從文化差異的角度談?dòng)h翻譯中

1、從文化差異的角度談?dòng)h翻譯中詞義的確立皮方於1.中英文化部分重疊情況下詞義的確立.2.中英文化空缺情況下詞義的確立.3.中英文化沖突情況下詞義的確立.4.exercises.中英文化部分重疊情況下詞義的確立翻譯作為語(yǔ)際交流,他不僅僅是語(yǔ)言的轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程,而且也是文化移植的過(guò)程.王佐良先生曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò):翻譯的最大困難是兩種文化的不同.因此,解決好翻譯中文化差異的問(wèn)題是保證譯作成功的關(guān)鍵.跨文化交際過(guò)程中,兩種語(yǔ)言體系所承載的文化特征主要表現(xiàn)為完全重疊,部分重疊,文化空缺甚至是文化沖突.而負(fù)載文化的語(yǔ)言形式既是多層次的(音,詞,句,篇),同時(shí)又是多方位的(內(nèi)涵,風(fēng)格,情感,聯(lián)想).下面我們主要從詞匯層面上

2、粗略地討論英漢兩種文化差異是如何制約翻譯過(guò)程中詞義的選擇的.在翻譯的實(shí)踐中,全句,全文乃至全書都譯錯(cuò)的情況是很少見(jiàn)的.而翻譯的錯(cuò)誤常常出現(xiàn)在詞義的選擇上.因?yàn)榍∪缙浞值卮_立源語(yǔ)的一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的意義,并不總是輕而易舉的.他可能涉及到許多因素.比如詞義的褒貶,概念的虛實(shí),所指的抽象和具體以及修辭,語(yǔ)體和風(fēng)格等.而這些因素取決于一個(gè)民族的生活習(xí)慣,思維特征和語(yǔ)言規(guī)律.golden age/show ones cards/to turn over a new leaf/he laughs best who laughs last/necessity is the mother of invention/w

3、e never know the worth of water till the well is dry/sing different songs on different mountains/so long as i remain a bonze,i go on tolling the bell/all crows are equally black,and all wolves eat meat/without stepping outside his gate,the scholar know all the wide worlds affairs/a long road tests a

4、 horses strength and a long task proves a mans heart/burn ones boats/walls have ears/go through fire and water/man proposes,and god disposes/plain sailing/fish in troubled waters/pour cold water over(on)/know something like the palm or back of ones hand/constant dripping wears the stone/a thorn in t

5、he flesh/facts speak louder than words一,中英文化部分重疊情況下詞義的確立語(yǔ)言既是人類交流思想的工具,也是人類主觀世界反客觀世界的媒體.翻譯是譯者對(duì)作者所認(rèn)識(shí)事物的再認(rèn)識(shí)和再表達(dá).這種再認(rèn)識(shí)和再表達(dá)常常是從不同角度按照譯語(yǔ)民族的習(xí)慣方式進(jìn)行的.所以,譯作中出現(xiàn)與原語(yǔ)表達(dá)的不同是在所難免的.源,譯語(yǔ)中的詞語(yǔ)不同,其文化內(nèi)涵也不同,從而反應(yīng)出兩個(gè)民族認(rèn)識(shí)事物的思維方式,角度,習(xí)慣的差異.1.所指相同或相似,習(xí)慣不同,表達(dá)各異在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言里,所指相同或類似,而表達(dá)不同的概念不少.譯者決不可為求形似而棄傳意.在形似而不能傳意的情況下,譯者盡可大膽地舍棄源語(yǔ)中詞語(yǔ)

6、的形,用譯語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣表達(dá)取而代之.eg.i love you with my liver/stomach/throat/heart.words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it,and the kings english,like the anglo-french of the normans,is a class representation of reality.單詞本身并不是客觀物體,只不過(guò)是代表客觀體而已;像日爾曼人的盎格魯法語(yǔ)一樣,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)也是一種代表客觀體的語(yǔ)言.2.所指相同或相似,思維表達(dá)各異英漢兩

7、個(gè)民族在觀察與思維上是存在著差異的.面對(duì)同一物體,經(jīng)過(guò)思維所得出的概念也有出入.對(duì)于這一類因思維差異而引起的表達(dá)不同的概念,譯者同樣要越過(guò)表達(dá)形式的局限進(jìn)行深層語(yǔ)義上的等值翻譯.eg.put them in a pan with 2 strips of lemon peel,600 ml whipping cream and 2 tablespoons white or brown sugar,golden rather than very dark brown.把兩條檸檬皮放入砂鍋內(nèi),再加600毫升攪打的奶油和兩湯勺白糖或紅塘,赤砂糖也可,但不要用深色的紅糖.brown sugar/ligh

