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1、 Infinitive Clause (不定式分句不定式分句)1 ing Participle Clause (-ing 分詞分句分詞分句 )2 ed Participle Clause (-ed 分詞分句分詞分句)3 Lecture 32 Subordination Construction (叢叢 屬屬 結(jié)結(jié) 構(gòu)構(gòu) ) 1中小學(xué) Part One Infinitive Clause Infinitive Clause Without Subject a) 不定式的邏輯主語是隱含的:不定式的邏輯主語是隱含的: 1) I hope to able to come. (指指“我我 能能 來來”)

2、 2) The best thing would be to tell everybody.(誰去告訴?需按上下文或情景判斷(誰去告訴?需按上下文或情景判斷) 從內(nèi)在意義上看就是說話人自己:從內(nèi)在意義上看就是說話人自己: 3) To be frank , I think it meaningless. Structure of Infinitive Clause (不定式分句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式不定式分句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式) 2中小學(xué) b) Infinitive Clause with subject 主語通常由主語通常由forfor引出:引出: 1) Wed be delighted for you to c

3、ome next come. (很高興很高興“你下星期能來你下星期能來”) 間或由間或由with, rather than引出:引出: 2) Rather than you do the job, Id prefer to finish it myself. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu):獨立結(jié)構(gòu): 3) We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precisely 11. c) Infinitive Clause with wh 間或帶疑問詞間或帶疑問詞: 1) I dont know what to do. 間或帶從屬連詞間或帶

4、從屬連詞: 2) He opened his lips as if to say something. 3中小學(xué) Function of Infinitive Clause (不定式分句的句法功能)(不定式分句的句法功能) 1) To accept the job would mean moving to Florida. (作主語作主語) 2) Brunos intention was to win the game. (作主補)(作主補) 3) He promised to stop taking drugs. (作賓語)(作賓語) 4) I advised him to take a t

5、axi, or he might be late. (作賓補)(作賓補) 1) She stood up to be seen better. (表目的表目的) = She stood up so that she could be seen better. 2) He got to station only to be told that the train had left. (表結(jié)果表結(jié)果) 3) He was lucky to have found the lost child. (表原因)(表原因) 4中小學(xué) Part Two ing Participle Clause a) ing

6、 Participle Clause without subject and subordinator 在特定的上下文或情景中判斷在特定的上下文或情景中判斷: 1) One of my bad habits is biting nails 成為固定用語,其邏輯主語有時是說話人,有時泛指人們成為固定用語,其邏輯主語有時是說話人,有時泛指人們: 2) Judging from what you say, he has done his best. b) ing Participle Clause with subordinator 帶從屬連詞時,分詞的邏輯主語通常是主句的主語帶從屬連詞時,分詞的邏

7、輯主語通常是主句的主語: 1) When sleeping, I never bear a thing. Structure of ing Participle Clause(-ing 分詞分句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式)分詞分句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式) 5中小學(xué) c) ing Participle Clause with subject -ing 分詞分句也能帶自己的主語,如:分詞分句也能帶自己的主語,如: 1) My parents object to me / my going out alone. (作賓語時作賓語時) 2) Im annoyed about john / johns forgetting to

8、pay.(作介詞不足成分)(作介詞不足成分) 3) Its no use your pretending to be deaf.(作主語時)(作主語時) 4) The report having been read, a lively discussion began.(為獨立結(jié)構(gòu)時)(為獨立結(jié)構(gòu)時) 6中小學(xué) Function of ing Participle Clause(-ing -ing 分詞分句的句法分詞分句的句法功能)功能) -ing 分詞分句與不定式分句無意義區(qū)別時分詞分句與不定式分句無意義區(qū)別時: 1) Flying a plane is dangerous. (作主語作主語

9、) To fly a plane is dangerous. 2) I like getting up early. (作賓語作賓語) I like to get up early. 3) Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.(作主補作主補) Our duty is to serving the people heart and soul 4) I taught him speaking English.(作賓補作賓補) I taught him to speak English. 意義略有不同時:意義略有不同時: 1) I hate t

10、elling a lie.(泛指一般人泛指一般人) I hate to tell a lie.(特指主語(特指主語 I ) 2) I noticed an old man crossing the road.(表動作正在進行,非全過程表動作正在進行,非全過程) I noticed an old man cross the road.(表動作以完成,指全過程)(表動作以完成,指全過程)7中小學(xué) -ing 分詞作狀語時分詞作狀語時: 1) Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.(作時間狀語作時間狀語) 2) Havi

11、ng worked hard all day, I was ready for bed by 8:00.(作原因狀語)(作原因狀語) 3) You will make yourself more tired, keeping on your feet. = if you keep on your feet (作條件狀語)(作條件狀語) 4) Knowing all this, they still insisted on my paying for the damage.(作讓步狀語)(作讓步狀語) 5) It rained heavily, causing severe flooding i

12、n that area.(作結(jié)果狀語)(作結(jié)果狀語) 6) He ran up to her, breathing heavily.(作伴隨狀語)(作伴隨狀語) 8中小學(xué) Part Three ed Participle Clause Structure of ed Participle Clause(-ed 分詞分句的分詞分句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式)結(jié)構(gòu)模式) a) ed Participle Clause without subject and subordinator 邏輯主語有上下文判定:邏輯主語有上下文判定: 1)Covered with confusion, she hurriedly lef

13、t the room. b) ed Participle Clause with subordinator 這里所說的從屬連詞可以是when, though, although, as if / as though, if , even if, once, unless, until等,如等,如: 1) This dictionary will look nice when printed. 2) Do not leave the building unless instructed. 9中小學(xué) c) ing Participle Clause with subject -ed 分詞本身也能帶

