計算機(jī)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文專業(yè)譯文

1、專業(yè)譯文英文原文the future of computer technology the computer should make your life-and practice-run easier and more efficiently. in this guide we have covered how to operate an office powerfully and effectively using computer technology. this article will look at how to use each of these to build the offi

2、ce of today, and then, how you might build the office of tomorrow. three basic topics will be explored: where to go for instruction, where the technology is going and the expanded use of the internet.where to go for instructiona computer consultant will be needed by most people just starting out wit

3、h the technology or when major changes are planned for your hardware or software (e.g., changing from windows 3.1 to windows 95 or the apple macintosh system mac, or establishing a local area network lan in your office).in the first six months or year, expect to gain experience with word processing,

4、 spreadsheets, basic billing, online use and other such basic tasks. next, you will progress to areas such as: digital imaging and archiving, advanced e-mail and spreadsheet presentations with multimedia techniques. you will cultivate preferences and get to know your equipment well, like a circulati

5、ng nurse uses your surgeons preference card in the operating room to identify your style and operative preferences.as a rule, your time as a surgeon is better spent on surgical matters. it is not necessary to be technically proficient with the inner workings of the computer, just as it is unnecessar

6、y to be able to repair your car before you can drive it. within a few weeks to a few months you will be comfortable with the basics of your new computer system. the programs are extremely powerful-even for the most advanced experts-but their levels of complexity are layered and hidden from the begin

7、ner. the newcomer may use the same program as an expert and never use or see many of the advanced functions that it provides. simply keep in mind that the computer should make your life easier, more efficient and better.program manuals should be thought of as dictionaries-places to look up specific

8、information-not places to learn the language of computers. almost every mass market program (word processing, spreadsheets, scheduling, online access, etc.) has potential sales in the millions or tens of millions and now comes with two components that will make learning easy.first, a tutorial is inc

9、luded with the program on disk that takes the user step-by-step through the basic tasks needed to make the program work. there are often several dozen lessons included to develop skills to the intermediate level. second, online help is just a keystroke away when using the program: context-sensitive

10、help information will appear in a nested screen at the press of a button while engaged in a task within a program. it will show the user how to complete the task by example.teaching videotapes are also available in stores or by mail order for every operating system and major application program. the

11、re is even a cable tv station, mind extension university (me/u), that teaches computer software use.if the computer-based avenue is not adequate, personal instruction by an experienced user is the next step. often a tip from an experienced friend or family member is all that is needed. formal instru

12、ction on the use of computer software is easily available in any small city or town. basic instruction in operating systems can be obtained at your local computer store, a night school, university extension school or from a commercial outfit that will come to your office and teach you and your staff

13、. within four to six hours you can learn the rudiments of your operating system. then you may receive additional individualized instruction in each of your basic programs: word processing, spreadsheet, calendars, schedulers and others.if you intend to purchase the more specific medical software, kee

14、p in mind two drawbacks: 1. it costs three to ten times as much as the mass market software because it has a much smaller potential market (thousands or tens of thousands); and 2. programming time is not often spent by the company to develop the same level of sophistication in computer-based learnin

15、g.most of the companies that exhibit specialized medical programs at asprs meetings now include several days of on-site personal training with the price of the software. they have learned through experience that selling the software alone-while it may be 30-50 percent less in price-will result in fr

16、ustrated users who will not be happy with the program and will not use it well or at all. it may take a day or two of instruction to become comfortable with the more advanced billing programs that include data- base functions. continuing service and program updates usually run several hundred dollar

17、s per quarter of the year, but the price is well worth it. many companies will perform the program updates by modem directly into your computer at night while the staff is out of the office.where the technology is goingthis guides focus on operating systems, word processors, billing software and pra

18、ctice management will help you make decisions for today on how to set up and run your office. reference searches of the national library of medicine, basic internet service providers and online services (including america online, compuserve, prodigy and the microsoft network) will be one of the most

19、 useful tools after the basic software.in this section, i will discuss ways to go beyond these rather basic computer uses. these areas include: networking; advanced computer communications; digital imaging and archiving; presentation graphics; and biological computers.networksnetworks of computers a

20、re essential in sharing information among users. networks were originally developed by the department of defense to decentralize our military computer capacity to better survive a nuclear attack. networks have been widely used for the last 20 years among industry, academia, professional organization

21、s and research laboratories. now they are commonly used in local configurations (lan) in small offices to share a printer, files and computer power. they are also being used in disparate geographic locations as wide area networks (wan) to connect people with common interests.in early 1995, asprs and

22、 asaps jointly developed plastic surgery online (psol) to connect our members by computer modem via telephone lines with the national office and each other. with psol, each of us could log in to retrieve mail, download files and perform literature searches. we have also held online sessions (cyber c

23、onferences) for the discussions of clinical material. currently, asprs is creating a private members-only area on the societys web site which will grant plastic surgeons access to libraries and message boards in a similar fashion to psol. someday, asprs may have all members connected directly in a w

24、an so that none of us will have to use a regular telephone modem to communicate. we will all be connected via computer in an instant access network as if each of us were in an adjacent room.advanced communications when computer power is sufficient (in just a few years), computer connections will inc

25、lude video, audio, computer files, telemedicine and sharing of our own personalized data to form a national database. imagine having the complete up-to-the-day experience of each of our members and asprs available to you on your desktop. this may include:viewing someone elses operating room via a si

