A Study of Primary English Teaching in Given Rural Areas in Sichuan四川部分地區(qū)小學英語教學研究

1、本科畢業(yè)論文中文題目：四川部分地區(qū)小學英語教學研究 外文題目: a study of primary english teaching in given rural areas in sichuan 院 系 英語學院 專 業(yè) 英語（語言文學） 年 級 2009級 學 號 學生姓名 指導教師 結稿日期 2013年5月7日 四川部分地區(qū)小學英語教學研究摘要：小學英語課程的普遍開設，旨在讓學生學習外語的黃金時期接受正規(guī)的訓練，為以后的進一步學習打下良好的基礎。但是大多數(shù)的農(nóng)村學校是在師資和教學資源匱乏的情況下開設的英語課，這就使得農(nóng)村小學的英語教學出現(xiàn)了一些問題。如果著眼于全國農(nóng)村地區(qū)，研究難度將會

2、很大。因此，本論文的研究范圍已縮小至四川部分地區(qū)，針對其小學英教學進行研究。本文首先介紹開設小學英語課程的前提和相關的政策依據(jù)；其次，運用心理學以及語言學相關理論分析闡述開設小學英語課程的合理性；再次，結合調(diào)查結果分析四川地區(qū)小學英語教學問題以及其原因；最后，針對問題提出切實可行的教學策略。調(diào)查表明，對于大部分學生而言，小學英語學習實質(zhì)上是一種負擔。關鍵詞：小學英語教學；教學問題；原因；教學策略primary english teaching in given rural areas in sichuanabstract the intention of offering english co

3、urse in primary schools is to make students receive regular training in the optimal period, and lay a better basis in english learning. but most rural schools start english courses in the absence of teachers and teaching resources, which results in some problems in english teaching in rural primary

4、schools. it is difficult for me to do researches in the whole country, so i just limit the area to sichuan, and focus on the primary english teaching in given rural areas. firstly, this article gives an introduction of the preconditions and related strategies for offering english courses to primary

5、students; secondly, it explains the reasonability by the theories in psychology and linguistics; thirdly, based on the survey findings, it analyzes the english teaching problems in sichuan; lastly, it provides some practical solutions to the problems. the researched done by the writer shows that, fo

6、r most primary students, learning english is a burden. key words: primary english teaching; teaching problems; causes; teaching strategyacknowledgementsfirst and foremost, i would like to extend my deepest gratitude to professor zhou ting, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance.

7、she has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.second, i would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my writing teachers, professor zhang congcheng and zhang hong, wh

8、o led me into the world of writing. i am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the department of english: ms. du hua, yang zhiting and feng xu, who have great effects on me in the past two years.third, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and grea

9、t confidence in me all through these years. and they have shared with me my worries, frustrations and hopefully my ultimate happiness in eventually finishing this thesis.last, i also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me an

10、d helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.2contents中文摘要iabstractiiacknowledgementsiiiintroduction1i. theories for primary english teaching4a.theories in psychology4b.theories in linguistics5ii. research in primary schools teaching7a.research approach and paper desig

11、n8b.analysis of the problem and causes81.students lack of interests92.little interaction in classes10a. lack of experience11b. big scale of classes123. single form of teaching approach134. single form of teaching evaluation17iii. countermeasures and suggestions18a.measures taken by schools and teach

12、ers181.greater focus on teachers training and academic research192.more emphasis on english course203.more attention to develop appropriate teaching materials21b.measures taken by the government221.regulating students number of the class222.varying the teaching evaluation policy233.financial aid24co

13、nclusion26notes28bibliography30appendix33primary english teaching in given rural areas in sichuanintroductionwith the development of technology and frequent communication, the global village has come into being. and bilingual even multilingual communication becomes more and more important. nowadays,

14、 english has become a global language. there is a common view that one is not qualified if he cannot manage english. just as david crystal marked in his book, english as a global language, that “english is a global language, whether people like it or not, speaking in english or learning it is an unw

15、illing choice”.1 english seems to be a very important part in our daily life. it is one of the most wildly used languages just behind chinese. and more than 1/2 newspapers and scientific publications are published in english, and 3/4 radio stations broadcast in english.besides, the international com

16、munication in trade, economy and culture has turned into more and more frequent. facing the rapid change in daily life, and the fast development in technology, it is quiet necessary for one to be equipped with profound knowledge, and foreign language. to some extent, managing english means taking an