14、有自己的主語:分詞本身也能帶有自己的主語: 1) The job finished, we went home straightly. 也可視為省略了也可視為省略了being 或或 having been,如:如: 2) My work done (= My work being done), I went bed. 帶有自己的主語,即獨立結(jié)構(gòu),有時可由帶有自己的主語,即獨立結(jié)構(gòu),有時可由 with 引出引出, 如如 : 3) With the tree grown tall, we got more shade. 10中小學(xué) Function of ed Participle Clause(

15、-ed 分詞分句的句法分詞分句的句法功能)功能) -ed 分詞作后置修飾語,如:分詞作后置修飾語,如: 1) One of the house wrecked by the storm belonged to my father. (后置修飾語后置修飾語) -ed 分詞作狀語,如:分詞作狀語,如: 1) Heated, the metal expands. (作時間狀語)(作時間狀語) 2) Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again. (作原因狀語)(作原因狀語) 3) United, we stand; divided, we fall.(作條

16、件狀語)(作條件狀語) 4) Left to his own device, Charles did not relax his efforts. (作讓步狀語)(作讓步狀語) 5) He went to Beijing that that winter, disguised as a merchant. (作伴隨狀語)(作伴隨狀語) 11中小學(xué) 32.4無動詞分句 無動詞分句實際上是一種省略結(jié)構(gòu)。所謂” 無動詞”是因為這種分句結(jié)構(gòu)既沒有限定 動詞詞組也沒有非限定動詞詞組作謂語動 詞。因此,它既不同于限定分句,也不同 于非限定分句。無動詞分句基本上屬于 SVC 句型,只是動詞不表示出來,主語也

17、 通常不表示出來。 12中小學(xué) 1無動詞分句的結(jié)構(gòu)模式 無動詞分句,就結(jié)構(gòu)模式來說,分為不帶從屬連詞, 帶有從屬連詞和帶有自己主語的三類。 不帶從屬連詞的無動詞分句 這類無動詞分句可由形容詞詞組表示: Speechless, Victor Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat Big and fat ,she went to Mass every morning . Right or wrong ,I have given him a piece of mind. 還可由名詞詞組表示: An excellent speaker ,he was never

18、 at a loss for a word. 13中小學(xué) 14 b) 帶有從屬連詞的無動詞分句 這類無動詞分句又有四種形式,看、即從屬連詞+名詞詞組: When still a boy of six ,Bob was sent away from home. 從屬連詞+形容詞詞組: Although always helpful ,he was not much liked by people. 從屬連詞+介詞詞組: When in Rome ,do as the Romans do. 從屬連詞+副詞詞組: He spoke ungraciously, if not rudely. 14中小學(xué)

19、 c)帶有自己主語的無動詞分句 帶有自己主語的無動詞分句也是一種“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”。這種無動 詞分句通常由名詞詞組+名詞詞組/介詞詞組/形容詞詞組/副詞詞 組構(gòu)成。例如: Two hundred people died in the accident ,many of them children. He looked up ,annoyance on his face. Miriam looked at Marry his eyes full of doubt and discomfort. Breakfast over, he went to his counting house. 15中小學(xué) 2

20、無動詞分句的句法功能 無動詞分句可在句中作名詞修飾語和狀語。作主語,無動詞分句可表示時 間,地點,原因,條件,讓步,方式或伴隨狀況等意義。例如: You must eat when fresh . The cardboard is light-proof where thick. It has little taste ,unless hot. There he stood, a tray in each hand. 無動詞分句作名詞修飾語通常相當于一個非限定性關(guān)系分句。例如: His hands ,numb from the cold ,could not find the key. A f

21、ellow Georgian ,Jordan was well-known as a friend of the President. 16中小學(xué) 關(guān)于“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)” 1,“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”的實質(zhì)和類型 所謂“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”實質(zhì)上就是帶有自己主語的非限定分 句和無動詞分句。如前所述,非限定分句和無動詞分句通 常是以主句的一定成分作為自己的邏輯主語,從而依附于 主句。但也有一些非限定分句和無動詞分句帶有自己的主 語,從而在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系,因此傳統(tǒng)語法管它 叫做“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”。其實,所謂“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”也并非真正 獨立,它還是一種從屬分句。 “獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”,按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式,分為不定式“獨立結(jié) 構(gòu)”,-ing分詞

22、“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”,-ed 分詞“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”和 無動詞“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”,通常在分句中起狀語分句的作用。 17中小學(xué) 舉例: A number of officials followed the emperor ,some to hold his robe ,others to adjust his girdle, and so on. He went off ,gun in hand. The floor being wet and slippery ,we stayed outside. The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller. 18中小學(xué) 2”

23、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”的用法和意 義 由上述諸例可以看出, ”獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”與主句之間通常用逗號隔開, 但也有用破折號的,例如: The room was in chaos-dirty clothes strewn on the floor ,cosmetics scattered over the dresser ,empty bottles and cans everywhere. 由上述諸例也可以看出,在“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”中作主語的名詞詞 組有時也可省去限定詞。例如: The manager sat quietly in the office ,(his )eyes closed. 由上述諸例還可以看出, ”獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”的位置是比較靈活的, 它可以位于句首,句中或句尾。例如: All things considered I think I ought to award the job to Smiths 19中小學(xué) 如果一句中含有幾個“獨立結(jié)構(gòu)”通常把表示概括意義的結(jié)構(gòu)置于最 后,例如: The professor was slammed against the wall ,his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignit

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