獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)講解及練習(xí)

1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Absolute Structure）是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一 種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個(gè)句子。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞 等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，它的位置相 當(dāng)靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號(hào)將其與主句分開。在句中 作狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。需特別注意的是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本構(gòu)成形式名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞；過(guò)去分詞；形容詞；副詞；不定式；名詞；介詞 短語(yǔ)）1. 名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞例句： The storm drawing ne

2、a，the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm draw ing n ear在 句中作：原因狀語(yǔ)=Since the storm was drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a day由于暴風(fēng)雨即將來(lái)臨，那個(gè)挖土小工決定收工。（call it a day今天到此為止）例句： Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴隨狀語(yǔ)=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder

3、.冬天來(lái)了，天氣越來(lái)越冷了。造句：時(shí)間允許的話，我就和你一起走。Time permitt in g, I will go with you.獨(dú)立主格作：條件狀語(yǔ)=改寫： ftime permits, I will go with you.造句：那個(gè)姑娘望著他，他不知道說(shuō)什么好。The girl stari ng at him, he did n k now what to say.獨(dú)立主格作：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)=改寫： As the girl stared at him, he did n tk now what to say.2. 名詞（代詞）+過(guò)去分詞例句： He was listening att

4、entively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。例句： The meet ing gone over, every one tired to go home earlier.會(huì)議結(jié)束后，每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。-1 -造句： 工作完成后，他回家了。The work done, he went back home.= When the work was done, he went back home.3. 名詞（代詞 ）+不定式在“名詞 /代詞 +動(dòng)詞不定式 ”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如 果存在著

5、邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞不定式則用主動(dòng)的形式；如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系， 則用被動(dòng)形式。例句： The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。例句： Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校看上去將更美。造句： 還有很多作業(yè)要做，我不能和你走。A lot of home

6、 work to do, I can tgo with you.4. 名詞（代詞 ）+形容詞 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。he stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.5. 名詞（代詞 ）+副詞The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散會(huì)了，校長(zhǎng)很快就離開了會(huì)議室。燈熄了，我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。造句： The lights off, we could not g

7、o on with the work.6. 名詞（代詞 ）+名詞His first shot failure ，he fired again 他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。7. 名詞（代詞） +介詞短語(yǔ)The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位獵人手里提著槍走進(jìn)了樹林。三、with ， without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)with （ without）+ 賓語(yǔ)（名詞 /代詞） +賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足

8、語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞或代詞 充當(dāng)，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.- 2 -小女孩把盒子藏了起來(lái)，沒有人知道它在哪里。（without +名詞/代詞 +動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式）Without a word more spoke n, she left the meeti ng room.她沒再說(shuō)什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。（ without+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式）The kid feels excited with so many places of

9、interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動(dòng)。（with+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式）The boy was walk ing, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。（with+名詞/代詞+副詞）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。（with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhap

10、py.由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。（with+名詞/代詞+形容詞）在with （without）的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下 with能省略，但without不 能省略。造句：老師走進(jìn)教室，胳膊下面夾了一本書。The teacher walked into the classroom, with a book under his arm.造句：老師坐在椅子上，周圍一群學(xué)生圍著他。The teacher is sitting in the chair, with a group of students around him造句：工作完成了，他回家了。With the work done,

11、 he went back home.造句：由那個(gè)男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.四、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等， 還可以作定語(yǔ)。1. 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.我脫掉鞋子后，走進(jìn)一間屋頂很低的房間，小心翼翼地

12、踩在柔軟的塌塌米 墊子上。The governor pondering the matte，more strikers gathered across his path.總督思考問(wèn)題時(shí)，更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過(guò)的路上。2. 作條件狀語(yǔ)Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。Such being the case you have no grounds for dismissing him如果情況如此的話，你沒有理由解聘他。3. 作原因狀語(yǔ)The b

13、oy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個(gè)男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。4. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明I took my ticket ，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses， the people falling back respectfully on either side

14、我拿著車票還有我的奶酪， 雄赳赳氣昂昂地跨步走向月臺(tái)。 人們似乎很尊 敬我，紛紛向兩邊退去。Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12. 十個(gè)學(xué)生報(bào)名參加了這次競(jìng)賽，年紀(jì)最小的是個(gè) 12 歲的男孩。 比較：動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動(dòng)詞 -ed 形式表示 動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動(dòng)詞 -ing 形式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。The manager looks worried ，many things to settle.經(jīng)理看上去很著急 , 有這么多的事情要處理。 （事情還沒有處理，而且 是由經(jīng)理本人來(lái)處理

15、，用不定式 to settle ）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事 情已經(jīng)處理好了， 經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動(dòng) 詞 -ed 形式 settled 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。 （兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed.飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的）五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊用法1、有些分詞短語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立存在 ,在句子中

16、沒有邏輯上的主語(yǔ) ,實(shí)際上已經(jīng)變成了 習(xí)慣用法。這些短語(yǔ)有 :Generally speaking 總的說(shuō)來(lái) , Frankly speaking 坦率地說(shuō) ,Judg ing from 從判斷,Suppos ing 假設(shè)，等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 總的說(shuō)來(lái) ,這條規(guī)則很容易懂。 Judgi ng from what he said, he must be an hon est man.由他所說(shuō)的來(lái)判斷 ,他一定是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。2、有些固定短語(yǔ)是帶 to 的不定式 ,表明說(shuō)話人的立場(chǎng)或態(tài)度 ,在句中

17、作獨(dú)立成 分。這些短語(yǔ)有：to be honest老實(shí)說(shuō),to be sure確實(shí),to tell you the truth說(shuō)實(shí) 話,to cut a long story short 長(zhǎng)話短說(shuō),to be frank 坦率地說(shuō),to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是 ,等等。 To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 說(shuō)實(shí)話 ,我犯了一個(gè)拼寫錯(cuò)誤。單項(xiàng)填空1. The lecture , he left his seat so quietly that no one comp

18、lained that his leavingdisturbed the speaker.A. beganB. beginningC. having begunD. being beginning2. Such the case, I have no other choices.A. beingB. isC. wasD. to be3. Darkness in, the young people strolled on the streets.A. setB. settingC. has setD. was set4. With all factors ,we think this progr

19、am may be better than all the others in achieving the goal.A. being considered B. considering C. considered D. are considered5. A new technique , the production increased by 20 percent.A. to have been worked outB. having worked outC. working out D. having been worked out6. On the top was the clear o

20、utline of a great wolf sitting still, ears , alert, listening.A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing7. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work , we didn taccept the offer.A. not being finished B. not having finishedC. had not been finishedD. was not finis

21、hed8. There are various kinds of metals, each its own properties （ 特性 ）.A. has B. had C. to have D. having9. The old man stood under a big tree, .A. a pipe in mouthB. with a pipe in mouthC. pipe in mouthD. pipe in his mouth- 6 -10. The product ion steadily, the factory n eeds an ever- in creas ing s

22、upply of rawmaterial （原料）.A. has gone upB. is going up C. havi ng gone up D. being gone up11. The lecture, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that hisleav ing disturbed the speakerA. bega n B. begi nning C. hav ing beg un D. being beg inning12. Suchthe case, there are no grounds to justify your c