培訓(xùn)講義—語音

1、五星小學(xué)英語骨干教師語音口語培訓(xùn)講義一、語音部分（一）小學(xué)英語語音教學(xué)的意義 作為交際工具的語言首先是有聲語言，文字只不過是有聲語言的記錄符合，語音作為語言存在的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，不僅是語言的本質(zhì)，也是語言教學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。英語語音好的學(xué)生，能利用單詞的拼寫規(guī)律識記單詞，聽說讀寫的能力就強。學(xué)習(xí)語音主要靠教師的示范和學(xué)生的模仿。教師示范，應(yīng)注意以下幾點：1、口型準(zhǔn)確，發(fā)音清楚準(zhǔn)確，語調(diào)基本合乎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2、原則上是由教師承擔(dān)，也可利用電教設(shè)備、直觀發(fā)音口型圖、模型等，教學(xué)中也可指定發(fā)音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的學(xué)生示范。3、示范時教師是“組織者”、“示范表演者”，讓學(xué)生做到聽得清，看得見，仿得像，要做必要的講解，講解做到適時、適量

2、、適度，具體簡單明了。（二）小學(xué)英語語音培訓(xùn)項目（自英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實驗稿）2001）1、基本讀音（1）26個字母讀音（2）元音字母在重讀音節(jié)中的讀音: a e i(y) o u（3）常見的元音字母組合在重讀音節(jié)中的讀音eg: ee ea oi oy ie ei ay er eau etc.（4）常見的輔音字母（組合）的讀音eg: th tch ch sh ph gh etc.（5）輔音連綴的讀音和濁化eg: bl cl gl fl pl sl br cr sk sm sp st str spl spr scr pr qu etc.(6)成節(jié)音的讀音eg：ble ple cle gle dle

3、tle sin sin ften ven etc.(7)后綴變異eg：house houses saysays mouthmouths breathebreath etc.(8)讀音與語法的聯(lián)系：a.名詞復(fù)數(shù)受讀音的影響eg: 清輔音字母結(jié)尾的名詞加后綴后讀【s】，元音字母和濁輔音字母結(jié)尾的名詞加后綴后讀【z】; 動詞過去時和過去分詞加ed讀音，清輔音結(jié)尾單詞后ed讀【t】, 濁輔音和元音結(jié)尾的后讀【d】。b.重讀閉音節(jié)形容詞和動詞詞形變化的特殊性：條件是重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾只有一個輔音字母hothotter bigbigger wetwetter etc.shopshoppingshopped s

4、topstoppingstopped etc.c.元音音素開頭的名詞前不定冠詞應(yīng)為an而不是a,弱用冠詞the應(yīng)讀作i2、重音 （1）單詞重讀音節(jié)：重音符號-音標(biāo)里音節(jié)左上方的小豎線 （2）單詞在句子中的重讀 實詞重讀（副詞重讀），虛詞輕讀(冠詞，單音節(jié)介詞，單音節(jié)連詞，人稱代詞，反代詞，物主代詞，關(guān)系代詞，相互代詞，助動詞，情態(tài)動詞和系動詞be 。例外情況：a. 實詞不重讀的特殊情況a) 實詞第二次出現(xiàn) he thinks of that as a child thinks.b) 一個名詞被第二個名詞修飾 i met her in the railway station.c) 代替詞 whi

5、ch book do you want? the small one.d) 感嘆詞中的 what 和how what a good day it is! how beautiful she is!e) street 在專有名詞中 wangfujing street.f)this在這些短語中，this morning/afternoon/eveningb.虛詞重讀的特殊情況a) 情態(tài)動詞，助動詞和系動詞be在句首，句尾和否定時。do you like it? yes, i do. are you a doctor? yes, i am. can you help me? yes, i can.

