全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程4課文原文及翻譯

1、they say that pride comes before a fall. in the case of both napoleon and hitler, the many victories they enjoyed led them to believe that anything was possible, that nothing could stand in their way. russias icy defender was to prove them wrong.人道是驕兵必敗。就拿拿破侖和希特勒兩人來說吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士

2、證明他們錯了。the icy defendernila b. smith1 in 1812, napoleon bonaparte, emperor of the french, led his grand army into russia. he was prepared for the fierce resistance of the russian people defending their homeland. he was prepared for the long march across russian soil to moscow, the capital city. but

3、he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in moscow - the raw, bitter, bleak russian winter.冰雪衛(wèi)士奈拉b史密斯1812年，法國皇帝拿破侖波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準備好俄羅斯人民會為保衛(wèi)祖國而奮勇抵抗。他準備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國土上要經(jīng)過長途跋涉才能進軍首都莫斯科。但他沒有料到在莫斯科他會遭遇勁敵俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。2 in 1941, adolf hitler, leader of nazi germany, launched an attack against t

4、he soviet union, as russia then was called. hitlers military might was unequaled. his war machine had mowed down resistance in most of europe. hitler expected a short campaign but, like napoleon before him, was taught a painful lesson. the russian winter again came to the aid of the soviet soldiers.

5、1941年，納粹德國元首阿道夫希特勒進攻當時被稱作蘇聯(lián)的俄羅斯。希特勒的軍事實力堪稱無敵。他的戰(zhàn)爭機器掃除了歐洲絕大部分地區(qū)的抵抗。希特勒希望速戰(zhàn)速決，但是，就像在他之前的拿破侖一樣，他得到的是痛苦的教訓(xùn)。仍是俄羅斯的冬天助了蘇維埃士兵一臂之力。napoleons campaign3 in the spring of 1812, napoleon assembled an army of six hundred thousand men on the borders of russia. the soldiers were well trained, efficient, and well e

6、quipped. this military force was called the grand army. napoleon, confident of a quick victory, predicted the conquest of russia in five weeks.拿破侖發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)役1812年春，拿破侖在俄國邊境屯兵60萬。這些士兵受過良好訓(xùn)練，作戰(zhàn)力強，裝備精良。這支軍隊被稱為大軍。拿破侖對馬到成功充滿自信，預(yù)言要在5個星期內(nèi)攻下俄國。4 shortly afterwards, napoleons army crossed the neman river into russ

7、ia. the quick, decisive victory that napoleon expected never happened. to his surprise, the russians refused to stand and fight. instead, they retreated eastward, burning their crops and homes as they went. the grand army followed, but its advance march soon became bogged down by slow-moving supply

8、lines.不久，拿破侖的大軍渡過涅曼河進入俄國。拿破侖期盼著的速決速勝遲遲沒有發(fā)生。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。相反，他們一路東撤，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的長驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運輸緩慢而停頓下來。5 in august, the french and russian armies engaged at smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side. yet, the russians were again able to retreat farther into russian t

9、erritory. napoleon had won no decisive victory. he was now faced with a crucial decision. should he continue to pursue the russian army? or should he keep his army in smolensk for the approaching winter? 到了8月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡。可是，俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續(xù)后撤。拿破侖未能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個重要抉擇。是繼續(xù)追擊俄國軍隊，還是把軍隊

10、駐扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那兒度過將到的冬天？6 napoleon took the gamble of pressing on to moscow, 448 kilometers away. on september 7, 1812, the french and russian armies met in fierce battle at borodino, 112 kilometers west of moscow. by nightfall, thirty thousand french and forty-four thousand russians lay dead or wounded

11、 on the battlefield.拿破侖孤注一擲，決定向遠在448公里之外的莫斯科進發(fā)。1812年9月7日，法俄兩軍在莫斯科以西112公里外的鮑羅季諾激戰(zhàn)。夜幕降臨時，3萬名法國士兵以及4.4萬名俄國士兵或傷或亡，倒在了戰(zhàn)場上。7 again, the russian army retreated to safety. napoleon had a clear path to moscow, but the occupation of the city became an empty victory. the russians fled their capital. soon after

12、 the french arrived, a raging fire destroyed two-thirds of the city. napoleon offered a truce to alexander i, but the russian czar knew he could bide his time: we shall let the russian winter fight the war for us.俄國軍隊再次撤往安全之處。拿破侖順利進入莫斯科，然而，對該市的占領(lǐng)成為毫無意義的勝利。俄國人棄城而走。法國人進城不久，一場熊熊大火燒毀了整個城市的三分之二。拿破侖向亞歷山大一

