計算機(jī)編程常用英語詞匯

1、第一部分、計算機(jī)算法常用術(shù)語中英對照Data Structures 基本數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)Dictionaries 字典Priority Queues 堆Graph Data Structures 圖Set Data Structures 集合Kd-Trees 線段樹Numerical Problems 數(shù)值問題Solving Linear Equations 線性方程組Bandwidth Reduction 帶寬壓縮Matrix Multiplication 矩陣乘法Determinants and Permanents 行列式Constrained and Unconstrained Optimiz

2、ation 最值問題Linear Programming 線性規(guī)劃Random Number Generation 隨機(jī)數(shù)生成Factoring and Primality Testing 因子分解/質(zhì)數(shù)判定Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度計算Knapsack Problem 背包問題Discrete Fourier Transform 離散Fourier變換Combinatorial Problems 組合問題Sorting 排序Searching 查找Median and Selection 中位數(shù)Generating Permutations 排列生成

3、Generating Subsets 子集生成Generating Partitions 劃分生成Generating Graphs 圖的生成Calendrical Calculations 日期Job Scheduling 工程安排Satisfiability 可滿足性Graph Problems - polynomial 圖論-多項式算法Connected Components 連通分支Topological Sorting 拓?fù)渑判騇inimum Spanning Tree 最小生成樹Shortest Path 最短路徑Transitive Closure and Reduction 傳

4、遞閉包Matching 匹配Eulerian Cycle / Chinese Postman Euler回路/中國郵路Edge and Vertex Connectivity 割邊/割點Network Flow 網(wǎng)絡(luò)流Drawing Graphs Nicely 圖的描繪Drawing Trees 樹的描繪Planarity Detection and Embedding 平面性檢測和嵌入Graph Problems - hard 圖論-NP問題Clique 最大團(tuán)Independent Set 獨立集Vertex Cover 點覆蓋Traveling Salesman Problem 旅行商問

5、題Hamiltonian Cycle Hamilton回路Graph Partition 圖的劃分Vertex Coloring 點染色Edge Coloring 邊染色Graph Isomorphism 同構(gòu)Steiner Tree Steiner樹Feedback Edge/Vertex Set 最大無環(huán)子圖Computational Geometry 計算幾何Convex Hull 凸包Triangulation 三角剖分Voronoi Diagrams Voronoi圖Nearest Neighbor Search 最近點對查詢Range Search 范圍查詢Point Locati

6、on 位置查詢Intersection Detection 碰撞測試Bin Packing 裝箱問題Medial-Axis Transformation 中軸變換Polygon Partitioning 多邊形分割Simplifying Polygons 多邊形化簡Shape Similarity 相似多邊形Motion Planning 運動規(guī)劃Maintaining Line Arrangements 平面分割Minkowski Sum Minkowski和Set and String Problems 集合與串的問題Set Cover 集合覆蓋Set Packing 集合配置String

7、 Matching 模式匹配Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配Text Compression 壓縮Cryptography 密碼Finite State Machine Minimization 有窮自動機(jī)簡化Longest Common Substring 最長公共子串Shortest Common Superstring 最短公共父串DPDynamic Programming動態(tài)規(guī)劃recursion 遞歸第二部分、編程詞匯A2A integration A2A整合abstract 抽象的abstract base class (ABC)抽象基類abstra

8、ct class 抽象類abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性access 存取、訪問access level訪問級別access function 訪問函數(shù)account 賬戶action 動作activate 激活active 活動的actual parameter 實參adapter 適配器add-in 插件address 地址address space 地址空間address-of operator 取地址操作符ADL (argument-dependent lookup)ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX數(shù)據(jù)對象advancedaggregation

9、 聚合、聚集algorithm 算法alias 別名align 排列、對齊allocate 分配、配置allocator分配器、配置器angle bracket 尖括號annotation 注解、評注API (Application Programming Interface) 應(yīng)用(程序)編程接口app domain (application domain)應(yīng)用域application 應(yīng)用、應(yīng)用程序application framework 應(yīng)用程序框架appearance 外觀append 附加architecture 架構(gòu)、體系結(jié)構(gòu)archive file 歸檔文件、存檔文件argum