6、i dont like you. he isnt a worker.b) 介詞在句首和句尾。in the box, he found a letter. he is the person i talked with.c) 引導(dǎo)復(fù)合句的連詞在句首。if you wish, ill visit you. when he comes, ill tell him.d)反身代詞表示強調(diào)。he couldnt come himself.3、意群的讀音a. 連讀連讀的條件：相鄰的兩詞在意義上必須密切相關(guān)，同屬一個意群。連讀所構(gòu)成的音節(jié)一般都不重讀，只需順其自然地一帶而過，不可讀得太重。(連讀符號：)(1)“

7、輔音+元音”型連讀在同一個意群里，如果相鄰兩詞中的前一個詞是以輔音結(jié)尾，后一個詞是以元音開頭，這就要將輔音與元音拼起來連讀。imanenglish boy.itisanold book.let me havea lookatit.i calledyou halfanhourago.putiton, please.notatall.please pickitup.(2)“r/re+元音”型連讀如果前一個詞是以-r或者-re結(jié)尾，后一個詞是以元音開頭，這時的r或re不但要發(fā)/r/，而且還要與后面的元音拼起來連讀。thereis a football underit.thereare some bo

8、oks on the desk.whereare your brotherand sister?但是，如果一個音節(jié)的前后都有字母r，即使后面的詞以元音開頭，也不能連讀。the black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer與and不可連讀）(3)“輔音+半元音”型連讀英語語音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一個詞是以輔音結(jié)尾，后一個詞是以半元音，特別是/j/開頭，此時也要連讀即“音的同化”。thankyou.nice to meetyou.didyou get there lateagain?wouldyou likea cupof tea

9、？couldyou help me, please? (4)“元音+元音”型連讀如果前一個詞以元音結(jié)尾，后一個詞以元音開頭，這兩個音往往也要自然而不間斷地連讀到一起。iam chinese.she cant carryit.itll take you threehours to walk there.the question is tooeasy for him to answer.(5)當(dāng)短語或從句之間按意群進(jìn)行停頓時，意群與意群之間即使有兩個相鄰的輔音與元音出現(xiàn)，也不可連讀。isit ahat or a cat?（hat與or之間不可以連讀）thereisa good book in my

10、 desk. （book與in之間不可以連讀）can you speakenglish or french? （english與or之間不可以連讀）she opened the door and walkedin. （door與and之間不可以連讀）b. 失去爆破: 英語里6個爆破音有3對/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情況（后面緊跟輔音因素）下，只須做出發(fā)音的準(zhǔn)備（口型），但并不發(fā)音，稍稍停頓后就發(fā)后面的音。the girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.the bi(g

11、) bus from the fa tory is full of people.wha(t) time does he get up every morning?this is an ol(d) piture of a bi(g) car.i bought a chea(p) book, but its a goo(d) book.wha(t) time does he get up every morning?the ol(d) dotor has a ca(t), too.goo(d) morning, mr. bell.4、 語調(diào)：最基本的是升調(diào)和降調(diào)（1）升調(diào) 常用來表示不肯定，語意

12、未完，或表示禮貌，常有含蓄、委婉、安慰、虛心征求意見等意味。升調(diào)的用法可歸納為以下五種情況：一般疑問句通常用升調(diào)。is he making a kite?are they cleaning the classroom?數(shù)數(shù)、列舉事物或列舉一連串的動作時，除最后那個并列成分用降調(diào)外，前面所有的并列成分都要用升調(diào)lets count our new books. one, two, three, four, five. oh, we have five new books.wed like a bottle of coke, two bottles of apple juice, a hambur

13、ger and two cakes.選擇疑問句的語調(diào)分為兩個部分，or前的部分用升調(diào)，or后的部分用降調(diào)，記成“前升后降”。is her answer right or wrong?were they in the high jump or the long jump?反意疑問句的語調(diào)也得分兩種情況：若說話者對所陳述的內(nèi)容沒有把握，想詢問對方這一內(nèi)容是否正確，則陳述句部分用降調(diào)，簡略問句用升調(diào)；若說話者對所陳述的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)很有把握，只是想要對方同意自己的觀點，或是想從對方那里得到證實，則前后兩部分都用降調(diào)。-your uncle is tall, isnt he? -no, hes very s

14、hort.you like apples, dont you?he went to london with his family, didnt he?- you wont go there tomorrow, will you? - yes, i will.含狀語從句的復(fù)合句的語調(diào)也要分兩種情況：若主句在前，從句在后，主句結(jié)束時意思已比較完整，則通常用降調(diào)，整個句子讀完時也應(yīng)該用降調(diào)；但是，若從句在前，主句在后，則常常是“前升后降”。i was drawing a picture when my mother came back.when she got to the station, the