13、世提出停戰(zhàn)，但沙皇深知他可以等待時機：“且讓俄羅斯的嚴冬為我們戰(zhàn)斗吧?！? napoleon soon realized he could not feed, clothe, and quarter his army in moscow during the winter. in october 1812, he ordered his grand army to retreat from moscow.拿破侖很快意識到，他無法在冬天向遠在莫斯科的軍隊供應(yīng)糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營之地。1812年10月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。9 the french retreat turned into a

14、nightmare. from fields and forests, the russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the french. a short distance from moscow, the temperature had already dropped to minus 4 degrees celsius. on november 3, the winters first snow came. exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks. cannon became stuck in th

15、e snow. equipment had to be burned for fuel. soldiers took ill and froze to death. the french soldiers dragged on, leaving the dead along every mile.法軍的撤離成為一場噩夢。俄國人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，向法國人發(fā)起攻擊。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的馬匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。士兵們?nèi)静鏊?。法國士兵拖著腳步行進，一路上留下無數(shù)死尸。10 as the russian arm

16、y was gathering its strength, the french had to flee russia to avoid certain defeat. at the berezina river, the russians nearly trapped the retreating french by burning the bridges over the swollen river. but napoleon, by a stroke of luck, was able to build two new bridges. thousands of french soldi

17、ers escaped, but at the cost of fifty thousand dead. once across the berezina, the tattered survivors limped toward vilna.正當俄羅斯軍隊集聚兵力之時，法國人卻不得不逃離俄國，以避免注定的失敗。在別列茲那河，俄國人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點將后撤的法軍困于河邊。僥幸的是，拿破侖居然突擊造起兩座橋。成千上萬法國士兵得以逃脫，但卻損失了5萬人。渡過別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進。11 of the six hundred thousand soldiers

18、 napoleon had led into russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. the weakened french army continued its retreat westward across europe. soon, britain, austria, russia, and prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these stragglers. in march 1814, paris was captured. napoleon abdicated

19、and went into exile, his empire at an end.拿破侖發(fā)兵60萬進入俄國，只有不到10萬士兵返回。元氣大傷的法國軍隊在歐洲繼續(xù)西撤。不久，英國、奧地利、俄國以及普魯士組成強大的聯(lián)盟，攻擊這些散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴黎被攻占。拿破侖退位去過流放生活，他締造的帝國隨之滅亡。hitlers invasion12 by early 1941, adolf hitler, leader of nazi germany, had seized control of most of europe. to the east of hitlers german empir

20、e was the soviet union. on june 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, hitler began an invasion of the soviet union that was the largest military land campaign in history. confident of a quick victory, hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months. he planned to use the blitzkrie

21、g, or lightning war, tactics that had defeated the rest of europe. the invasion had three broad thrusts: against leningrad and moscow and through the ukraine.希特勒的入侵到1941年初，納粹德國元首阿道夫希特勒已經(jīng)控制了歐洲大部分地區(qū)。希特勒的德意志帝國的東部與蘇聯(lián)毗鄰。1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動了歷史上規(guī)模最大的一場陸地戰(zhàn)役。希特勒自信能速戰(zhàn)速決，預(yù)計這一戰(zhàn)役不會超過3個月。他計劃采用征服了歐洲其余地區(qū)的閃電式

22、戰(zhàn)略。入侵計劃包含三大目標：向列寧格勒與莫斯科進攻，并橫掃烏克蘭。13 caught off guard by the invasion, soviet leader joseph stalin instructed the russian people to scorch the earth in front of the german invaders. farms and factories were burned, destroyed, or rendered useless. during the first ten weeks of the invasion, the german

23、s pushed the front eastward, and the russians suffered more than a million casualties.蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫斯大林被打了個措手不及，他指示全國人民在德國入侵者到來之前實行“焦土”政策。農(nóng)場和工廠被焚燒毀壞，或被弄得無法運轉(zhuǎn)。在入侵的最初10個星期內(nèi)，德國人一路東進，俄國人傷亡人數(shù)多達一百多萬。14 in the north, the germans closed in on leningrad. despite great suffering, however, the people of leningrad re

24、fused to surrender. as the battle of leningrad dragged on into winter, the citys situation became desperate. as food ran out, people died from hunger and disease. by the middle of the winter of 1941-1942, nearly four thousand people starved to death every day. close to one million people died as a r

25、esult of the siege.在北方，德國人包圍了列寧格勒。盡管忍受著極大困苦，列寧格勒的人民絕不投降。列寧格勒保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)一直持續(xù)到冬季，此時該市的處境變得危急。由于食品匱乏，人們死于饑餓與疾病。到了1941年和1942年之間的寒冬，幾乎每天有4千人死于饑餓。列寧格勒之圍造成近百萬人死亡。15 in the center of russia, hitlers goal was the capture of moscow. because the germans had anticipated a quick victory, they had made no plans for winte

