中英文對照的油氣開采與鉆探

1、油氣開采與鉆探 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Exploring and Drilling for Oil and Gas Prepared by Tom Sheeran 什么是石油，什么是天然氣? 石油和天然氣是儲存在地層中的物質(zhì) 它們是從分解的動植物殘骸演變而來 科學家們認為石油是這樣形成的： 很久很久以前死亡的動植物被厚厚的沉積物緩慢掩 埋。經(jīng)過很長的時間，在一定的壓力和溫度下，這 些有機物轉(zhuǎn)變成立今天人們發(fā)現(xiàn)的石油。 (例如：我們現(xiàn)在知道堆積的垃圾可以產(chǎn)生沼氣) Prepared by Tom Sheeran What are Oil and Gas? Oil and

2、 Gas are substances found within the earths crust. They are thought to come from decomposed plant and animal matter. Scientists believe the plants and animals died long ago, and were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments. Over a long period of time, and with pressure and temperature, the organi

3、c materials were converted into the oil and gas which are found today. (For example, we know that present day garbage dumps give off methane gas) Prepared by Tom Sheeran 自然狀態(tài)下的石油有的 粘稠，有的稀薄。顏 色有黑的，也有淺顏 色的。 很多其他材料也來自于 石油產(chǎn)品: 塑料 織布的材料 (例如: 聚酯纖維) 日用化學品 各種油漆 關于油氣我們還需要知道些什么？ Prepared by Tom Sheeran 通過提煉，石油

4、可以制 成很多產(chǎn)品: 發(fā)電廠用的燃料 輕型車用的汽油 卡車和火車用的柴油 飛機用的航空汽油 房屋取暖用的燃料油 Oil in its natural state can be thick or thin, black or light colored. When oil is refined, many products can be obtained: Energy for power Gasoline for cars Diesel fuel for trucks and trains Hi-octane fuels for planes Heating oil for houses Ma

5、ny other materials also come from petroleum: Plastics Materials for clothes (example: polyester fabrics) Chemicals for everyday use Paints What else do we know about oil and gas? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 你知道石油中含有天然氣嗎？ 天然氣在石油里處于溶解狀態(tài)，就像汽水 中溶解的發(fā)出嘶嘶響聲的二氧化碳一樣 當石油被開采出來的時候，一些天然氣也 隨著石油被采出來。 一桶石油可能含有 110,000立

6、方英尺的天 然氣，含量的多少取決于油藏的類型。 一桶油中的氣體可以裝滿你的整個房子！ Prepared by Tom Sheeran Did you know that oil has natural gas in it? The natural gas is in solution, just like the carbon dioxide which is put inside of pop to give it its fizz. When oil is produced, some gas is produced with the oil. A barrel of oil may co

7、ntain anywhere from 1 cubic ft of gas, to over 10,000 cubic ft, depending on the type of reservoir. Thats enough gas in a single barrel of oil to fill your whole house! Prepared by Tom Sheeran 哪里可以找到石油和天然氣? Prepared by Tom Sheeran Where can we find Oil and Gas? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 有的人認為石油在一個地下的大

8、池子里. 實際上，大多數(shù)油是嵌在巖石顆粒和沙子之間很小 的孔隙里。大多數(shù)這樣的孔隙肉眼是看不到的。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Some people think that oil is in big pools underground. Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces between grains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Prepared by Tom She

9、eran 那么我們?nèi)绾握业接杏偷膸r層呢? 油氣是在地層中天然的圈閉構造中發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 這些油氣圈閉構造由穹頂或斷層組成。非滲透 性的巖石覆蓋在構造頂部防止油氣逃逸到地表 。非滲透性的巖石是指流體不能穿越的巖石。 沒有這樣的油氣圈閉構造，油氣就會向地表移 動，最終揮發(fā)掉。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran So, how do we find oil-bearing rocks? Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth. These traps consist of domes or faults. Imperme

10、able rock above the trap prevents the oil and gas from migrating up to surface. An “impermeable” rock is one that fluid cannot pass through. without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all the way to the surface and evaporate. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 油油 這是一個穹頂型油藏的例子: 這是阻止油氣向上流動的非滲透性巖石層。 注意下面的水層，它防止