15、 train had already left.（2）降調(diào) 在英語句子中，降調(diào)的使用比升調(diào)更為廣泛，它表示肯定、決斷、堅決或終結(jié)，但有時含有生硬、不容質(zhì)疑的意味。降調(diào)的用法可歸納為以下七種：陳述句用降調(diào)：( - 2009學(xué)年度眉縣小學(xué)英語教師語音口語培訓(xùn)講義_無言的歌_新浪博客 lucy is cleaning her bedroom.mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.特殊疑問句也用降調(diào)：whose is this coat?how long have you been at this school?表示命令的祈使句也常用降調(diào)：david

16、, open the door.dont throw it on the floor.問候用語常用降調(diào)，以示真誠：good morning.how are you?感謝用語也常用降調(diào)，以表示誠摯的謝意：thanks a lot.thank you very much.感嘆句用降調(diào)：what a lovely day!what a terrible day i spent today!how hard all the workers are working!在并列句中，并列連詞and, but, or等的前后兩上分句都用降調(diào)：we come to school by bus and he com

17、es by bike.she likes english, but she needs help.（三）語音練習(xí) practicea. 單詞讀音練習(xí)單詞辨音:找出劃線部分發(fā)音不同的一項1.a.candle b.panda c.danger d.apple2.a.havest b.empty c.medicine d.sentence3.a.ride b.fridge c.twice d.smile4.a.doll b.operate c.pocket d.potato5.a.luck b.jump c.rush d.business6.a.season b.feather c.pleasure

18、 d.instead7.a.shout b.mountain c.double d.loudly8.a.choose b.cool c.noodle d.goodbye9.a.lunch b.chalk c.christmas d.march10.a.climbed b.pushed c.joined d.pulled11.a.paid b.said c.afraid d.rain12.a.break b.breakfast c.bread d.dead13.a.talk b.walk c.chalk d.salt14.a.speak b.real c.seat d.easy15.a.star

19、t b.warm c.harvest d.pardon16.a.touch b.round c.loud d.shout17.a.enough b.laugh c.daughter d. cough18.a.this b.both c.thought d.through19.a.hear b.near c.early d.dear20.a.while b.whom c.when d.white21.a.lie b.die c.quiet d.tie22.a.change b.exam c.famous d.strange23.a.eleven b.retell c.eve d.relay24.

20、a.mirror b.history c.bridge d.beautiful25.a.smoke b.chose c.none d.motor26.a.push b.luck c.sugar d.pull27.a.horse b.order c.corner d.worse28.a. thin b.fine c.uncle d.nine29.a.english b.song c.strong d.sing30.a.orange b.geography c.green d.energyb句子朗讀練習(xí)：1、 句子重讀：試讀下面的句子：1） we went to the summer palace

21、 last sunday.2） i am very glad to meet you.3）a good husband makes a good wife.4) he is a young man.5) he will return home in two years6) i beg your pardon.8) a pen and a pencil9) the star and the moon10) east and west home is the best.11) when in rome, do as the romans do.12) a mothers love never ch

22、anges13) blood will have blood.14) life is not fair, get used to it.15) activity is the only road to knowledge .2. 連讀practice1、注意正確地讀出不完全的爆破音：1) do you want to read this book?2) he wont be back until next saturday.3) i dont know if im allowed to stay here till next monday.4) dont put the hot dog in

23、the soap box.5）will you please wait for a moment?6）there is an apple tree in front of the house.7）put on your glasses.8） he has a great deal of translation to do.c 語調(diào)練習(xí)did you have a good time at the party?have you been to the great wall yet?take a seat. dont go back.excuse me one moment. ring me up

24、 at eleven.you are quite right.i hope you will come again. i am sorrywe love our great motherland.what time is it now?what are you going to do this sunday?how have you been getting along?what a hot day!how fast he runs!what a beautiful garden it is!how i wish i hadnt wasted those hours and days!d. 意

25、群及停頓 (/ 表示停頓)1）先升后降do you prefer tea/or coffee?is he still here/ or has he gone home already?at ten oclock in the morning /the parade began.if we work harder, /we shall be able to fulfill the plan ahead of time.one, /two,/ three/ and foura chair,/ a table, /a bed/and a desk2) 先降后升（先升后降)you bought a

