計(jì)算機(jī)外文翻譯計(jì)算機(jī)引論

1、introduction to computer1 .computer literacythe vocabulary of computing is all around you. before the advent of computers, memory was the mental ability to recall previous experiences; storage was an area where you kept out -of-season clothing; and communication was the act of exchanging opinions an

2、d information through writing, speaking, or signs. in todays world, these words and countless others have taken on new meanings as part of the common terminology used to describe computers and their uses.when you hear the word computer, initially you may think of those found in the workplacethe comp

3、uters used to create business letters, memos, and other correspondence; calculate payroll; track inventory; or generate invoices. in the course of a day or a week, however, you encounter many other computers. your home, for instance, may contain a myriad of electronic devices, such as cordless telep

4、hones, vcrs, handheld video games cameras, and stereo systems, which include small computers.computers help you with your banking in the form of automatic teller machines (atms) used to deposit or withdraw funds. when you buy groceries, a computer tracks your purchases and calculates the amount of m

5、oney you owe; and sometimes generates coupons customized to your buying patterns.even your car is equipped with computers that operate the electrical system, control the temperature, and run sophisticated antitheft devices.computers are valuable tools. as technology advances and computers extend int

6、o every facet of daily living, it is essential you gain some level of computer literacy. to be successful in todaywo4ld, you must have knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses.2. what is a computer and what does it doa computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of

7、instructions stored in its own memory, which can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store the results for future use.data is a collection of un-organized facts, which can include words, numbers, images, and sounds. computers

8、 manipulate and process data to create information.information is data that is organized, has meaning, and is useful. examples are reports, newsletters, a receipt, a picture, an invoice, or a check. data is processed and manipulated to create a check. data entered into a computer is called input. th

9、e processed results are called output. thus, a computer processes input to create output. a computer also can hold data and information for future use in an area called storage. this cycle of input, process, output, and storage is called the information processing cycle.a person that communicates wi

10、th a computer with a computer or uses the information it generates is called a user. the electric, electronic, and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer is called hardware. software is the series of instruction that tells the hardware how to perform tasks. without software, hardware is usele

11、ss; hardware needs the instructions provided by software to process data into information.3.the components of a computera computer consists of a variety of hardware components that work together with software to perform calculations, organize data, and communicate with other computer.these hardware

12、components include input devices, output devices, a system unit, storage devices, and communications devices.3.1 input devicesan input device allows a user to enter data and commands into the memory of a computer. four commonly used input devices are the keyboard, the mouse, a microphone, and a pc c

13、amera.a computer keyboard contains keys that allow you to type letters of the alphabet, number, spaces, punctuation marks, and other symbols. a computer keyboard also contains special keys that allow you to allows you to move the pointer. you also can make choices and initiate processing on the comp

14、uter by using a mouse.a microphone allows you to speak to the computer in order to enter data and control the actions of the computer. a pc camera allows others to see you while communicating with you, as well as allowing you to edit videos, create a movie, and take digital photographs.3.2 output de

15、vices a printer produces text and graphics, such as photographs, on paper or other hardcopy medium. a monitor, which looks like a television screen, is used to display text and graphics. speakers allow you to hear music, voice, and other sounds generated by the computer.3.3 system unitthe system uni

16、t is a box-like case made of metal or plastic that houses the computer electronic circuitry. the circuitry in the system unit usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board called the motherboard.two main components on the motherboard are the central processing unit (cpu), also called a proce

17、ssor, is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the instructions that operate the computer.memory is a series of electronic elements that temporarily holds data and instructions while they are being processed by the cpu. both the processor and memory are chips. a chip is an electronic

18、 device that contains many microscopic pathways designed o carry electrical current. chips(figure1-2), which usually are no bigger than one-half inch square, are packaged so they can be connected to a motherboard or other circuit boards.some computer components, such as the processor and memory resi

19、ded inside the system unit; that is, they are internal. other components, like keyboard, mouse, microphone, monitor, pc camera, and printer, are often system unit. these devices are considered external. any external device that attaches to the system unit is called a peripheral device.3.4 storage de

20、vicesstorage holds data, instructions, and information for future use. storage differs from memory, which can hold these items permanently, whereas memory holds these items only temporarily while they are being processed. a storage medium (media is the plural) is the physical material on which data,

