完整word版段落發(fā)展的幾種手段

1、段落發(fā)展的幾種手段 1 列舉法 (listing) 作者運(yùn)用列舉法， 是通過(guò)列舉一系列的論據(jù)對(duì) topic sentence 中擺出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、 全面 地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間等進(jìn)行。Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and fo

2、rgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on

3、 a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time 分明、內(nèi)容連貫。常用于列舉法的過(guò)渡連接詞有：for one thing , for another, finall

4、y, besides, moreover, oneanother , still another, first, second, also等。根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組 everything I did went wrong ，作者列舉了 8 點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，分別由 等連接詞語(yǔ)引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡(luò)2. 舉例法 (exemplification) 作者通過(guò)舉出具體事例來(lái)闡述、說(shuō)明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種， 它們的區(qū)別在于： 列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)， 所列事實(shí)力求全面； 而舉例法側(cè)重通過(guò)舉出典型事例來(lái) 解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。我們來(lái)看下面這個(gè)用舉例法展開(kāi)的段落。There

5、are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.For example, thosewho enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the sum

6、mer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.本段采用了三個(gè)事例來(lái)說(shuō)明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個(gè)例子分別由連接詞 for example, for another example 和 besides 引出，最后由引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全 段內(nèi)容。舉例法中常用的連接詞有： for example

7、(instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition 等。3. 敘述法 (narration) 敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時(shí)間或空間的排列順序， 通過(guò)對(duì)一些特有過(guò)渡連接詞 的使用， 有層次分步驟地表達(dá)主題句的一種寫作手段。 用這種方法展開(kāi)段落， 作者能夠清楚連貫 地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如：In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through t

8、hewindow, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyo

9、ne from escaping.這段是按照事物發(fā)展的先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報(bào)警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的過(guò)程。 全文脈絡(luò)清晰，敘述的層次感強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。常用于敘述法中的過(guò)渡連接詞有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then,afterwards, in the end, finally等。通過(guò)對(duì)比， 更容易4 對(duì)比法或比較法 (comparison & contrast) 將同類的事物按照某種特定的規(guī)則進(jìn)行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。闡述所述對(duì)象之間的異同和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，例如：The heart of an

10、electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.在這段文字上， 作者為了突出電子計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度之快， 首先將它與人腦進(jìn)行了比較，a

11、 thousand times faster than - ;而后，又將這一概念具體到了 a problem 上，通過(guò)對(duì)比使讀者從 - a long time - in one minute 上有更加直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)。than, compared with 等。常用于對(duì)本法或比較法上的過(guò)渡連接詞有：5 分類法 (classification) 在闡述某一概念的段落中， 常用分類法。以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)，如：Ever since humans have lived on the通過(guò)對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類，分別加earth, they have made use of various

12、forms munication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or

13、speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however,Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while

14、 shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.在該段中為了說(shuō)明 topic sentence 中的 various forms of communication oral speech, sign language, body language及 other forms of nonlinguistic language述。采用這種方法的段落并沒(méi)有標(biāo)

15、志突出的連接詞， 的主次之分。所述各項(xiàng)均為平行并列關(guān)系，作者將其分為，并逐加闡所以沒(méi)有明顯6 因果分析法 (cause and effect) 在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如： The role of women in todays society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, womenare aware of the alternatives to st

16、aying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.本段中，主題句提出了一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，推展句則對(duì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋。 用

17、于因果分析法的連接詞有：because, so, as a result等。7 定義法 (definition) 在科普文章的寫作中， 接的認(rèn)識(shí)。定義法是必不可少的。 通過(guò)下定義， 可以使讀者對(duì)該事物有一個(gè)更直the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible develop

18、ment of automation Revolution.這一段文字使我們了解了Automation refers tothe manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The in American industry has been called the Second Industrialautomation 和 Second Industrial Revolution 兩個(gè)概念，分 別由 refers to 和 been called 常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語(yǔ)有：引出。refer to, mean, call 等。這就是重復(fù)法。 它往往造

19、成一種步步緊逼的氣氛， 使文章8. 重復(fù)法 (repetition) 句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中， 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如： Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terr

20、or of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; -該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I was in mortal terror of我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。以上， 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開(kāi)段落的幾種方法。在實(shí)際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥 于一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。英語(yǔ)段落寫作的技巧一、段落主題借助具體的細(xì)節(jié)和原因展開(kāi) (A paragraph of a general statement

21、supported by specific det ails)一般這類段落先明確地提出主題，緊接著就用一些具體的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)論述或證明自己的觀點(diǎn)。這些具體的細(xì) 節(jié)或是原因，或是現(xiàn)象，總之可以充分證明自己觀點(diǎn)的材料都可以拿來(lái)用的。下面這個(gè)段落，作者就采用 了這種方法：二、段落主題借助于一系列的例子展開(kāi)（ a paragraph of a statement supported by examples） everyone is in a rush-often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where the

22、y are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is p art of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered precious. Others in public eating-places are waiting for you to finish sothey, too, c

23、an be served and get back to work within the time allowed. You also find drivers will be abrupt and people will push past you. You will miss smiles, brief co nversations, and small exchanges with strangers. Dont take it personally.(5)This is because value time highly, and they resent someone else “w