26、new watch yesterday, /didnt you?he doesnt come here for lunch, / does he?it is a fine day, /isnt it?二、 口語部分（一）classroom english英語課堂用語 用英語組織教學(xué)是英語課堂教學(xué)原則之一,也是加大學(xué)生語言輸入量很有效的渠道之一,小學(xué)英語教師必須掌握基本的課堂用語,現(xiàn)將課堂用語分類介紹給廣大小學(xué)英語教師,建議大家熟記以下用語,并在課堂上得體靈活地運用。 課堂教學(xué)用語（中華人民共和國教育部）1上課（beginning a class）（1）lets start nowlets be

27、gin our classlesson（2）stand up，please （3）sit down，pease2問候（greetings）（4）hello，boys and girlschildren（5）good morning，classeveryoneeverybodychildrenboys and girls（6）good afternoon，classeveryoneeverybodychildrenboys and girls （7）how are you today？3考勤（checking attendance） （8）whos on duty today？whos help

28、ing this morningtoday？ （9）is everyoneeverybody herepresent？ （10）is anyone away？is anybody away？ （11）is anyone absent？is anybody absent？ （12）whos absent？whos away？ （13）where is heshe？ （14）try to be on timedont be late next time （15）go back to your seat，please （16）what day is it today？ （17）whats the d

29、ate today？（18）whats the weather like today？ （19）whats it like outside？4宣布（announcing） （20）lets start workinglets beginstart a new lesson lets beginstart our lesson （21）first，lets reviewdo some review （22）what did we learn in the last lesson？ （23）who can tellremember what we did in the last lesson ye

30、sterday？ （24）now were going to do something newdifferentnow lets learn something new（25）we have some new wordssentences5提起注意（directing attention） （26）ready？are you ready？ （27）did you get there？do you understand？ （28）is that clear？（29）any volunteers？ （30）do you know what to do？ （31）be quiet，pleasequi

31、et，please （32）listen，please（33）listen carefully，please （34）listen to the tape recorderthe recording（35）look carefully，please （36）look (over) here （37）watch carefully （38）are you watching？ （39）please look at the black-boardpicturemap （40）pay attention to your spellingpronunciation6課堂活動（classroom acti

32、vities） （41）start！start now （42）everybody togetherall together （43）practise in a grouppractise in groupsin groups，please （44）get into groups of threefour （45）everybody finds a partnerfriend（46）in pairs，please（47）one at a timelets do it one by one/in turn （48）now you，pleaseyour turn（students name）（49

33、）next，pleasenow you do the same，please （50）lets actlets act outdo the dialogue （51）who wants to be a？（52）practise the dialogue，please （53）now tom will be a，and the other half will be b （54）please take（play）the part of（55）whose turn is it？ （56）its your turn. （57）wait for your turn，please （58）stand in

34、 lineline up （59）one by oneone at a time，please （60）in twosin pairs（61）dont speak out（62）turn around7請求（request） （63）could you please try it again？ （64）could you please try the next one？（65）will you please help me？8鼓勵（encouraging） （66）can you try？ （67）try，please （68）try your bestdo your best （69）thi

35、nk hard / it over and try again （70）dont be afraidshy9指令（issuing a command）（71）sayread after me，please（72）follow me，please（73）do as i do/what i do（74）repeat，pleaseread/ say/ after me （75）once more，pleaseone more time，please/ (once) again, please. （76）come here，please/come over, please. （77）please co

36、me to the frontcome up and write on the blackboardchalkboard （78）come and write it on the blackboard （79）please go back to your seat （80）in english，please （81）put your hand up，pleaseraise your hand，please （82）put your hands down，pleasehands down，please （83）say itwrite it in chineseenglish （84）please

37、 take out your books （85）please open your books at pagefind pageturn to page（86）please answer the questionquestionsplease answer my questions. （87）please read this letterwordsentence out loudplease read out this letterwordsentence （88）please stop nowstop now，pleasestop here，please （89）clean up your

38、deskthe classroom，please （90）its cleanup timetidy up your deskthe classroom待添加的隱藏文字內(nèi)容1 （91）put your things awayclean off your deskpick up the scraps(pieces). （92）clean the blackboard （93）plug in (接通)the taperecorder，please （94）put the taperecorder away （95）put the tape in its boxcassette （96）listen