11、了油向下逃逸。 你知道為什么嗎？ 水水 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Oil Heres an example of a dome-shaped Oil reservoir. Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards. Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why? Water Prepared by Tom Sheeran 氣氣 這是一個

12、氣藏的例子 和前面的例子一樣，非滲透性的巖層阻止了氣體的逃逸 水水 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Gas Heres an example of a Gas reservoir. Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas from escaping. Water Prepared by Tom Sheeran 氣氣 這是一個有氣頂?shù)挠筒氐睦?油油 為什么我們要假設氣體在頂部? 水水 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Gas Heres an example of an Oil re

13、servoir with a Gas cap Oil Why do you suppose the gas is on top? Water Prepared by Tom Sheeran 我們?nèi)绾握业竭@些油藏呢? 地球物理學家通過油藏反射的聲波找到它們，計錄聲波 反射回來的時間 計算機處理這些數(shù)據(jù)，構造出地下巖層系統(tǒng)的圖像 Gas 油油 聲源 接收器 t = 1 sec t = 1.2 sec t = 1.42 sec Prepared by Tom Sheeran How do we find the oil reservoirs? Geophysicists find reservoir

14、s by bouncing sound waves off them, and timing how long it takes for the sound to come back Computers process the data to construct pictures of what the earth looks like underground. Gas Oil source receivers t = 1 sec t = 1.2 sec t = 1.42 sec Prepared by Tom Sheeran 發(fā)現(xiàn)了油藏之后我們該干什么? ? ? ? Prepared by

15、Tom Sheeran What do we do after we find a reservoir? ? ? ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 我們鉆一口井進去 ! ! ! Prepared by Tom Sheeran We Drill Into It ! ! ! Prepared by Tom Sheeran 我們用什么鉆井 ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran What do we drill with ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 鉆井設備! 以下是一些不同種類的鉆井設備: 陸上鉆井架 用于陸上鉆井 鉆井船 鉆井船和半潛式鉆井平

16、臺用于水深100 ft到5000+ft情況 的鉆井 半潛式鉆井平臺 自升式鉆井平臺 用于水深15ft 到+/-350ft 情況的鉆井 內(nèi)陸駁船鉆井架 用于水深8ft 到30ft情況的鉆井 Prepared by Tom Sheeran A Drilling Rig ! Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available: Land Rig For drilling on land. Drill Ship Drill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in water

17、depths from 100 to 5000+ ft. Semi-Submersible Rig Jackup Rig For drilling in water depths from 15 ft to +/- 350 ft. Inland Barge For drilling in water depths from 8 to 30 ft. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 鉆井設備是什么? Prepared by Tom Sheeran Whats a drilling rig ? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 鉆井設備: 一套可以使我們鉆入地層的特殊設

18、備。 一套鉆井設備由很多不同的部分組成: 井架，地基，起重設備，發(fā)電機，鉆桿，鋼罐，泵， 固控設備，還有很多其他部件。 你知道有的鉆井設備可以鉆探到地下6英里（9.7公里） 深的地方嗎？ 那比珠穆朗瑪峰的高度還要大！ Prepared by Tom Sheeran A Drilling Rig is: A package of special equipment put together to enable us to drill into the earth. A drilling rig has many different parts: a derrick, a substructure

19、, hoisting equipment, engines for power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control equipment, and many other pieces. Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep as 6 miles? Thats as deep as Mt. Everest is tall! Prepared by Tom Sheeran 鉆柱 鉆頭 起重設備由以下部分 組成: 天車, 游動滑車, 游動鋼絲繩, 和一個用來起降游動 鋼絲

20、繩的絞車。 井架底座 井架 這幅圖畫的是鉆井設備上的起重設備. 這個設備被用來提升 和放下鉆柱的。鉆柱是一根根10米(30ft)長的鉆桿連接起來組 成的。 待用鉆桿 在這里，30ft 長的鉆桿被一 根根加到鉆柱上。這樣鉆 柱不停的被加長，可以不 停的朝地下鉆進。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Drill string Drill bit The hoisting equipment consists of: a crown block, a traveling block, drilling line, and a drawworks to pull the drilling

21、 line up or down. substructure derrick This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig. This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which is picked up in 30 foot long segments, or “joints”, of drill pipe. spare drill pipe This shows a 30 foot section of drill pipe being added to the