10、ent引數(shù)(傳給函式的值)。參見parameterarray 數(shù)組arrow operator 箭頭操作符ASP(Active Server Page)活動服務(wù)器頁面ASP.NET worker process ASP.NET工作者進(jìn)程assembly 裝配件、配件assembly language 匯編語言assembly manifest 裝配件清單assert(ion) 斷言assign 賦值assignment 賦值、分配assignment operator 賦值操作符associated 相關(guān)的、相關(guān)聯(lián)的associative container 關(guān)聯(lián)式容器(對應(yīng)sequentia

11、l container)asynchronous 異步的atomic 原子的atomic operation 原子操作attribute 特性、屬性authentication service 驗證服務(wù)authorization 授權(quán)audio 音頻A.I. 人工智能B2B integration B2B整合、B2B集成(business-to-business integration)background 背景、后臺(進(jìn)程)backward compatible 向后兼容、向下兼容backup 備份backup device備份設(shè)備backup file 備份文件bandwidth 帶寬ba

12、se class 基類base type 基類型batch 批處理BCL (base class library)基類庫binary 二進(jìn)制binary search 二分查找binary tree 二叉樹binary function 雙參函數(shù)binary large object二進(jìn)制大對象binary operator 二元操作符binding 綁定bit 位bitmap 位圖bitwise 按位.bitwise copy 為單元進(jìn)行復(fù)制；位元逐一復(fù)制,按位拷bitwise operation 按位運算block 塊、區(qū)塊、語句塊bookkeeping 簿記boolean 布林值(真假值

13、，true或false)border 邊框bounds checking 邊界檢查boxing 裝箱、裝箱轉(zhuǎn)換brace (curly brace) 大括號、花括號bracket (square brakcet) 中括號、方括號breakpoint 斷點browser applications 瀏覽器應(yīng)用(程序)browser-accessible application 可經(jīng)由瀏覽器訪問的應(yīng)用程序build 編連(專指編譯和連接built-in 內(nèi)建、內(nèi)置bus 總線business 業(yè)務(wù)、商務(wù)(看場合)business Logic 業(yè)務(wù)邏輯business rules 業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則button

14、s 按鈕bug 臭蟲by/through 通過byte 位元組(由8 bits組成)cache 高速緩存calendar 日歷call 調(diào)用callback 回調(diào)call-level interface (CLI)調(diào)用級接口(CLI)call operator 調(diào)用操作符candidate key 候選鍵 (for database)cascading delete 級聯(lián)刪除 (for database)cascading update 級聯(lián)更新 (for database)casting 轉(zhuǎn)型、造型轉(zhuǎn)換catalog 目錄chain 鏈(function calls)character 字符

15、character format 字符格式character set 字符集CHECK constraints CHECK約束 (for database)checkpoint 檢查點 (for database)check box 復(fù)選框check button 復(fù)選按鈕child class 子類CIL (common intermediate language)通用中間語言、通用中介語言class 類class declaration 類聲明class definition 類定義class derivation list 類繼承列表class factory 類廠class hiera

16、rchy 類層次結(jié)構(gòu)class library 類庫class loader 類裝載器class template 類模板class template partial specializations 類模板部分特化class template specializations 類模板特化classification 分類clause 子句client application 客戶端應(yīng)用程序client cursor 客戶端游標(biāo) (for database)code page 代碼頁cleanup 清理、清除CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) 通用語言基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

17、client 客戶、客戶端client area 客戶區(qū)client-server 客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器、客戶端/服務(wù)器clipboard 剪貼板clone 克隆CLS (common language specification) 通用語言規(guī)范code access security 代碼訪問安全COFF (Common Object File Format) 通用對象文件格式collection 集合COM (Component Object Model) 組件對象模型combo box 組合框command line 命令行comment 注釋commit 提交 (for database)c

18、ommunication 通訊compatible 兼容compile time 編譯期、編譯時compiler 編譯器component組件composite index 復(fù)合索引、組合索引 (for database)composite key 復(fù)合鍵、組合鍵 (for database)composition 復(fù)合、組合concept 概念concrete具體的concrete class 具體類concurrency 并發(fā)、并發(fā)機(jī)制constraint 約束 (for database)configuration 配置、組態(tài)connection 連接 (for database)con

