M6U1Grammar (2)

1、M6U1 GrammarOverview：infinitive, verb-ing and verb-ed（I）一定義在句中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中可充當(dāng)不同成分。二用法1 充當(dāng)主語-不定式和動(dòng)名詞。 不定式作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。往往用it 作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of

2、 you to help us.注意：（1）其他系動(dòng)詞如look, appear等也可用于此句型。 （2）當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is to的句型。試比較： It is to believe to see.（錯(cuò)） To see is to believe.（對）“百聞不如一見” （3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，用of, 否則用 for. 動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。It代替動(dòng)名詞作主語，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：如：Seeing is believing.Playin

3、g with fire is dangerous.Its no good/use waiting here.2. 充當(dāng)定語-to do，doing, done. 不定式作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）He is looking for a room to live in.（動(dòng)狀關(guān)系）He is the first person to think of the idea.（主謂關(guān)系）He has got a chance to

4、 go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）注意：不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語或賓語時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。如： Do you have anything else to say? 動(dòng)名詞作定語，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall A. 單個(gè)分詞作定語，分詞前置。如：The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the building.A lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired

5、 worker.B. 分詞短語作定語，分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置；個(gè)別分詞如give，left等作定語也后置。如：The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.C. 過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were f

6、amous scientists即時(shí)鞏固：1).The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to be written C being written D written2). Whats the language _ in Germany?A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speak3). Prices of daily goods _ through a computer ca

7、n be lower than store prices.A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.4). When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A read B reads C to read D readingD. 區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞（1）falling leaves 正在掉落的葉子fallen leaves 掉在地上的葉子 （fall vi.掉下）牢記：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都可以作定語，現(xiàn)

8、在分詞表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)完成，但Vi的過去分詞，只表示完成，不表示被動(dòng)(2) The meeing being held now is important. The meeting held yesterday is important.注：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都可以作定語，它們的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在時(shí)間上：現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。即時(shí)鞏固：The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time.A. to be completed B. having been co

9、mpleted C. completed D. being completed3. 充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語-不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不帶to的不定式）動(dòng)詞+賓語+ to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be uninteresting.（被動(dòng)語

10、態(tài)）There +不定式。如：We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些動(dòng)詞需用 as 短語作補(bǔ)語，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father. 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。（2）在動(dòng)詞feel （一感），hear, listen to（二聽），have, let, make（三讓），notice, se

11、e, watch, observe, look at（五看）等后面的補(bǔ)足語中，不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)后，必須帶to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree. 分詞和不定式一樣，在一些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：I smell something burning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my name called.I cant make myself understood in English.I found my

12、car missing.Ill have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。 即時(shí)鞏固：The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out 區(qū)分現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞都可以用在“Vt.+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓補(bǔ)。這時(shí)我們要分析賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間的關(guān)系。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示兩者存在主動(dòng)關(guān)系和動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行（有時(shí)表示動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)，常帶段時(shí)間狀語）；用過去分詞表示存

13、在被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 I saw Tom beating someone. (主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行) I saw Tom beaten by someone. （被動(dòng)） He had his horse running all day. 他讓他的馬整天跑。 （主動(dòng)，持續(xù)）能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見的有see，hear，watch，notice，find, feel, smell以及keep，set，leave等。 （現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或一直持續(xù)）We saw him coming. 我看見他正過來。They had their lights burning all night long. 他們讓燈整夜亮

14、著。Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain. 別讓她在外面雨中等著。(使處于什么狀態(tài))即時(shí)鞏固：After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him. A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call練習(xí)題：1. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D

15、. borrowing2. There is a great deal of evidence _ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.A. indicateB. indicating C. to indicateD. to be indicating3. With the governments aid, those _ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were a

16、ffected 4. Throughout history, the language _ by a powerful group spreads across a civilization A. speaking B. spoken C. to speak D. to be spoken5. Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. Acompared Bcomparing Ccompares Dbein

17、g compared6. They use computers to keep the traffic smoothly. A. being run B. run C. to run D. running 7. You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _ often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D.explained 8. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her w

18、ritten English _in a short period. A.improved B.improving C.to improve D.improve 9 You look upset. Whats the matter？ I had my proposal _ again.Aturned over Bturned on Cturned off Dturned down10. A communicative satellite _ as much as 3.5 tons was sent up into space last week.A weighing B weighed C t

19、o be weighed D being weighed11 . With the magazine An Express Way to English _ us , we will improved our language skills a lot.A helping B helped C has helped D to help12. It displeases my parents when Richard and I stay out late at night. My parents dont approve _.A. of Richard and me staying out l

20、ate at nightB. of me and Richard staying out late at nightC. to Richardss and my staying out late at nightD. when Richard and me stay out late at night13. The man _ of shooting 6 school children was caught by Beijing police, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Friday.A. being suspected B. suspecting

21、C. suspected D. to be suspected14. Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure” award, a title_ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A. being given B.is given C. given D. was given15. AIDS is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.A. th