26、r supplies. october arrived with heavy rains. general mud slowed down the movement of the germans lightning attack.在俄國中部，希特勒的目標是占領(lǐng)莫斯科。由于德國人指望速戰(zhàn)速決，他們沒有準備過冬的補給。10月來臨，大雨不停?！澳酀魧④姟蓖涎恿说聡碎W電式進攻的行動。16 as hitlers armies drew closer and closer to moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the soviet union,

27、the harshest in years. temperatures dropped to minus 48 degrees celsius. heavy snows fell. the german soldiers, completely unprepared for the russian winter, froze in their light summer uniforms. the german tanks lay buried in the heavy snowbanks. the russian winter brought the german offensive to a

28、 halt.正當希特勒的軍隊逼近莫斯科時，寒冷的冬季早早地降臨蘇聯(lián)，那是多年不遇的嚴寒。氣溫降到攝氏零下48度。大雪紛飛。對俄國的嚴寒冬季毫無思想準備的德國士兵身著單薄的夏裝，一個個被凍傷。德國人的坦克掩埋在深深的雪堆中。俄羅斯的冬季阻止了德國人的攻勢。17 by the summer of 1942, hitler had launched two new offensives. in the south, the germans captured sevastopol. hitler then pushed east to stalingrad, a great industrial ci

29、ty that stretched for 48 kilometers along the volga river. despite great suffering, soviet defenders refused to give up stalingrad.到1942夏天，希特勒又發(fā)起兩場新的攻勢。在南方，德國人占領(lǐng)了塞瓦斯托波爾。希特勒隨后向東推進到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏爾加河綿延48公里的一座大工業(yè)城市。盡管艱苦卓絕，蘇聯(lián)抵抗者拒絕放棄斯大林格勒。18 in november 1942, the russians launched a counterattack. with little

30、 or no shelter from the winter cold in and around stalingrad, german troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. not until january 1943 did the germans give up their siege. of the three hundred thousand germans attacking stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving soldiers were left.

31、the loss of the battle for stalingrad finally turned the tide against hitler. the german victories were over, thanks in part to the russian winter.1942年11月，俄國人發(fā)起了一場反攻。德國軍隊在斯大林格勒城內(nèi)外幾乎沒有擋風避寒的地方，食品和補給的匱乏更使其元氣大傷。直到1943年1月德國人才放棄圍城。進攻斯大林格勒的30萬德國人只剩下9萬忍饑挨餓的士兵。斯大林格勒一戰(zhàn)的失利最終使希特勒時乖運蹇。部分地由于俄羅斯的冬季，德國人走向失敗。19 dur

32、ing 1943 and 1944, the soviet armies pushed the german front back toward the west. in the north, the red army broke the three-year siege of leningrad with a surprise attack on january 15, 1944. within two weeks, the heroic survivors of leningrad saw their invaders depart. by march 1944, the ukraine

33、farming region was again in soviet hands. on may 9, 1944, sevastopol was liberated from the germans. the russians were now heading for berlin.在1943年與1944年期間，蘇聯(lián)軍隊將德軍陣線往西逼退。在北方，1944年1月15日，紅軍發(fā)起突然襲擊，解除了列寧格勒長達3年之久的圍困。列寧格勒那些英勇無畏的幸存者看著入侵者在兩個星期內(nèi)全部撤離。到了1944年3月，烏克蘭的農(nóng)村又回到了蘇維埃手中。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波爾從德國人手中被解放出來。至此，俄

34、國人向柏林進發(fā)。20 for hitler, the invasion of the soviet union had turned into a military disaster. for the russian people, it brought unspeakable suffering. the total soviet dead in world war ii reached almost 23 million.就希特勒而言，對蘇聯(lián)的入侵成為一場軍事災(zāi)難。對俄羅斯人民來說，這場入侵帶來了無法形容的苦難。蘇維埃在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中死亡的人數(shù)幾乎達到2300萬。russias icy

35、defender21 the elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. napoleon and hitler both underestimated the severity of the russian winter. snow, ice, and freezing temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. for the russian people, the winter was an icy defender.俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士任

