example, let us look at the word breast 乳房 (ru fang) which can be written as masto- or mammo-. typically, one is derived from the greek and one from latin. you need to know both roots because you may see either of them used. an x-ray of the breast is called a mammogram 乳房 x 線照

23、片 (ru fang x xian zhao pian) and is used to help detect mastocarcinoma (breast cancer) 乳癌 and if the surgeon must remove the breast then that procedure is termed a mastectomy 乳房切除術(shù) (lu fang qie chu shu). remember the parts that make up medical terminology are prefixes, word roots and suffixes. the m

24、ost typical sequence is prefix, word root, and suffix with the word root being central but this is not always the case. in this manual you will see a hyphen in front of a suffix to indicate it is added to the end of a word, let us take the example of itis (inflammation) 炎 (yan) or oma (tumor) 瘤 (liu

25、). prefixes and word roots are shown as freestanding word parts. a slash and a vowel, such as seen in the example of leuk/o (white) are called combining forms which make it easier to attach to other word parts, and, make the word easier to pronounce. a larger listing of root words, prefixes and suff

26、ixes are given in appendix b and is included in this book to help the reader in further dissecting words and understanding them. common prefixes a/an = without, none anemia 貧血 (pin xue) hyper = more then normalhypertension 高血壓 (gao xue ya) hyperthermia 過(guò)高熱 (guo gao re) hypo = less then normalhypoten

27、sion 血壓過(guò)低 (xue ya guo gao) hypothermia 降低體溫 (jian de ti wen) normo = normalnormotensive 正常血壓的 (zhen chan xue ya de) brady = slowbradycardia 心搏徐緩 (xin bo xu huan) tachy = fasttachycardia 心動(dòng)過(guò)速 (xin dong guo su) micro = small microstomia (abnormally small mouth) 小口的 (xiao ko de) macro = large macrostom

28、ia (abnormally large mouth) 頰橫裂 (jia heng lie) mega/ -megaly = enlarged megacolon (abnormally large colon) 巨結(jié)腸 (ju jei chang) prefixes showing location endo = within endoscopy 內(nèi)窺鏡檢查法 (nei kui jing jian cha fa) peri = around perianal (around the anus) 肛門(mén)周圍的 (gang men zhou wei de) circum = around circ

29、umcise (to cut around) 環(huán)切術(shù) (huan qie shu) retro = behind retrosternal (behind the breastbone) 胸骨后的 (xiong gu hou de) epi = upon, on top epidermis (outermost layer of skin) 表皮 (biao pi) trans = through transurethral (through the urinary duct) 經(jīng)尿道的 (jing niao dao de) intra = within intravenous (inside

30、 the veins, e.g. iv fluids) 靜脈內(nèi)的(jing mai nei de) sub = below subclavian (below the clavicle or collar bone) 鎖骨下的 (suo gu xia de) prefixes showing color leuk/o = whiteleukemia (overabundance of white blood cells) 白血病 (bai xue bing) xanth/o = yellow xanthoma (yellow tumor) 黃瘤 (huang liu) cyan/o = blu

31、ecyanosis (blueness due to cold or no o2 in blood) 蒼白病 (cang bai bing) melan/o = blackmelanoma (black tumor of the skin) 黑素瘤 (hei su liu) common word roots stomato = mouth stomatitis 口腔炎 (kou qiang yan) dento = teeth dentist 牙科醫(yī)生 (ya ke ti sheng) glosso/linguo = tongue 舌頭 (she tou)glossitis 舌炎 (she

32、yan), lingual nerve 舌神經(jīng) (she shen jing) gingivo=gums 齒齦 (chi yin)gingivitis 齒齦炎 (chi yin yan) encephalo = brain 腦 (nao)encephalitis 腦炎 (nao yan) gastro = stomach 胃 (wei)gastritis 胃炎 (wei yan) entero = intestine 腸 (chang) gastroenteritis 腸胃炎 (chang wei yan) colo = large intestine 大腸colitis 大腸炎 (da ch