19、nection pooling 連接池console 控制臺constant 常量construct 構(gòu)件、成分、概念、構(gòu)造（for language）constructor (ctor) 構(gòu)造函數(shù)、構(gòu)造器container 容器containment包容context 環(huán)境、上下文control 控件cookie (不譯)copy 拷貝CORBA 通用對象請求中介架構(gòu)(Common Object Request Broker Architecture)cover 覆蓋、涵蓋create/creation 創(chuàng)建、生成crosstab query 交叉表查詢 (for database)CRTP

20、 (curiously recurring template pattern)CTS (common type system)通用類型系統(tǒng)cube 多維數(shù)據(jù)集 (for database)cursor 光標(biāo)cursor 游標(biāo) (for database)custom 定制、自定義data 數(shù)據(jù)data connection 數(shù)據(jù)連接 (for database)Data Control Language (DCL) 數(shù)據(jù)控制語言(DCL) (for database)Data Definition Language (DDL) 數(shù)據(jù)定義語言(DDL) (for database)data di

21、ctionary 數(shù)據(jù)字典 (for database)data dictionary view 數(shù)據(jù)字典視圖 (for database)data file 數(shù)據(jù)文件 (for database)data integrity 數(shù)據(jù)完整性 (for database)data manipulation language (DML)數(shù)據(jù)操作語言(DML) (for database)data mart 數(shù)據(jù)集市 (for database)data pump 數(shù)據(jù)抽取 (for database)data scrubbing 數(shù)據(jù)清理 (for database)data source 數(shù)據(jù)源

22、(for database)Data source name (DSN) 數(shù)據(jù)源名稱(DSN) (for database)data warehouse 數(shù)據(jù)倉庫 (for database)dataset 數(shù)據(jù)集 (for database)database 數(shù)據(jù)庫 (for database)database catalog 數(shù)據(jù)庫目錄 (for database)database diagram 數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)系圖 (for database)database file 數(shù)據(jù)庫文件 (for database)database object 數(shù)據(jù)庫對象 (for database)databas

23、e owner 數(shù)據(jù)庫所有者 (for database)database project 數(shù)據(jù)庫工程 (for database)database role 數(shù)據(jù)庫角色 (for database)database schema 數(shù)據(jù)庫模式、數(shù)據(jù)庫架構(gòu) (for database)database scrpt 數(shù)據(jù)庫腳本 (for database)data-bound 數(shù)據(jù)綁定 (for database)data-aware control數(shù)據(jù)感知控件 (for database)data member 數(shù)據(jù)成員、成員變量dataset 數(shù)據(jù)集 (for database)data so

24、urce 數(shù)據(jù)源 (for database)data structure數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)data table 數(shù)據(jù)表 (for database)datagram 數(shù)據(jù)報文DBMS (database management system)數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng) (for database)DCOM (distributed COM)分布式COMdead lock 死鎖 (for database)deallocate 歸還debug 調(diào)試debugger 調(diào)試器decay 退化decision support 決策支持declaration 聲明declarative referential integri

25、ty (DRI)聲明引用完整性(DRI) (for database)deduction 推導(dǎo)DEFAULT constraint默認(rèn)約束 (for database)default database 默認(rèn)數(shù)據(jù)庫 (for database)default instance 默認(rèn)實例 (for database)default result set 默認(rèn)結(jié)果集 (for database)default 缺省、默認(rèn)值defer 推遲definition 定義delegate 委托delegation 委托dependent namedeploy 部署dereference 解引用derefer

26、ence operator (提領(lǐng))運算子derived class 派生類design by contract 契約式設(shè)計design pattern 設(shè)計模式destroy 銷毀destructor(dtor)析構(gòu)函數(shù)、析構(gòu)器device 設(shè)備DHTML (dynamic HyperText Markup Language)動態(tài)超文本標(biāo)記語言dialog 對話框digest 摘要digital 數(shù)字的DIME (Direct Internet Message Encapsulation)直接Internet消息封裝directive (編譯)指示符directory 目錄dirty pag