8、t brown sugar(黃糖)/black tea/blue film.3.所指相同,喻體不同,聯(lián)想各異人們常把某些品質(zhì)或特征與某些動(dòng)物或植物或物品聯(lián)系起來(lái),從而產(chǎn)生某種情緒或反應(yīng).某種品質(zhì)或特征與物的聯(lián)系會(huì)因民族不同而各異.在中英文里,指稱意義相同而喻體不同的情況很多,翻譯這樣的詞語(yǔ),重要的是透徹理解其在源語(yǔ)中的文化涵義,然后可根據(jù)情況進(jìn)行翻譯.eg.ill have to beard the lion in his den when i go to ask my boss for a better job.我要去求老板給我一份好工作,到時(shí)我不得不當(dāng)面給他理論一番.chicken(rab

9、bit)/eel/fiddle(horse).as timid as a rabbit/like a duck to water/at a stones throw/to fish in the air/remain a dead letter/as stupid as a goose/black sheep/to spend money like water/drunk like a sailor/the apple of somebodys eye/gild the lily(畫蛇添足)/half-baked(半瓶子醋)to look for a needle in a haystack/

10、like a cat on a hot tin roof/as wet as a drowned rat/as thin as a shadow/birds of a feather/to talk horse/to tread upon eggs/cry up wine and sell vinegar/as plentiful as blackberries(多如牛毛)/dumb as an oyster(守口如瓶)/diamond cut diamond(棋逢對(duì)手).中英文化空缺情況下詞義的確立二.化空缺情況下詞義的確立中英兩個(gè)民族由于宗教信仰(著重語(yǔ)義深層語(yǔ)符表層等值轉(zhuǎn)換),政治制度(

11、著重突出其文內(nèi)涵即語(yǔ)義深層等值轉(zhuǎn)換)以及人文歷史(采用前限制后解釋的辦法)等方面的不同,就難免在文化上存在真空地帶,即文化空缺,這種文化空缺在詞語(yǔ)上顯得尤為突出.一個(gè)和尚挑水吃,兩個(gè)和尚抬水吃,三個(gè)和尚沒(méi)水吃.one boys a boy;two boys are half a boy;three boys are no boy.too many cooks spoil the broth.one monk,two buckets;two monks,one bucket;three monks,no bucket,no watermore hands,less work.were it le

12、ft to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government,i should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.如果讓我決定我們是要一個(gè)沒(méi)有言論自由的政府,還是要一個(gè)只有自由而無(wú)政府的國(guó)家,我會(huì)毫不猶豫地選擇后者.let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of isaiah to undo t

13、he heavyburdens(and)let the oppressed go free.不管我們?cè)诘厍虻氖裁吹胤?讓我們雙方都記住先知以賽亞(圣經(jīng)人物)的重托:卸下重負(fù)讓所有受壓迫的人都獲得自由.the planners were busy bypassing the gordian knot.計(jì)劃制訂者為躲避戈?duì)柕辖Y(jié)棘手問(wèn)題,而忙得不可開(kāi)交.;中英文化沖突情況下詞義的確立三.中英文化沖突情況下詞義的確立中英因文化沖突而引起詞語(yǔ)深層意義相矛盾的情況雖然不多,但在翻譯中卻是不容忽視的.稍有疏忽,便有失之毫厘,謬之千里的可能.1.英文概念(字面意義)相同,含義褒貶有別peasant/farme

14、r/intellectual/cadre/propaganda/labourer.翻譯這類詞語(yǔ)時(shí),不能對(duì)詞義的褒貶,指稱的范圍置之不理.2.中英文概念相同,聯(lián)想意義相反或矛盾英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中,這類詞主要是表動(dòng)物,植物以及鳥類的概念.其真正意義是英漢兩個(gè)民族賦予它們的不同聯(lián)想.dragon/dog/owl/bat/cricket/peacock/cuckoo 等等.exercises1.a book,tight shut,is but a block of paper.2.success is often just an idea away.3.nothing happened in the ni

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