24、asting” itbeyond a certain appr opriate point.句子是這個(gè)段落作者要說(shuō)明的觀點(diǎn)，是段落的中心，段落的主題：美國(guó)人給人的第一印象總是匆匆忙借助于這三個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，忙的。那么表現(xiàn)在什么方面呢？句子分別是三個(gè)具體的細(xì)節(jié)，三種常見(jiàn)的現(xiàn)象。讀者可以得到一個(gè)很清晰的印象，美國(guó)人每天都忙忙碌碌的，原來(lái)是這個(gè)樣子啊。依據(jù)句子5我們就明白 了，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人太珍惜時(shí)間了，所以平時(shí)才那么緊張。這種段落展開(kāi)的方法 ,要求作者有比較詳實(shí)的寫作的素材。所以平時(shí)應(yīng)注意觀察周圍的事物， 養(yǎng)成論證自 己觀點(diǎn)的習(xí)慣，多讀類似的文章，了解和體會(huì)西方人的思維模式。這樣寫出的文章才有英文的樣子。為了

25、使段落更富于邏輯性，你可以使用一些思維連接詞(thought connectors)比如：firstly, secondly, t hirdly, 等等。另外，這類段落比較適合寫論說(shuō)文和說(shuō)明文。有時(shí)候我們提出的一些觀點(diǎn)和看法比較抽象或空洞，讀者可能很難理解或不肯能完全理解，這樣我們可 以借助一些例子來(lái)對(duì)觀點(diǎn)加以說(shuō)明。下面是一段很典型的例子： I now know he p artic ip ate in some things through me, his only son.(2)When I played ball(poorly), he “ played” too.(3)When I j

26、oined the Navy , he “joined too .And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that I visited his office. Introducing me, he was rea lly saying, “thisis my son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, if things had been differe nt. ”Those words were never said aloud.父親通過(guò)兒子參加一些社會(huì)活動(dòng)，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)（句子）

27、很籠統(tǒng)的，為了使自己的觀點(diǎn)更可信，作者給出 了幾個(gè)很詳實(shí)的例子（句子）。這樣就使得段落有血有肉了，可信度強(qiáng)了，可讀性也強(qiáng)了。有時(shí)候，我們展開(kāi)段落，完全可以用些具體的例子來(lái)從當(dāng)細(xì)節(jié)的。從這個(gè)意義上講，第一種方法應(yīng)該包 含第二中。由于習(xí)慣原因，我們也可以單獨(dú)把它列為一種段落展開(kāi)的有效方法。這種方法的比較適合寫簡(jiǎn)單的論說(shuō)文和記敘文。三、段落主題借助于一系列的事情展開(kāi)( a paragraph of a statement supported by a list of things)有時(shí)候我們的概念很抽象，那么就可以借助概念所包含的子相來(lái)加以說(shuō)明。這個(gè)方法與第二種多少有些 相似，但例子是一些翔實(shí)的行為

28、過(guò)程，這里所說(shuō)的子相大多是名詞性短語(yǔ)。我們看看下面這個(gè)例子：Think about some of your (1)unforgettable meetings:( an introduction to your future spouse,)a job interview, an encounter with a stranger. These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of sad faces and happy faces to illustrate ways people這段就是通過(guò)一系列的子相來(lái)說(shuō)明母相的，因?yàn)樽酉喽际且恍┚唧w的，我們

29、親身經(jīng)歷過(guò)的一些 場(chǎng)面，所以很容易被讀者的觀點(diǎn)，這是對(duì)抽象或空洞概念的解釋。所以要想讓讀者理解你，讀懂你，你要 把模糊空洞的概念解釋清楚。當(dāng)然對(duì)于一些艱澀的概念，我們也可以通過(guò)下定義的方法加以解釋，以便與讀者理解溝通。Let asssume they come from the “ unconscious T”hi.s is reasonable, for psychologists use this term todescribe mental processes which are unknown to the individual.作者用了定義的方法來(lái)解釋潛意識(shí)”(unconsciouf

30、這個(gè)詞。使那些即使沒(méi)有心理學(xué)知識(shí)的讀者也可以明 白什么是潛意識(shí)了。我們寫段落時(shí)，對(duì)于那些艱澀概念，可以嘗試用這類方法加以解釋和說(shuō)明，已達(dá)到與讀者最佳的溝通效 果。四、段落主題借助于問(wèn)題 -解決模式展開(kāi)( a paragraph of a general statement supported by a problem-solut ion pattern)寫作政論性的文章，其實(shí)就是為解決一些社會(huì)問(wèn)題。通常我們會(huì)對(duì)對(duì)解決的方法比較關(guān)心，更關(guān)心解決 的結(jié)果如何，并對(duì)此做出評(píng)價(jià)。下面我們看這個(gè)例子： Speak to your community in a way they can hear. Man

31、y communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing this passing out AIDS literat ure and expecting people to read it. To solve this problem, ask people in a community who can draw well to create low-literacy AIDS education publications.can prevent AIDS. They also show people who look

32、like those we need to educate, since people can relate more whenthey see familiar faces and language they can understand. As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than gov ernment publications, which cost thousands of dollars more to produce.斜體的句子是段落的主題，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)兩個(gè)段落，介紹了一個(gè)向社區(qū)人們宣傳艾滋病的方法。句子告訴我們 為什么用這種方法，也就是在宣傳過(guò)程中遇到了哪些難題。句子介紹了幾種解決方法，句子是對(duì) 這些方法的評(píng)價(jià)。當(dāng)我們讀完這個(gè)段落時(shí)，或許也會(huì)承認(rèn)這是一個(gè)很不錯(cuò)的辦法。其實(shí)寫文章就是說(shuō)服人的過(guò)程，只要你資 料翔實(shí)，話說(shuō)得得體，會(huì)被讀者認(rèn)可的，即你的寫作是成功的。五、段落展開(kāi)借助于一系列的時(shí)間順序的動(dòng)作( a paragraph of a set of sequential a