33、ang yan) megacolon 巨結(jié)腸 (ju jie chang) procto = anus 肛門(mén) (gang men)proctitis 直腸炎 (zhi chang yan), proctology 直腸病學(xué) (zhi chang bing xue) hepato = liver 肝臟(gan zang) hepatitis 肝臟炎 (gan zang yan), hepatomegaly 肝腫大 (gan zhong da) nephro/rene = kidney 腎(shen) nephrosis 腎變病 (shen bian bing), 腎病(shen bing), r

34、enal artery 腎臟的 動(dòng)脈 (shen zang de dong mai), orchido = testis 睪丸(gao wan) orchiditis 睪丸炎 (gao wan yan) orchidectomy 睪丸切除術(shù)(gao wan qie chu shu) dermo = skin 皮膚 (pi fu) dermatitis 皮炎 (pi yan) masto/mammo = breast 乳房 (ru fang) mastectomy 乳房切除術(shù) (ru fang qie chu shu) mammography 乳房 x 線照相術(shù) (ru fang x xian

35、zhao xiang shu) osteo = bones 骨骼 (gu ge)osteoporosis 骨質(zhì)疏松癥 (gu zhi shu song zheng) cardio = heart 心臟 (xin zang) electrocardiogram (ecg) 心電圖 (xin dian tu) rhino = nose 鼻子 (bi zi) rhinitis 鼻炎 (bi yan), 鼻粘膜炎 (bi nian mo yan) phlebo /veno = veins 靜脈 (jin mai)phlebitis 靜脈炎, (jing mai yan) phlebotomy 刺骼,

36、放血 (fang xue) phlebosclerosis 靜脈硬化 (jing mai ying hua) pneumo/pulmo = lung 肺 (fei) pneumonitis 局限性肺炎 (ju xian xing fei yan) pulmonologist 肺科醫(yī)生 (fei ke yi sheng) hemo/emia = blood 血 (xue) anemia 貧血, 貧血癥 (pin xue, pin xue zheng) hematologist 血液學(xué)家 (xue ye xue jia) common suffixes -itis = inflammation 炎

37、癥 (yan zheng) tonsillitis 扁桃腺炎 (bian tao xian yan) appendicitis 闌尾炎 (lan wei yan), 盲腸炎 (mang chang yan) -osis = abnormal 反常的 (fan chang de)cyanosis 蒼白病 (cang bai bing) -ectomy = to remove appendectomy 闌尾切除術(shù) (lan weiqie chu shu) tonsillectomy 扁桃腺切除術(shù) (bian tao xian qie chu shu) -otomy = to cut into tr

38、acheotomy (cut into windpipe氣管 (qi guan ) 氣管切開(kāi)術(shù) (qi guan qie kai shu) -ostomy = to make a mouth colostomy 結(jié)腸造瘺術(shù) (jie chang zhao lou shu) -scopy/ -scopic = to lookcolonoscopy 結(jié)腸鏡檢查 (jie chang jing jian cha) -graphy = recording an image mammography 乳房 x 線照相術(shù) (ru fang x zhao xiang shu) -gram = image ma

39、mmogram 乳房 x 線照片 (ru fanf x xian zhao pian) (x-ray) x 光照片(x guang zhao pian) appendix a types of physicians and other medical professionals appendix b prefixes, common root words and suffixes appendix ccommon medical abreviations appendix d medical terms listed alphabetically about the authors appen

40、dix a names of types of physicians and other medical professionals cardiologist 心臟病學(xué)家 (xin zang bing xue jia) cardiovascular surgeon 心血管外科醫(yī)生 (xin xue guan wai ke yi sheng) 心臟血管醫(yī)師 (xin zang xue guan yi shi) dentist 牙科醫(yī)生 (ya ke ti sheng) epidemiologist 流行病學(xué)家 (liu xing bing xue jia) 流行病專家（liou xing bin