26、mple camcorder; doing a quick remote consultation in a distant state with another doctor; sharing database files with your colleagues; directly interfacing with the public for education; using networks to sign up for or conduct meetings much like the teleplast; conducting simulated computer (virtual

27、 reality) training of medical students, residents and members in new surgical techniques; and performing surgery at a remote site by using computer gloves and instruments on a screen that connects to a distant robot that actually manipulates the tissue. the most likely initial extensions of virtual

28、reality techniques in plastic surgery are microsurgery and endoscopy.e-commerceelectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks. the amount of trade conducted electro

29、nically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the internet. a wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (edi), in

30、ventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. modern electronic commerce typically uses the world wide web at least at some point in the transactions lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.a large percentage of electronic commer

31、ce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. almost a

32、ll big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the world wide web.electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or b2b. b2b can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (pri

33、vate electronic market).electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. it also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.historyearly developmentthe meaning of electronic commerce has changed over

34、the last 30 years. originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as electronic data interchange (edi) and electronic funds transfer (eft). these were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial do

35、cuments like purchase orders or invoices electronically. the growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (atm) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. from the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource pl

36、anning systems (erp), data mining and data warehousing.perhaps it is introduced from the telephone exchange office, or maybe not.the earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the boston computer exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. the first o

37、nline information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the american information exchange, another pre-internet online system introduced in 1991.timeline1990: tim berners-lee wrote the first web browser, worldwideweb, using a next computer. 1992: j.h. snider and terra ziporyn publishe

38、d future shop: how new technologies will change the way we shop and what we buy. st. martins press. isbn 0312063598. 1994: netscape released the navigator browser in october under the code name mozilla. pizza hut offered pizza ordering on its web page. the first online bank opened. attempts to offer

39、 flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. adult materials were also commercially available, as were cars and bikes. netscape 1.0 in late 1994 introduced ssl encryption that made transactions secure. 1995: jeff bezos launched a and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internet-only radio stat

40、ions, radio hk and netradio started broadcasting. dell and cisco began to aggressively use internet for commercial transactions. ebay was founded by computer programmer pierre omidyar as auctionweb. 1998: electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the web. 1999: was s

41、old for us $7.5 million, which was purchased in 1997 for us $150,000. the peer-to-peer filesharing software napster was launched. 2000: the dot-com bust. when the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. the survivors pl

42、ugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internets potential. the funny thing is that the wild predictions made at t

43、he height of the boomnamely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspaceare, in one way or another, coming true.the raw numbers tell only part of the story. according to americas department of commerce, online retail sales in the worlds biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $

44、55 billion. that sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. the vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world.but the commerce departments figures deal with only part of the retail industry. for instance, they exclude online tr

45、avel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. interactivecorp (iac), the owner of and , alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last yearand it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell on

46、line.nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in america last year, according to adult video news, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion

47、 worldwide). they also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in canada.and there is more. the commerce depar

48、tments figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade was done last year on ebay, the biggest online auctioneer. nor, by definition, do they include the billions of dollars-worth of goods bought and sold

49、by businesses connecting to each other over the internet. some of these b2b services are proprietary; for example, wal-mart tells its suppliers that they must use its own system if they want to be part of its annual turnover of $250 billion.so e-commerce is already very big, and it is going to get m

50、uch bigger. but the actual value of transactions currently concluded online is dwarfed by the extraordinary influence the internet is exerting over purchases carried out in the offline world. that influence is becoming an integral part of e-commerce.to start with, the internet is profoundly changing

51、 consumer behaviour. one in five customers walking into a sears department store in america to buy an electrical appliance will have researched their purchase onlineand most will know down to a dime what they intend to pay. more surprisingly, three out of four americans start shopping for new cars o

52、nline, even though most end up buying them from traditional dealers. the difference is that these customers come to the showroom armed with information about the car and the best available deals. sometimes they even have computer print-outs identifying the particular vehicle from the dealers stock t

53、hat they want to buy.half of the 60m consumers in europe who have an internet connection bought products offline after having investigated prices and details online, according to a study by forrester, a research consultancy (see chart 1). different countries have different habits. in italy and spain

54、, for instance, people are twice as likely to buy offline as online after researching on the internet. but in britain and germany, the two most developed internet markets, the numbers are evenly split. forrester says that people begin to shop online for simple, predictable products, such as dvds, an

55、d then graduate to more complex items. used-car sales are now one of the biggest online growth areas in america.people seem to enjoy shopping on the internet, if high customer-satisfaction scores are any guide. websites are doing ever more and cleverer things to serve and entertain their customers,

56、and seem set to take a much bigger share of peoples overall spending in the future.this has enormous implications for business. a company that neglects its website may be committing commercial suicide. a website is increasingly becoming the gateway to a companys brand, products and serviceseven if t

57、he firm does not sell online. a useless website suggests a useless company, and a rival is only a mouse-click away. but even the coolest website will be lost in cyberspace if people cannot find it, so companies have to ensure that they appear high up in internet search results.for many users, a sear

58、ch site is now their point of entry to the internet. the best-known search engine has already entered the lexicon: people say they have “googled” a company, a product or their plumber. the search business has also developed one of the most effective forms of advertising on the internet. and it is al

59、ready the best way to reach some consumers: teenagers and young men spend more time online than watching television. all this means that search is turning into the internets next big battleground as google defends itself against challenges from yahoo! and microsoft.the other way to get noticed online is to offer goods and services through one of the big sites that