27、es臟頁 (for database)dirty read 臟讀 (for database)disassembler 反匯編器DISCO (Discovery of Web Services)Web Services的查找disk 盤dispatch 調(diào)度、分派、派發(fā)（我喜歡“調(diào)度”）DISPID (Dispatch Identifier)分派標(biāo)識符distributed computing 分布式計算distributed query 分布式查詢 (for database)DNA (Distributed interNet Application) 分布式網(wǎng)間應(yīng)用程序document 文

28、檔DOM (Document Object Model)文檔對象模型dot operator (圓)點操作符driver 驅(qū)動(程序)DTD (document type definition) 文檔類型定義double-byte character set (DBCS)雙字節(jié)字符集(DBCS)dump 轉(zhuǎn)儲dump file 轉(zhuǎn)儲文件dynamic cursor 動態(tài)游標(biāo) (for database)dynamic filter 動態(tài)篩選 (for database)dynamic locking 動態(tài)鎖定 (for database)dynamic recovery 動態(tài)恢復(fù) (for d

29、atabase)dynamic snapshot 動態(tài)快照 (for database)dynamic SQL statements 動態(tài)SQL語句 (for database)dynamic assembly 動態(tài)裝配件、動態(tài)配件dynamic binding 動態(tài)綁定EAI (enterprise application integration)企業(yè)應(yīng)用程序集成(整合)EBCO (empty base class optimization) 空基類優(yōu)化（機(jī)制）e-business 電子商務(wù)EDI (Dlectronic Data Interchange)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換efficiency 效

30、率efficient 高效end-to-end authentication 端對端身份驗證end user 最終用戶engine 引擎entity 實體encapsulation 封裝enclosing class 外圍類別(與巢狀類別 nested class有關(guān))enum (enumeration) 枚舉enumerators 枚舉成員、枚舉器equal 相等equality 相等性equality operator 等號操作符error log 錯誤日志 (for database)escape code 轉(zhuǎn)義碼escape character 轉(zhuǎn)義符、轉(zhuǎn)義字符exclusive lo

31、ck 排它鎖 (for database)explicit transaction 顯式事務(wù) (for database)evaluate 評估event 事件event driven 事件驅(qū)動的event handler 事件處理器evidence 證據(jù)exception 異常exception declaration 異常聲明exception handling 異常處理、異常處理機(jī)制exception-safe 異常安全的exception specification 異常規(guī)范exit 退出explicit 顯式explicit specialization 顯式特化export 導(dǎo)出e

32、xpression 表達(dá)式facility 設(shè)施、設(shè)備fat client 胖客戶端feature 特性、特征fetch 提取field 字段(java)field 字段 (for database)field length 字段長度 (for database)file 文件filter 篩選 (for database)finalization 終結(jié)firewall 防火墻finalizer 終結(jié)器firmware 固件flag 標(biāo)記flash memory 閃存flush 刷新font 字體foreign key (FK) 外鍵(FK) (for database)form 窗體form

33、al parameter 形參forward declaration 前置聲明forward-only 只向前的forward-only cursor 只向前游標(biāo) (for database)fragmentation 碎片 (for database)framework 框架full specialization 完全特化function 函數(shù)function call operator (即operator () 函數(shù)調(diào)用操作符function object 函數(shù)對象function overloaded resolution函數(shù)重載決議functionality 功能function t

34、emplate函數(shù)模板functor 仿函數(shù)GAC (global assembly cache) 全局裝配件緩存、全局配件緩存GC (Garbage collection) 垃圾回收(機(jī)制)、垃圾收集(機(jī)制)game 游戲generate 生成generic 泛化的、一般化的、通用的generic algorithm通用算法genericity 泛型getter (相對于 setter)取值函數(shù)global 全局的global object 全局對象global scope resolution operator 全局范圍解析操作符grant 授權(quán) (for database)granula

35、rity 粒度group 組、群group box 分組框GUI 圖形界面GUID (Globally Unique Identifier) 全球唯一標(biāo)識符hand shaking 握手handle 句柄handler 處理器hard-coded 硬編碼的hard-copy 截屏圖hard disk 硬盤hardware 硬件hash table 散列表、哈希表header file頭文件heap 堆help file 幫助文件hierarchy 層次結(jié)構(gòu)、繼承體系hierarchical data 階層式數(shù)據(jù)、層次式數(shù)據(jù)hook 鉤子Host (application)宿主(應(yīng)用程序)hot