17、 opportunity to development. back to the early 20th century, it witnessed the research on the primary english teaching in foreign countries. from then on, the innovation in primary language teaching has caught the attention of the european economic community. later in china, however, the innovation

18、in primary language teaching took place, with smaller scale and less systematic study. it was a single fire that we offered primary english courses in some areas in the 20th century, with limited study in some related fields such as classroom teaching. with the development of the society, it seems m

19、ore and more important to offer foreign language teaching especially english. in this situation, english pervasion went ahead like wildfire.after the fifth plenary session of the 15th congress of cpc and the third national education conference, national ministry of education, on the basis of summari

20、zing chinese primary english classes experience by regarding offering primary english classes as the key to implementing the basic education curriculum reform in the 21st century and with the purpose to implement the strategic guiding ideology of “three orientations”, introduced the exposure draft o

21、f “english curriculum criteria” and “the ministry of education on promoting primary english curriculum guidance”, saying that from the autumn of 2001, english courses were gradually set up in primary schools of cities and towns; in the autumn of 2002, the location of township primary schools gradual

22、ly offered english courses; english is taught from grade three at primary schools.as the important part of educational curriculum, primary teaching in english should be worthy of our attention. china is a large agriculture country with 50.32% rural population among the whole population, according to

23、 the population census in 2010. therefore, we need to attach much more importance to primary english teaching in rural areas. however, the status of most rural areas in our country is different from the developed areas to the underdeveloped areas in many aspects such as the time of opening english c

24、lasses, the scale, the grade, the textbook and the teacher. according to what has been known, many rural primary schools have not offered english classes as a result of unavailable conditions. and some problems exist in some schools who have offered this course. thus it is extremely important to stu

25、dy the primary english teaching in rural areas. although many theories in psychology and linguistics show that offering english is reasonable and helpful for students, it is a burden for primary students. in this article, a research has been done, which focuses on problems existing in schools in the

26、 rural areas. on the basis of doing the research and analyzing answers of interviews and the data of questionnaires, it is expected that the school, the teacher and the government would give a hand to the english teaching in primary schools of rural areas.i. theories for primary english teachingthe

27、study in education has been carried out for centuries by the great educationists, such as e. h. lenneberg and w. penfield. as a result, many famous educational theories have been marked. with the development of our society and the need to reform primary education, school education has to be expanded

28、. for example, english teaching in primary schools is a kind of new field in primary teaching from 2001. such a change in primary education is the result of not only the development of our time, but also the theories in psychology and linguistics. a. theories in psychologypsychology is a determined

29、factor in the development progress of a child. so if we want to study the english teaching in primary schools, whose objects are children, psychology must be one important element needed to be considered. psychologists think that the best time for children to learn a language is around 8 years old,

30、because at this time, the mother tongue on language learning has less interference, and they can avoid simple translation during the learning. a research in cornell university says that “in adults, the two languages were stored in separate parts of the brocas area”.2 it is a region of the brain cont

31、rolling motor skills of the mouth and tongue; in bilingual children, the two languages were stored together. in other words, your brain has shut out foreign sounds from your “english room,” while your childs has not. in foreign countries, the “critical period hypothesis” is one basis of the research

32、 on age difference in foreign language learning.3 long time ago, people intuitively think that childhood is the best period for one to learn language whether it is mother tongue or foreign language. this phenomenon leads a neuropsychologist, penfield to hold a view that “children are more superior t

33、o adults in learn second language because their brain are more flexible”.4 they can learn language easily because their cortex is more plastic than is true of older learners. childrens language learning is related to brain development. besides, psychologists also think that motivation is “the direct

34、 cause and inner power” of ones behavior.5 peoples all kinds of actions and behaviors are caused by motivation. and it can not only cause actions, make people concentrated, but make people keep concentrated on what they are doing until they finish it.in a word, offering english classes for primary s

35、tudents is reasonable and scientific for it has been approved by many psychologists. b. theories in linguisticsa theory, called language acquisition, in linguistics states that every child can acquire his first language during the age of two to six years old, with the interaction with his living env

36、ironment. but most learners think language acquisition has its critical period that is from nine to thirteen years old. if learners are older, it becomes difficult for them to learn the second language. some children can acquire two languages at the same time, but it is the rare case. most children

37、learn the second language after the first language acquisition. and this learning mostly happens in some formal places, such as classrooms, with success or failure. such action is called language learning, which is different from language acquisition. and some learners also think that language learn