22、 drill pipe already in the hole. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 這是一幅鉆頭在巖層中鉆進的示意圖 鉆柱在地表被驅(qū)動旋轉(zhuǎn)，帶 動井眼底部的鉆頭旋轉(zhuǎn)。 鉆頭上的“牙齒”把巖石磨 成碎屑。 鉆井泥漿被泵入鉆桿內(nèi) 部，從鉆頭的噴嘴流入 環(huán)形空間。環(huán)形空間是 鉆桿和井壁之間的空間 。 泥漿將巖屑循環(huán)帶到地 表，在那里這些巖屑被 移除。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Heres a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock. The drill string is turned at surfa

23、ce, which turns the bit at the bottom of the hole. The teeth on the drill bit grind the rock into fragments, or “cuttings”. Drilling mud is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe, through jet nozzles in the bit, and into the “annulus”. This is the space between the sides of the hole and the drill

24、pipe. The mud lifts the cuttings and circulates them back to surface where they are removed. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 3) 泥漿和巖屑混在一起從環(huán)形空 間向上提升，帶到地表。 篩布 5) 巖屑被從泥漿中濾除，形成巖屑 堆。這些巖屑將會被運走并處理。 4) 混合物通過在地表的濾網(wǎng)。 1) 干凈的泥漿被泵從泥漿池中抽出，注入鉆 桿當中。 2) 泥漿從鉆頭的流出，進入到鉆桿和套管之間 的環(huán)形空間，把鉆頭切下的巖屑向上帶出。 6) 干凈的泥漿透過 濾網(wǎng)，回到泥漿池。 鉆井泥漿循環(huán) 泥漿泵

25、 Prepared by Tom Sheeran 3) the mixture of drilling mud and drill cuttings are circulated up the annulus screens 5) the drill cuttings are removed, and form a cuttings pile. This can be hauled off and disposed of. 4) the mixture is circulated across screens at surface 1) Clean drilling mud is taken

26、from the steel mud tanks and pumped down the inside of the drill pipe. 2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into the annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by the drill bit. 6) Clean mud falls through the screens and is returned to the pits The Drilling Mud Cycle mud pump Prepared by Tom Sh

27、eeran 鉆井的工序 首先用大鉆頭鉆一小段井眼 然后鋼制的套管被下入井中，并用水泥 固定套管的外側，防止井眼塌陷。 0 200 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Heres a sequence showing how holes are drilled, First, a large drill bit is used to drill a short interval of hole. Then, steel casing is run and cemented on the outside to keep the hole from collapsing. 0 200 P

28、repared by Tom Sheeran 下一步，一個 小一些的鉆頭 在第一個套管 內(nèi)部開鉆。 這個鉆頭從上 一個套管的底 部鉆出一個新 的井眼。 200 0 500 然后在這個新 的井眼中也下 套管，并用水 泥固定。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Next, a smaller bit is run inside the first casing. This bit drills out the bottom of the casing, and drills new hole. 200 0 500 Then, this new hole is also cased o

29、ff and cemented. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 如前，再鉆一個 更小的井眼， 再下相應的 套管，防止 塌陷。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Again, a smaller hole is drilled out, and smaller casing is run to keep the hole from falling in. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 用這種方法，井眼分段鉆進，直到目標儲層被鉆穿。這時候， 地質(zhì)專家必須確定目標儲層是否含有油氣。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran In this wa

30、y, the hole is drilled in stages, until the target reservoir rock is penetrated. At this point, the geologists must figure out if there is oil or gas in it. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 他們通過對目標區(qū)域進行測井知道是否有油氣。 測井是用電纜將設備下到井下，記 錄巖石的物理屬性，如電阻，孔隙度，密度，放射性，孔隙壓力等等。 地質(zhì)學家如何辨別地層中是否含有油氣？ Prepared by Tom Sheeran They d

31、o this by running logs across the zone. Logs are tools run on electric cable (“wireline”) which record the physical properties in the rock such as resistivity, porosity, density, radioactivity, and pore pressure. How do Geologists tell if the reservoir has oil or gas? Prepared by Tom Sheeran 砂 頁巖 粉砂