36、何軍事行動都必須考慮到自然的因素。拿破侖和希特勒都低估了俄羅斯冬季的嚴酷。冰雪和極低的氣溫使兩支侵略軍付出慘重的代價。對俄羅斯人民而言，嚴冬是他們的冰雪衛(wèi)士。smart cars that can see, hear, feel, smell, and talk? and drive on their own? this may sound like a dream, but the computer revolution is set to turn it into a reality.能看、能聽、有知覺、具嗅覺、會說話的智能汽車？還能自動駕駛？這聽起來或許像是在做夢，但計算機革命正致力于把

37、這一切變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。smart carsmichio kaku1 even the automobile industry, which has remained largely unchanged for the last seventy years, is about to feel the effects of the computer revolution.智能汽車米其奧卡庫即便是過去70年間基本上沒有多少變化的汽車工業(yè)，也將感受到計算機革命的影響。2 the automobile industry ranks as among the most lucrative and powerfu

38、l industries of the twentieth century. there are presently 500 million cars on earth, or one car for every ten people. sales of the automobile industry stand at about a trillion dollars, making it the worlds biggest manufacturing industry.汽車工業(yè)是20世紀最賺錢、最有影響力的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。目前世界上有5億輛車，或者說每10人就有1輛車。汽車工業(yè)的銷售額達一萬億美

39、元左右，從而成為世界上最大的制造業(yè)。3 the car, and the roads it travels on, will be revolutionized in the twenty-first century. the key to tomorrows smart cars will be sensors. well see vehicles and roads that see and hear and feel and smell and talk and act, predicts bill spreitzer, technical director of general mot

40、ors corporations its program, which is designing the smart car and road of the future.汽車及其行駛的道路，將在21世紀發(fā)生重大變革。未來“智能汽車”的關(guān)鍵在于傳感器。“我們會見到能看、能聽、有知覺、具嗅覺、會說話并能采取行動的車輛與道路，”正在設(shè)計未來智能汽車和智能道路的通用汽車公司its項目的技術(shù)主任比爾斯普雷扎預(yù)言道。4 approximately 40,000 people are killed each year in the united states in traffic accidents. t

41、he number of people that are killed or badly injured in car accidents is so vast that we dont even bother to mention them in the newspapers anymore. fully half of these fatalities come from drunk drivers, and many others from carelessness. a smart car could eliminate most of these car accidents. it

42、can sense if a driver is drunk via electronic sensors that can pick up alcohol vapor in the air, and refuse to start up the engine. the car could also alert the police and provide its precise location if it is stolen.美國每年有大約4萬人死于交通事故。在汽車事故中死亡或嚴重受傷的人數(shù)太多，我們已經(jīng)不屑在報紙上提及。這些死亡的人中至少有半數(shù)是酒后開車者造成的，另有許多死亡事故是駕駛員

43、不小心所導(dǎo)致。智能汽車能消除絕大多數(shù)這類汽車事故。它能通過會感測空氣中的酒精霧氣的電子傳感器檢測開車者是否喝醉酒，并拒絕啟動引擎。這種車還能在遇竊后通報警方，告知車輛的確切地點。5 smart cars have already been built which can monitor ones driving and the driving conditions nearby. small radars hidden in the bumpers can scan for nearby cars. should you make a serious driving mistake (e.g.

44、, change lanes when there is a car in your blind spot) the computer would sound an immediate warning. 能監(jiān)控行車過程以及周圍行車狀況的智能汽車已經(jīng)建造出來。藏在保險杠里的微型雷達能對周圍的汽車作掃描。如果你發(fā)生重大行車失誤（如變道時有車輛你“盲點”內(nèi)），計算機立即會發(fā)出警報。6 at the mit media lab, a prototype is already being built which will determine how sleepy you are as you drive

45、, which is especially important for long-distance truck drivers. the monotonous, almost hypnotic process of staring at the center divider for long hours is a grossly underestimated, life-threatening hazard. to eliminate this, a tiny camera hidden in the dashboard can be trained on a drivers face and

46、 eyes. if the drivers eyelids close for a certain length of time and his or her driving becomes erratic, a computer in the dashboard could alert the driver.在麻省理工學(xué)院媒介實驗室，業(yè)已制造出能測知你行車時有多少睡意的樣車，這對長途卡車司機意義尤其重要。一連數(shù)小時注視著中夾分道線這樣一個單調(diào)、幾乎能催眠的過程是被嚴重低估的威脅生命的重大隱患。為消除這一隱患，藏在儀表板里的一架微型相機可對準開車者的臉部及眼睛。如果司機的眼簾合上一定時間，行車

47、變得不穩(wěn)，儀表板里的計算機就會向司機發(fā)出警報。7 two of the most frustrating things about driving a car are getting lost and getting stuck in traffic. while the computer revolution is unlikely to cure these problems, it will have a positive impact. sensors in your car tuned to radio signals from orbiting satellites can loc