38、ing is limited by the sensitive stage within thirteen years old. if children learn a foreign language after thirteen years old, it seems a little difficult to learn. this idea has been proved by a psycholinguist, leneberg e.h., who develops this theory, and presents a famous theory, the “critical pe

39、riod hypothesis”. he points out that “the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age”.6 the hypothesis claims that there is an ideal window of time to acquire language in a linguistically rich environment, after which further language acquisition becomes much more difficult and effort

40、ful. in other words, the first few years of life is the crucial time in which an individual can acquire a first language if presented with adequate stimuli. if language input doesnt occur until after this time, the individual will never achieve a full command of language. some cases like wolf-child

41、can explain this.besides，according to the study made by miller, it seems that “the children before entering puberty have a kind of transformation mechanism”.7 if their language centre in the left brain is destroyed, it will transfer to the right brain. but they need to learn language again. but afte

42、r entering puberty, it turns hard to recover the language ability. for example, a girl, named genie, living in los angeles, america, is isolated from language before 12 years old. since then she begins to learn language. when she is 18, she just can say short sentences, with minimum grammatical abil

43、ity. this example is able to prove the division of work in two brains. children do not use english as frequently as chinese, so it seems difficult for them to acquire it naturally. and acquiring it in classes becomes the most common way. if children miss the critical period, it will be hard to make

44、up the losses. therefore, offering english classes in primary schools corresponds with the law of their language learning and their cognition. however, offering english courses for primary students coexists with problems in some ways.ii. research in primary schools teachingat the end of 1960s, the e

45、nglish classes in primary schools had been offered, and it stopped for some reasons. however, with the increase of communication between countries and the push of the international english information in 1990s, english classes turns to be more and more important in primary education. the scale of pr

46、imary english teaching becomes larger and larger, and more and more areas open english classes, especially in the coast and urban areas. the standard of english teaching has been improved much, and much experience in classes teaching, after-classes activities, and students interest cultivation has b

47、een accumulated. but there are some problems in current english teaching in primary schools in rural areas. for example, some experience in primary english teaching, in the first place, needs to be reviewed since english classes have been opened. secondly, english teaching in primary schools needs m

48、ore excellent teachers and more various teaching materials to enrich english teaching. primary education is the basic education, which is the key to improving the national quality and the national mental and material civilization, and which is the foundation to the whole life education. so does the

49、english teaching in primary schools, which has great effect on students whole life and its impact on students cannot be underestimated. in order to have a good understanding of the current situation of primary english teaching in rural areas in southwest of china, even in the whole country, and lead

50、 primary english teachers to change their teaching strategies to improve the teaching quality, a research has been done in some rural schools in pujiang, chengdu. a. research approach and paper designin order to have a comprehensive understanding of the current situation of english teaching in rural

51、 areas, and give more practical suggestions, this research is done in a way called case study, which is a kind of “positive research” in the real background, studying the phenomenon at that time, especially when the ambit between the background and the phenomenon is not clear. before the field surve

52、y, case study will direct the survey, and leads researchers to give a detailed description to the limitary system, such as the individual, event, community and organization. this limitary system, here, refers to a primary school in pujiang, chengdu. it is a rural primary school, yuhong primary schoo

53、l, and it is called a school as follows. a school was built under the development of the project called new country construction in 1995. and it is one of the experimental schools that offer english for primary students. it always gets the attention of the government. these are the reasons for me to

54、 choose it as an object of research.and a research paper is consist of 15 multiple choice and 1 open-question about the english course, text books in teachers questionnaires; for students, 9 multiple choices and 1 open-question about their interests, motivation and so on. with the help of teachers,

55、all questionnaires are collected back. and the statistics are dealt by percent, and keep a number after the radix point. the questionnaires are on the appendix. besides, english teachers and some students are interviewed in this school. this essay will discuss the basic causes of the problems and tr

56、y to give some practical advice. b. analysis of the problem and causesalthough it is helpful to offer english courses in primary schools so as to lay the foundation of the further study, it becomes a burden for most students because of many aspects as follows. and this research is concerned with two

57、 main elements, that is, inner reasons such as students and teachers, and outer reasons, like the big scale of classes. as for students, their interests on english is the main research object; for teachers, their teaching methods, their age and how long they have taught, and some other aspects are main objects. what is more, other outer aspects, such as the scale of the class, the teaching equipment, are considered.1. students lack of interests the aim of english teaching i