21、 instructions, and information are stored. one commonly used storage medium is a disk, which is a round, flat piece of plastic or metal on which items can be encoded, or written.a storage device is used to record and retrieve data, instructions, and information to and from a storage medium. storage

22、devices often function as a source of input because they transfer items from storage into memory. four common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a cd-rom drive, and a dvd-rom drive. a disk drive is a device that reads from and writes onto a disk.a floppy disk consists of a t

23、hin, circular, flexible disk enclosed in a plastic shell. a floppy disk stores data, instructions, and information using magnetic patterns and can be inserted into and removed from a floppy disk drive. a zip disk give is a higher capacity floppy disk that can store the equivalent of about 70standard

24、 floppy disks.a hard disk provides much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk. a hard disk usually consists of several circular disks on which data, instructions, and information are stored magnetically. these disks are enclosed in an airtight, sealed case, which often is housed inside the sys

25、tem unit. some hard disks are removable, which means they can be inserted and removed from a hard disk drive, much like a floppy disk. removable disks are enclosed in plastic or metal cartridges so that they can be removed from the drive. the advantage of removable media such as a floppy disk and re

26、movable hard disk is it can be taken out of the computer and transporter or secured.another type of disk used to store data is the compact disc. a compact disc stores data using microscopic pits, which are created or played using a cd-rom drive, which is accessed or played using a cd-rom drive. a va

27、riation of the standard cd-rom, you can also erase and store data on a cd-rw. a newer type of compact disc is a fvd-rom, which has tremendous storage capacities enough for a full-length movie. to use a dvd-rom, you need a dvd-rom drive.3.5 communications devicescommunication devices enable computer

28、users to communicate and to exchange items such as data, instruction, and information with another computer. communication devices transmit these items over transmission media, such as cable, telephone lines, or other means, used to establish a connection between two computers. a modem is a communic

29、ation device that enables computers to communicate via telephone lines or other means. although modems are available as both external and internal devices, most are internal; that is, contained within the system unit.4. why is a computer a powerful toola computers power is derived from its capabilit

30、y of performing the information processing cycle operations with speed, reliability, and accuracy; its capacity to store huge amounts of data, instructions, and information; and its ability to communicate with other computers.4.1 speedinside the system unit, operation occurs through electronic circu

31、its. when data, instructions, and information, flow along these circuits, they travel at close to the speed of light. this allows billions of operations to be carried out in a single second.4.2 reliabilitythe electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a low failure ra

32、te. the high reliability of components enables the computer to produce consistent results.4.3 accuracycomputers can process large amounts of data and generate error-free results, provided the data is entered correctly. if inaccurate data is entered, the resulting output will be incorrect. this compu

33、ting principle known as garbage in, garbage out (gigo), points out that the accuracy of a computers output depends on the accuracy of the input.4.4 storagemany computers can store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for processing any time it is needed. using current storage device

34、s, the data can be transferred quickly from storage to memory, processed, and then stored again for future use.4.5 communicationsmost computers today have the capability of communicating with other computers. computers with this capability can share any of the four information processing cycle opera

35、tionsinput, process, output, and storagewith another computer. for example, two computers connected by a communications device such as a modem can share stored data, instructions, and information. when two or more computers are connected together via communications media and devices, they comprise a

36、 network is the internet, a worldwide collection of networks that links together millions of businesses, government installations, educational institutions, and individuals.5. computer softwaresoftware, also called a computer program or simply a program, is a series of instructions that tells the ha

37、rdware of a computer what to do. for example, some instructions direct the computer to allow you to input data from the keyboard and store it in memory. other instructions cause data stored in memory to be used in calculations such as adding a series of numbers to obtain a total. some instructions c

38、ompare two values stored in memory and direct the computer to perform alternativeoperations based on the results of the comparison; and some instructions direct the computer to print a report, display information on the monitor, draw a color graph on the monitor, or store information on a disk.befor

39、e a computer can perform, or execute, a program, the instructions in the program must be placed, or loaded, into the memory of the computer. usually, they are loaded into memory from storage. for example, a program might be loaded from the hard disk of a computer into memory for execution.when you p