41、g zhuan jia ） 流行病醫(yī)師 (liu xing bing yi sheng) gastroenterologist 腸胃病學(xué)家 (chang wei bing xue jia) gynecologist 婦科醫(yī)生 (fu ke yi sheng) hematologist 血液學(xué)家 (xue ye xue jia) internist 內(nèi)科醫(yī)生 (nei ke yi sheng) 實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)生實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)生 shi xi yi sheng nephrologist 腎病專家 (shen bing zhuan jia) neurologist 神經(jīng)科專門(mén)醫(yī)師 (shen jing ke zhu

42、an men yi shi ) neurosurgeon 神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生 (shen jing wai ke yi sheng ) obstetrician 產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師 (chang ke yi shi) oncologist 腫瘤科醫(yī)師 (zhong liu ke yi shi) orderly 勤務(wù)兵 (qin wu bing) orthopedist 整形外科醫(yī)師 (zheng xing wai ke yi shi ) osteopathic physician 整骨醫(yī)生 (zheng gu yi sheng) pathologist 病理學(xué)家 (bing li xue jia) plast

43、ic surgeon 可塑的外科醫(yī)生 (ke su de wai ke yi sheng) 整形外科醫(yī)生 (xheng xing wai ke yi sheng) proctologist 直腸病學(xué)家 (zhi chang bing xue jia) psychiatrist 精神病學(xué)家 (jing shen bing xue jia) public health physician 公眾的健康內(nèi)科醫(yī)生 (gong zhong de jian kang yi sheng) 公 共 衛(wèi)生醫(yī)生 (gong gong wei sheng yi sheng) pulmonologist 肺科醫(yī)生 (f

44、ei ke yi sheng ) researcher 調(diào)查者 (diao cha zhe ) 學(xué)術(shù)研究員 (xue shu yan jiu yuan) rheumatologist 風(fēng)濕病學(xué)家 (feng shi bing xue jia) surgeon 外科醫(yī)師 (wai ke yi shi ) urologist 泌尿科醫(yī)師 (mi niao ke yi shi) physician assistant 醫(yī)生助手 (yi sheng zhu shou) midwife 助產(chǎn)士 (zhu chan shi，接生婆 (jie sheng po) nurse 護(hù)士 (hu shi) orde

45、ry 勤務(wù)兵 (qin wu bing) candystriper (volunteer) 糖尿病專家 (tang niao bing zhuan jia) 調(diào)查者 (diao cha yuan) 凝結(jié)型（ning jie xing） appendix b common root words, prefixes and suffixes common root words annulus. little ringanser. goose acanth. spine, prickle aceto. vinegar acou. hear acro. extremity, tip, sharp ac

46、tin. ray, beam acu. sharp, sudden adeno. gland adipo. fat aero. air (a)esth. perception agogue. leader agon. contest, struggle ala. wing alb. white algo. pain alien. stranger, strange allelo. one another, mutual amauros. blind am(o)eb. constantly changing ambi/amph. both sides ambly. dim, faint amni

47、o. amnion, bowl amylo. starch andro. male angio. vessel (blood, bile) ankyl. bent, anthem. flower anthrac. black anthro. man / human aort. aorta aphro. froth, sexual love aqu. water arachn. spider, spiderweb archo. ancient, beginning argy. silver, shiny artero. artery arthro. joint artic. little joi

48、nt asthm. panting athero. gruel atri. entry chamber axilla. armpit axo. center, axis aud. hear aur. hear aus. hear auto. self aux. make grow azo. nitrogen bac(t). rod ball. throw balano. acorn, glans blast. sprout blenno. snot bleph. eyelid bol. throw brachi. arm brady. slow branch. gill bronch. bro

49、nchus bucc. cheek (inside) burs. bursa, purse caes. cut deep c(h)ord. notochord c(o)ele. rupture carpo. wrist calci. limestone calco. heel, spur calyc. cup campy. bend canc. crab capo. head, centr. center carbo. charcoal, carbon carcin. crab carcinoma. epithelium cancer card. heart, heart-shape caro