36、 key 熱鍵hyperlink 超鏈接HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超文本標(biāo)記語言HTTP pipeline HTTP管道HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超文本傳輸協(xié)議icon 圖標(biāo)IDE (Integrated Development Environment)集成開發(fā)環(huán)境IDL (Interface Definition Language) 接口定義語言identifier 標(biāo)識符idle time 空閑時間if and only if當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)IL (Intermediate Language) 中間語言、中介語言i

37、mage 圖象IME 輸入法immediate base 直接基類immediate derived 直接派生類immediate updating 即時更新 (for database)implicit transaction隱式事務(wù) (for database)incremental update 增量更新 (for database)index 索引 (for database)implement 實現(xiàn)implementation 實現(xiàn)、實現(xiàn)品implicit 隱式import 導(dǎo)入increment operator 增加操作符infinite loop 無限循環(huán)infinite re

38、cursive 無限遞歸information 信息infrastructure 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施inheritance 繼承、繼承機(jī)制inline 內(nèi)聯(lián)inline expansion 內(nèi)聯(lián)展開initialization 初始化initialization list 初始化列表、初始值列表initialize 初始化inner join 內(nèi)聯(lián)接 (for database)in-place active 現(xiàn)場激活instance 實例instantiated 具現(xiàn)化、實體化(常應(yīng)用于template)instantiation 具現(xiàn)體、具現(xiàn)化實體(常應(yīng)用于template)integrate 集成

39、、整合integrity 完整性、一致性integrity constraint完整性約束 (for database)interprocess communication (IPC)進(jìn)程間通訊(IPC)interacts 交互interface 接口for GUI 界面interoperability 互操作性、互操作能力interpreter 解釋器introspection 自省invariants 不變性invoke 調(diào)用isolation level 隔離級別 (for database)iterate 迭代iterative 反復(fù)的、迭代的iterator 迭代器iteration

40、 迭代(回圈每次輪回稱為一個iteration)item 項、條款、項目JIT compilation JIT編譯 即時編譯key 鍵 (for database)key column 鍵列 (for database)laser 激光late binding 遲綁定left outer join 左向外聯(lián)接 (for database)level 階、層例high level 高階、高層library 庫lifetime 生命期、壽命link 連接、鏈接linkage 連接、鏈接linker 連接器、鏈接器literal constant 字面常數(shù)list 列表、表、鏈表list box 列

41、表框livelock 活鎖 (for database)load 裝載、加載load balancing 負(fù)載平衡loader 裝載器、載入器local 局部的local object 局部對象lock 鎖log 日志login 登錄login security mode登錄安全模式 (for database)lookup table 查找表 (for database)loop 循環(huán)loose coupling 松散耦合lvalue 左值machine code 機(jī)器碼、機(jī)器代碼macro 宏maintain 維護(hù)managed code 受控代碼、托管代碼Managed Extensio

42、ns 受控擴(kuò)充件、托管擴(kuò)展managed object 受控對象、托管對象mangled namemanifest 清單manipulator 操縱器(iostream預(yù)先定義的一種東西)many-to-many relationship 多對多關(guān)系 (for database)many-to-one relationship 多對一關(guān)系 (for database)marshal 列集member 成員member access operator 成員取用運算子(有dot和arrow兩種)member function 成員函數(shù)member initialization list成員初始值列

43、表memberwise 以member為單元、members 逐一memberwise copymemory 內(nèi)存memory leak 內(nèi)存泄漏menu 菜單message 消息message based 基于消息的message loop 消息環(huán)message queuing消息隊列metadata 元數(shù)據(jù)metaprogramming元編程method 方法micro 微middleware 中間件middle tier 中間層modeling 建模modeling language 建模語言modifier 修飾字、修飾符modem 調(diào)制解調(diào)器module 模塊most derived

44、 class最底層的派生類mouse 鼠標(biāo)mutable 可變的mutex 互斥元、互斥體multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) 多維OLAP(MOLAP) (for database)multithreaded server application 多線程服務(wù)器應(yīng)用程序multiuser 多用戶multi-tasking 多任務(wù)multi-thread 多線程multicast delegate 組播委托、多點委托named parameter 命名參數(shù)named pipe 命名管道namespace 名字空間、命名空間native 原生的、本地的native code