32、巖 頁巖 粉砂巖 白云石 頁巖 這是一個測井記錄圖的例子。地質(zhì)學家通過觀察測井記錄，來決定應該繼續(xù)把井進行 完井如果地層有油的話，或者把井封堵拋棄如果地層沒有油的話。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran 伽馬射線 200 500 3000 電阻抗 孔隙度 看似是很 好的砂巖 高阻抗， 可能是油 氣 低阻抗， 可能是水 低孔隙度 高孔隙度 低阻抗， 可能是水 高孔隙度 低孔隙度 高孔隙度 Sand Shale Siltstone Shale Siltstone Dolomite Shale Heres an example of what a log looks like. Geol

33、ogists look at logs to decide whether or not to complete a well (if there is oil), or abandon it (if theres no oil). Gamma Radiation 200 500 3000 Electrical Resistivity Porosity Looks like good sand quality good resistivity, may have oil or gas poor resistivity, probably water good porosity poor por

34、osity good porosity poor resistivity, probably water poor porosity good porosity Prepared by Tom Sheeran 你能說出地質(zhì)專家應該在哪一段進行完井嗎？ 這里! 根據(jù)顯示，這里是很干凈的 砂巖，具有很好的孔隙度和阻抗。 好孔隙度 Prepared by Tom Sheeran 好孔隙度 好孔隙度 伽馬射線 200 500 3000 電阻抗孔隙度 看似是 很好的 砂巖 高阻抗， 可能是油 氣 低阻抗， 可能是水 低孔隙度 高孔隙度 低阻抗， 可能是水 低孔隙度 低孔隙度 Can you tell w

35、here the geologist would complete this well? Gamma Radiation 200 500 3000 Electrical Resistivity Porosity Looks like good sand quality good resistivity, may have oil or gas poor resistivity, probably water good porosity poor porosity good porosity poor resistivity, probably water poor porosity good

36、porosity Right here! This shows a clean sand, with good porosity and resistivity. good porosity poor porosity Prepared by Tom Sheeran 如果測井結果很好，我們在生產(chǎn)層段下最后一次的套管, 用 水泥固定。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran If the well looks good on the logs, we run a final string of casing across the production zone, and cement i

37、t in place. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 然后在井眼內(nèi)用射孔槍進行射孔，擊穿生產(chǎn)層段部分的井壁 套管。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Then, we run perforating guns in the hole and perforate (shoot holes ) in the casing across the productive zone. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 在井眼里放入生產(chǎn)油管, 用封隔器把生產(chǎn)層段和上部的套管空間 分隔開。 油管 封隔器 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Produc

38、tion tubing is run, with a packer to isolate the produced zone from the casing above. tubing Packer Prepared by Tom Sheeran 最后，這口井的流體被采到地 面的管線，這些管線把井和地 面的生產(chǎn)設備連接起來。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Finally, the well is produced into a pipeline, which takes it to production facilities on surface. Prepared by T

39、om Sheeran 地面的生產(chǎn)設備將生產(chǎn)出的流體中的 油、水、氣分離 分離器 油 水 氣 Prepared by Tom Sheeran The production facilities on surface separate out the gas, oil, and water into their separate phases. Production Separator Oil Produced Water Produced Gas Prepared by Tom Sheeran 油氣分離器 石油 水 天然氣 從那里，石油和天然氣會被送 到煉油廠進一步提煉，之后被 賣到市場上。 煉

40、油廠 儲油罐 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Production Separator Oil Produced Water Produced Gas From there, the oil and gas may be refined further before being ready to market. Oil Refinery Storage Tanks Prepared by Tom Sheeran 最后，石油天然氣產(chǎn)品賣到市場， 驅(qū)動汽車，為我們的房屋供暖。 Prepared by Tom Sheeran Finally, the gas and oil can

41、be sold to power cars and heat houses. Prepared by Tom Sheeran 石油和天然氣就是這樣來的！ 完 Prepared by Tom Sheeran And Thats Where Oil and Gas Come From! The End. Prepared by Tom Sheeran About the Author: Tom Sheeran has been working in the oil and gas industry for over 18 years. He worked summers on a drilling rig while going to school to earn a degree in Petroleum Engineering. After graduating, he went to work for Chevron in the Rocky Mountains. In 1990 he began working for Chevron Overseas Petroleu