50、t. great neck arteries carpo. wrist caus. burn centesis. puncture centr. center cep(h). expanded part cephal. head cept. seize, take cereb(r). brain cervic. neck ch(e)ir. hand chemo. chemistry chlor. light green chol(e). bile chondr. cartilage; grain chorea. dance chori. chorionic membrane chrom. co

51、lor chron. time, long time chyle. digested food juice cide. killing, falling cise. cut deep cili. eyelash cion. uvula clast. break claustr. barrier cleido. collarbone, key clino. bed clivus. slope coagul. coagulate, clot coccus. berry coccyx. cuckoo, cuckoo bill collic. hill collo. glue collus. neck

52、 conios. dust cond. hard knob core. dolly, pupil (of eye) cori. leather corn. horn cox(a). hip corp. physical body cre(s)c. grow cribi / cribri. sieve crine. secretion cubit. elbow cubo. lay down cule. little culpo. vagina cuneo. wedge cutis. skin cyan. dark blue cycl. circle, wheel cysto. urinary b

53、ladder cyto. cell dacr. tear (from the eye) dacty. finger demos. people dens. tooth dent. tooth derm. skin desm. harden, bind together desis. binding desmo. hard dextro. right-sided diadocho. take over didym. twin digi(t). finger, toe diphth. leathery membrane docho. cup, container drepan. sickle dr

54、omo. running a race duc,.duct lead, guide dynia. pain echin. spiny echo. echo ectasia. dilatation edem(a). excess tissue fluid embol. bottle stopper embryo. embryo, fetus em(ia). blood enceph. brain enchyme. filling, installation entero. intestine ergo. work erythro. red esthesia. perception f(a)eco

55、. feces, refuse fac. make, build, do, perform facie. face, countenance fasc. bundle, fascia fec. make, build, do, perform fer. carrying, bearing fibr. fibrous fic. make, build, do, perform fis,.fid split, cleave, divide flagel. whip flav. yellow flat. blow flect. bend flex. bend fora/foro. make a ho

56、le fornic. arch fract. break into pieces frag. break into pieces fring. break into pieces fuge. flee fun. melt, pour fus. melt, pour gala(k). milk gam(y). marry gangl. knot gangr. gangrene, galact. milk gastr. stomach, belly gemin. twin gen. beget, produce genesis. origin genu. knee ger. old age ges

57、t. bring forth, produce glans. acorn gleno. shoulder gli(o). glial cells, glue glob. sphere, ball, round body glomer. tuft gloss. tongue glute. buttocks gnatho. jaw gnosis. know gogue. lead gono. product, seed, semen gonio. angle gracile. slender gram. record gran. grain graph. writing, scratching g

58、ryph. claw gynec. female (h)(a)em. blood habeo. to hold, habithalluc. big toe helic. spiral helm. worm hermaphromale pollic. thumb pomp. precede, parade porph. purple porta. door posthe. foreskin prac. done prag. done prax. done pre/pro. before procto. rectum pron(o). prone, face down proto. first p

59、seud. false psyche. spirit, mind psychr. cold, frigid pter. wing pto. droop pty(alo). spit pulmo. lung punct. prick, little spot pupa. doll, miniature figure purp. purple pyelo. vat, basin, pelvis pykno. shrivelled pyo. pus p(u/y)ri. pear pyr(o). fever (cognate to fire) radi. rod r(h)ach. backbone r

60、e(i)n. kidney ret(ic). net rhabdo. striated muscle rhaph. sew together rheo. flow rheum. runny stuff rhino. nose riso. smile rrha(g). discharge rub(r). red sacc. sack sacch(ar). sugar salpinx. trumpet, oviduct sang(ui). blood sapro. dead sarc(o). flesh sarcoma.flesh tumor scato. feces, filth scapho.