40、urchase a program, such as one that contains legal documents, you will receive one or more floppy disks, one or more cd-roms, or a single dvd-rom on which the software is stored. to use this software, you may install the software on the computers hard disk. software is the key to productive use of c

41、omputers. with the correct software, a computer can become a valuable tool. software can be categorized into two types: system software and application software. the following sections describe these categories of software.計(jì)算機(jī)引論1.計(jì)算機(jī)文化計(jì)算詞匯無處不在。計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)明以前，“memory”( 記憶) 是回憶先前經(jīng)歷的思維能力；“storage”(存儲(chǔ))是保存過季服裝的

42、地方；“communication”(交流)是通過寫、說或發(fā)送信號(hào)交流意見和信息的活動(dòng)。當(dāng)今世界，這些詞匯及其他詞匯已被賦予了新的的含義，用來描述計(jì)算機(jī)及其用途。 當(dāng)你聽到“計(jì)算機(jī)”這個(gè)詞的時(shí)候，你或許會(huì)首先想到在工作場所的那些計(jì)算機(jī)這些計(jì)算機(jī)用來制作上午信件、備忘錄、計(jì)算賬單和跟蹤庫存或制作發(fā)票。然而一天活一周志忠，你會(huì)遇到許多其他的計(jì)算機(jī)。例如，你的家里也許有一些電子設(shè)備，如無繩電話，視頻相機(jī)，手持視頻游戲機(jī)，照相機(jī)和立體聲系統(tǒng)，在這些設(shè)備中都配有小型的計(jì)算機(jī)。 計(jì)算機(jī)幫助你在自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)上存取款。當(dāng)你買東西時(shí)，計(jì)算機(jī)跟蹤你的購買行為， 計(jì)算你所欠的金額，有時(shí)候還會(huì)制作適應(yīng)你購買模式的贈(zèng)券。

43、 甚至你的小轎車也裝有計(jì)算機(jī)，用你操縱電子設(shè)備，控制溫度，并運(yùn)行功能強(qiáng)大的防盜設(shè)備。 計(jì)算機(jī)是寶貴的工具。隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，計(jì)算機(jī)滲入到日常生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，因此，人們有必要獲取某種程度的計(jì)算機(jī)文化素養(yǎng)。為了當(dāng)今世界能取得成功，你必須具備一些計(jì)算機(jī)及其使用方面的知識(shí)。2. 什么是計(jì)算機(jī)，計(jì)算機(jī)能干什么計(jì)算機(jī)是一種電子機(jī)器，通過存儲(chǔ)在其內(nèi)存中的指令控制運(yùn)行。計(jì)算機(jī)能夠接收數(shù)據(jù)（輸入），根據(jù)制定的規(guī)則處理數(shù)據(jù)（處理），產(chǎn)生結(jié)果（輸出），并儲(chǔ)存結(jié)果一遍將來使用。數(shù)據(jù)是未經(jīng)組織的事實(shí)的集合，數(shù)據(jù)可以包括字符、數(shù)字、圖形和聲音。計(jì)算機(jī)管理數(shù)據(jù)，并將數(shù)據(jù)處理生成信息。信息是指經(jīng)過組織的、有意義的、有用的數(shù)據(jù)。

44、這樣的實(shí)例有報(bào)表、新聞組、收據(jù)、圖片、發(fā)票和支票。（數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過處理后制作支票）。向計(jì)算機(jī)輸入的數(shù)據(jù)稱輸入，處理的結(jié)果稱輸出，因此，計(jì)算機(jī)處理輸入一遍產(chǎn)生輸出。計(jì)算機(jī)能在某一個(gè)乘坐存儲(chǔ)器的地方保存數(shù)據(jù)和信息以備后用。輸入、處理、輸出和存儲(chǔ)的整個(gè)周期成為信息處理周期。與計(jì)算機(jī)交互，或使用計(jì)算機(jī)所產(chǎn)生的信息的人稱用戶。構(gòu)成一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的電器、電子和機(jī)械部件稱硬件。軟件是告知硬件如何完成任務(wù)的指令序列。如果沒有軟件，硬件毫無用處，硬件需要由軟件提供的指令將數(shù)據(jù)處理成信息。3.計(jì)算機(jī)的硬件計(jì)算機(jī)由許多硬件構(gòu)成，這些硬件與軟件一起工作，以便執(zhí)行計(jì)算、組織數(shù)據(jù)及與其他計(jì)算機(jī)通信的任務(wù)。硬件部件包括輸入設(shè)備、輸出