39、and repeat （97）look and listen （98）repeat after me （99）follow the words （100）fastquickly！be quick，please來源：( - 眉縣小學(xué)英語教師語音口語培訓(xùn)_無言的歌_新浪博客 （101）hurry！hurry up，please （102）slow down，please. （103）slowly （104）bring me some chalk，please10禁止和警告（prohibition and warning）（105）stop talkingstop talking now，pleas

40、e（106）dont talkeverybody quiet，please （107）dont be silly （108）settle down11評價）（appraisal） （109）good，thank you （110）goodvery goodgod jobgood workgood example （111）a good answernice work （112）excellentgreat！well donevery goodi like the way you （113）thats interesting！ （114）dont worry about itno problem

41、 （115）ok！thats ok （116）i dont think so （117）thats not quite right，any other answers？thats close thats almost right（118）not quite，can anyone help himher？try again（119）a good try12布置作業(yè)（setting homework）（120）for todays homework（121）practise after classpractise at home（122）say it out loud，before you wri

42、te it down（123）copyprintwrite each word twice（124）remember（memorize）these wordssentences（125）learn these wordsthese sentencesthis text by heart（126）do your homeworkdo the next lessondo the new work13下課（dismissing the class） （127）hand in your workbooks，please （128）time is up （129）the bell is ringing

43、（130）theres the bell （131）there goes the bell （132）lets stop here（133）thats all for today （134）class is over （135）good byebyesee you next time/tomorrow.（二）話題講述范例 model topics1、my family/ school/ class / hometown/ friend/ english teacher/ favourite season / sports / food / colour / place / ideal job/

44、 future2、i like english / singging / sports / playing basketball3、this is my father / friend / school / hometown / room / house/ toy bear / computer/ 4、what are they doing?5、i had a busy / happy / sad / dull / day / time / evening / dream / holiday / christmas / childrens day6、i need your help. / i

45、have a problem. 7、lets do sth.8、how i miss you! 9、the person i admire/ respect/ miss.10、talk about a holidaysamples self introduction sample 1my name is . there are people in my family. my father is a chemistry teacher. he teaches chemistry in senior high school. my mother is an english teacher. she

46、 teaches english in the university. i have a younger brother, he is a junior high school student and is preparing for the entrance exam.i like to read english story books in my free time. sometimes i surf the internet and download the e- books to read. reading e- books is fun. in addition, it also e

47、nlarges my vocabulary words because of the advanced technology and the vivid animations動畫.i hope to study both english and computer technology because i am interested in both of the subjects. maybe one day i could combine both of them and apply to my research in the future.sample 2hello everyone, my

48、 name is lee. this is really a great honor to have this opportunity, and i believe i can make good performance today. now i will introduce myself briefly. i am 20 years old，born in guangdong province, south of china, and i am a senior student at guangdong university. my major is english. and i will

49、receive my bachelors degree after my graduation in june. in the past four years, i spent most of my time on study. i passed cet4 and cet6 with a ease and acquired(獲取)basic theoretical and practical knowledge of language. besides, i have attended several speech competition held in beijing, which real

50、ly showed our professional advantages. i have taken a tour to some big factories and companies, through which i got a deep understanding of english for application. compared to developed countries, unfortunately, although we have made extraordinary progress since 1998, our packaging industry is stil

51、l underdeveloped, messy（雜亂）and unstable（不穩(wěn)定）, and the situation of employees in the field is awkward（笨拙的）. but i have full confidence in its bright future if only our economy can be kept at the growth pace still. i guess you may be interested in why i choose this job. i would like to tell you that t

52、his job is one of my lifelong goals. if i can work here,i will work hard. as to my character, i cannot describe it well, but i know i am optimistic（樂觀的） and confident. sometimes i prefer to stay alone, reading and listening to the music, but i am not lonely, for i like to chat with my classmates abo

53、ut almost everything. my favorite pastime（消遣） is to play volleyball, to play cards or to surf online. from life at university, i learn how to balance study and entertainment. by the way, i was an actor in our amazing drama club. i have a fewglorious（光彩的） memories on stage. that is my pride.（三）情景會話conversations1、introductios and opening conversations2、seeing th edoctor 3、shopping4、a telephone call 5、asking for and telling the direction6、at a birthday partysamples1、making a telephone calla: hello!b: hello! could i speak to jean?a: im sorry shes not in at the moment.b: is that mrs. smit