48、ate your car precisely at any moment and warn of traffic jams. we already have twenty-four navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the global positioning system. they make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. at any given time, t

49、here are several gps satellites orbiting overhead at a distance of about 11,000 miles. each satellite contains four atomic clocks, which vibrate at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory.開車最頭疼的兩大麻煩是迷路和交通堵塞。雖然計算機革命不可能徹底解決這兩個問題，但卻會帶來積極的影響。你汽車上與繞軌道運行的衛(wèi)星發(fā)出的無線電信號調(diào)諧的傳感器能隨時精確地確定你汽

50、車的方位，并告知交通阻塞情況。我們已經(jīng)有24顆環(huán)繞地球運行的導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星，組成了人們所說的全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)。通過這些衛(wèi)星我們有可能以小于100英尺的誤差確定你在地球上的方位。在任何一個特定時間，總有若干顆全球定位系統(tǒng)的衛(wèi)星在11000英里的高空繞地球運行。每顆衛(wèi)星都裝有4個“原子鐘”，它們根據(jù)量子理論法則，以精確的頻率振動。8 as a satellite passes overhead, it sends out a radio signal that can be detected by a receiver in a cars computer. the cars computer can

51、then calculate how far the satellite is by measuring how long it took for the signal to arrive. since the speed of light is well known, any delay in receiving the satellites signal can be converted into a distance.衛(wèi)星從高空經(jīng)過時發(fā)出能被汽車上計算機里的接收器辨認的無線電信號。汽車上的計算機就會根據(jù)信號傳來所花的時間計算出衛(wèi)星有多遠。由于光速為人熟知，接收衛(wèi)星信號時的任何時間遲緩都能

52、折算出距離的遠近。9 in japan there are already over a million cars with some type of navigational capability. (some of them locate a cars position by correlating the rotations in the steering wheel to its position on a map.)在日本，具有某種導(dǎo)航能力的汽車已有一百萬輛之多。（有些導(dǎo)航裝置通過將方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動與汽車在地圖上的位置并置來測定汽車的方位。）10 with the price of mi

53、crochips dropping so drastically, future applications of gps are virtually limitless. the commercial industry is poised to explode, says randy hoffman of magellan systems corp. , which manufactures navigational systems. blind individuals could use gps sensors in walking sticks, airplanes could land

54、by remote control, hikers will be able to locate their position in the woods - the list of potential uses is endless.隨著微芯片價格的大幅度下降，未來對全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用幾乎是無限的?！爸圃爝@一商品的工業(yè)定會飛速發(fā)展，”生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的麥哲倫航儀公司的蘭迪霍夫曼說。盲人可以在手杖里裝配全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)傳感器，飛機可以通過遙控著陸，徒步旅行者可以測定自己在林中的方位其潛在的應(yīng)用范圍是無止境的。11 gps is actually but part of a larger move

55、ment, called telematics, which will eventually attempt to put smart cars on smart highways. prototypes of such highways already exist in europe, and experiments are being made in california to mount computer chips, sensors, and radio transmitters on highways to alert cars to traffic jams and obstruc

56、tions.全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)其實只是叫做“遠程信息學(xué)”的這一更大行動的一部分，這一行動最終將把智能汽車送上智能高速公路。這種高速公路的樣品已經(jīng)在歐洲問世，加州也在進行試驗，在高速公路上安裝計算機芯片、傳感器和無線電發(fā)射機，以便向汽車報告交通擁擠堵塞情況。12 on an eight-mile stretch of interstate 15 ten miles north of san diego, traffic engineers are installing an mit-designed system which will introduce the automated driver.

57、 the plan calls for computers, aided by thousands of three-inch magnetic spikes buried in the highway, to take complete control of the driving of cars on heavily trafficked roads. cars will be bunched into groups of ten to twelve vehicles, only six feet apart, traveling in unison, and controlled by

58、computer.在圣迭戈以北10英里的15號州際公路一段8英里長的路面上，交通工程師正在安裝一個由麻省理工學(xué)院設(shè)計的引進“自動司機”的系統(tǒng)。這一計劃要求計算機在公路上埋設(shè)的數(shù)千個3英寸長的磁釘?shù)膮f(xié)助下，在車輛極多的路段完全控制車輛的運行。車輛會編成10輛或12輛一組，車距僅6英尺，在計算機的控制下一齊行駛。13 promoters of this computerized highway have great hopes for its future. by 2010, telematics may well be incorporated into one of the major highways in the united states. if successful, by 2020, as the price of microchips drops to below a penny a piece, telematics could be adopted in thousands of miles o