45、本地碼、本機(jī)碼Native Image Generator (NGEN)本地映像生成器nested class 嵌套類nested query 嵌套查詢 (for database)nested table 嵌套表 (for database)network 網(wǎng)絡(luò)network card 網(wǎng)卡nondependent nameobject 對象object based 基于對象的object file 目標(biāo)文件object model 對象模型object oriented 面向?qū)ο蟮膐bject pooling 對象池化ODBC data source ODBC數(shù)據(jù)源 (for databa

46、se)ODBC driver ODBC驅(qū)動程序 (for database)ODR (one-definition rule)OLE Automation objects OLE自動化對象 (for database)OLE Automation server OLE自動化服務(wù)器 (for database)OLE DB consumer OLE DB使用者 (for database)OLE DB for OLAP 用于OLAP的OLE DB (for database)OLE DB provider OLE DB提供者 (for database)one-to-many relations

47、hip 一對多關(guān)系 (for database)one-to-one relationship 一對一關(guān)系 (for database)online analytical processing (OLAP) 聯(lián)機(jī)分析處理(OLAP) (for database)online redo log 聯(lián)機(jī)重做日志 (for database)online transaction processing (OLTP) 聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理(OLTP) (for database)Open Data Services (ODS) 開放式數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)(ODS) (for database)Open Database Co

48、nnectivity (ODBC) 開放式數(shù)據(jù)庫連接(ODBC) (for database)operand 操作數(shù)operating system (OS) 操作系統(tǒng)operation 操作operator 操作符、運算符option 選項optimizer 優(yōu)化器outer join 外聯(lián)接 (for database)overflow 上限溢位(相對于underflow)overhead 額外開銷overload 重載overload resolution 重載決議overloaded function 重載的函數(shù)overloaded operator 被重載的操作符override 覆

49、寫、重載、重新定義package 包packaging 打包palette 調(diào)色板parallel 并行parameter 參數(shù)、形式參數(shù)、形參parameter list 參數(shù)列表parameterize 參數(shù)化parent class 父類parentheses 圓括弧、圓括號parse 解析parser 解析器part 零件、部件partial specialization 局部特化pass by address 傳址(函式引數(shù)的傳遞方式)(非正式用語)pass by reference 傳地址、按引用傳遞pass by value 按值傳遞pattern 模式PDA (personal

50、 digital assistant)個人數(shù)字助理PE (Portable Executable) file 可移植可執(zhí)行文件performance 性能persistence 持久性PInvoke (platform invoke service) 平臺調(diào)用服務(wù)pixel 像素placement deleteplacement newplaceholder 占位符platform 平臺POD (plain old data (type)POI (point of instantiation)pointer 指針poll 輪詢pooling 池化polymorphism 多態(tài)pop up 彈出

51、式port 端口postfix 后綴precedence 優(yōu)先序(通常用于運算子的優(yōu)先執(zhí)行次序)prefix 前綴preprocessor 預(yù)處理器primary key (PK)主鍵(PK) (for database)primary table 主表 (for database)primary template原始模板primitive type 原始類型print 打印printer 打印機(jī)procedure 過程procedural 過程式的、過程化的process 進(jìn)程profile 評測profiler 效能(性能)評測器program 程序programmer 程序員progra

52、mming編程、程序設(shè)計progress bar 進(jìn)度指示器project 項目、工程property 屬性protocol 協(xié)議pseudo code偽碼qualified 經(jīng)過資格修飾(例如加上scope運算子)qualifiedqualifier 修飾符quality 質(zhì)量queue 隊列race condition 競爭條件（多線程環(huán)境常用語）radian 弧度radio button 單選按鈕raise 引發(fā)(常用來表示發(fā)出一個exception)random number 隨機(jī)數(shù)range 范圍、區(qū)間rank 等級raw 未經(jīng)處理的readOnly只讀record 記錄 (for database)recordset 記錄集 (for databaserecursive 遞歸re-direction 重定向refactoring 重構(gòu)refer 引用、參考reference 引用、參考reference counting引用計數(shù)referential integrity (RI)引用完整性