45、設(shè)備、系統(tǒng)單元、存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備和通信設(shè)備。3.1 輸入設(shè)備輸入設(shè)備讓用戶向計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器輸入數(shù)據(jù)和命令。四種常用的輸入設(shè)備是鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)、麥克風(fēng)和pc相機(jī)。計(jì)算機(jī)鍵盤包括字母鍵，數(shù)字鍵，空格鍵，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)鍵和其他符號(hào)鍵。計(jì)算機(jī)鍵盤還包括在計(jì)算機(jī)上執(zhí)行特殊功能的特殊鍵。鼠標(biāo)時(shí)小的手持設(shè)備，騎上至少有一個(gè)按鈕。鼠標(biāo)控制這屏幕上光標(biāo)的移動(dòng)，還可以通過鼠標(biāo)在計(jì)算機(jī)上進(jìn)行操作選擇和初始化處理。麥克風(fēng)允許你對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)講話，以便輸入數(shù)據(jù)和控制計(jì)算機(jī)的操作。pc相機(jī)是在你和其他人通信時(shí)，使他們能看到你，pc相機(jī)也允許你編輯視頻，制作影片和拍攝數(shù)碼相片。3.2 輸出設(shè)備打印機(jī)在紙上或其他硬拷貝介質(zhì)上打印文本和圖形（如圖片）。

46、顯示器看上去像電影屏幕 ，用來顯示文本和圖形。揚(yáng)聲器播放由計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)生的音樂、語音和其他聲音。3.3 系統(tǒng)單元系統(tǒng)單元是一個(gè)盒狀的金屬或塑料箱，內(nèi)有計(jì)算機(jī)電子電路。系統(tǒng)單元的電路通常是母版的一部分或是連接母版的電路板。在木板上有兩個(gè)主要的部件：中央處理器（cpu）和內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器（簡稱“內(nèi)存”）。cpu也成處理器，是翻譯和執(zhí)行計(jì)算機(jī)指令的電子部件。內(nèi)存是一系列的電子元件，用來臨時(shí)保存正在被cpu處理的數(shù)據(jù)或指令。cpu和內(nèi)存都是芯片，是一種電子器件，其上有許多能運(yùn)載電子流的微小通道。芯片大小不到半個(gè)平方英寸，精包裝后連接到母版或其他電路板上。有些計(jì)算機(jī)不見岸如處理器和內(nèi)存，長駐在系統(tǒng)單元內(nèi)（亦即系統(tǒng)內(nèi)

47、部的設(shè)備），而另外有些部件，如鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)、麥克風(fēng)、顯示器、pc相機(jī)和打印機(jī)，通常也作為系統(tǒng)單元，不過，這些設(shè)備被認(rèn)為是外部的。任何連接系統(tǒng)單元的外部設(shè)備都稱外設(shè)。3.4 存儲(chǔ)器設(shè)備外存儲(chǔ)器用來保存數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息以備后用。外存儲(chǔ)器與內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器不同，圍村能永久保存數(shù)據(jù)而內(nèi)存僅臨時(shí)保存正在被處理的數(shù)據(jù)。外村介質(zhì)是存放數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息的物理材料。一種常用的外存介質(zhì)是磁盤，這是一種圓而扁的塑料或金屬盤片，可寫入編碼的數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)。外存設(shè)備用以向存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)記錄或檢索數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息。外存設(shè)備因其傳輸數(shù)據(jù)到內(nèi)存而作為輸入數(shù)據(jù)源用。四種常用的外存設(shè)備分別是：軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器、硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器、cd-rom驅(qū)動(dòng)器和dvd-rom驅(qū)動(dòng)器。磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器是一種讀寫設(shè)備。軟磁盤是一塊薄而圓的軟盤片，被封裝在一個(gè)爐料封套內(nèi)。軟磁盤采用磁模式存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)、指令和信息，并可插入軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器，或從軟