如何提高閱讀理解能力

1、如何提高英語閱讀理解能力得閱讀者得天下！閱讀理解歷來都是英語測(cè)試的重中之重，閱讀戰(zhàn)略一直都是各類英語考試備考之主打策略，閱讀恐懼也是每位考生最大的應(yīng)試恐懼。在長(zhǎng)期的教學(xué)中，我總結(jié)了“重、定、劃、看、防、讀”閱讀理解六字真訣，不少學(xué)生從中受益；很大一部分同學(xué)按此思路去運(yùn)作解題，正確率大大提高，閱讀理解零失誤的同學(xué)也大有人在?，F(xiàn)一一闡釋，條分縷析，以饗讀者。一、重“重”“重文本”。讀懂文章最重要。文本是題源所在，如果將考生比作勘探人員，那么文本就是他們的勘探場(chǎng)所。撰題者正式通過對(duì)文章的深入剖析，才將一個(gè)個(gè)地寶藏埋藏其中，讓考生去發(fā)掘。所以讀懂文本不僅是正確解題的第一步，也是最關(guān)鍵的一步。但是，快速

2、讀懂一篇文章卻非易事，需要進(jìn)行大量的閱讀習(xí)練。高超的閱讀真功夫有賴良好的閱讀習(xí)慣的培養(yǎng)。既要讀得快，又要讀得懂，良好的閱讀習(xí)慣是保障。1、閱讀的不良習(xí)慣要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，首先要克服閱讀的不良習(xí)慣。下面我列舉了一些常見的閱讀不良習(xí)慣，對(duì)號(hào)入座，看你有否。心譯：讀一句心譯一句，句句必須借助漢語譯文方能理解；指讀：閱讀時(shí)總是用指頭或筆尖等指著句子，邊移邊讀；逐字逐句：一字一句，字字重視，句句關(guān)心，生怕漏掉一個(gè)單詞，眉毛胡子一把抓；見生即查：閱讀時(shí)欲將生詞各個(gè)擊破，完全掃清閱讀障礙，認(rèn)為只要沒有生詞，便可洞悉文章；出聲：閱讀時(shí)發(fā)出聲音，全篇誦讀，字字句句，絲毫不拉；唇讀：閱讀時(shí)雖沒有發(fā)出聲音，但唇

3、隨句變，詞帶舌移，只是聲帶未顫，聲音未出；默讀：沒有出聲，也沒有唇動(dòng)舌移，但目光、意識(shí)仍在逐句念誦。以上不良習(xí)慣要么會(huì)打斷閱讀思維的連貫性，要么會(huì)破壞對(duì)文本的整體理解，而它們最大的害處就是降低了閱讀速度。拿高考來說，共有五篇文章，合理的時(shí)間分配是35分鐘，再分配到每一篇就只有7分鐘了（當(dāng)然考生可以根據(jù)文章難易稍做調(diào)整）；可就我的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，罕有學(xué)生在35分鐘內(nèi)高質(zhì)量完成五篇文章；有的同學(xué)用了50分鐘，有的多達(dá)一個(gè)小時(shí)，還不算上復(fù)查的時(shí)間。常聽到同學(xué)抱怨“其實(shí)試題并不難，只是時(shí)間不夠”，這正是閱讀的不良習(xí)慣使然。2、以意群為單位，成組視讀分清意群，停頓嫻熟，不僅是朗誦的關(guān)鍵，更是閱讀的基本素質(zhì)。英

4、語閱讀時(shí)是以意群為單位，而非以單詞或詞組為單位。成組視讀是說用眼睛掃視，不是一個(gè)詞一個(gè)詞的去默看，而是向探照燈一樣根據(jù)意群，一組組的進(jìn)行掃視，這時(shí)額頭成了一個(gè)通道，被收納的是信息，而不是詞匯。這是一種高超的閱讀能力，非以一貫之的堅(jiān)持和大量的閱讀不能夠習(xí)得。3、首尾在心，緊扣中心任何一位作者都會(huì)有自己的寫作意圖，任何一篇文章都會(huì)有自己的中心主旨，而能否明晰作者的寫作意圖，能否把握文章的主旨，是理解一篇文章的關(guān)鍵，也是閱讀水平高低的體現(xiàn)。為了考察考生對(duì)文章的理解程度和閱讀水平，出題者必然會(huì)以各種方式對(duì)作者的寫作意圖與文章的主旨要義進(jìn)行考察。一般來說，文章的主旨經(jīng)常會(huì)被表述在文章的首尾中，首尾既包括

5、文章的首段尾段，又包括每一段的段首句和段尾句。要想快速把握文章中心，文本之首尾段和各段之首尾句是最佳切入點(diǎn)，因此同學(xué)們應(yīng)格外注意它們。以2005年福建高考C篇第66題為例：Whats the main idea of the last paragraph?A. Its important to drill deep down into lake sediments to collect information.B. Its impossible to prove how climate changes in the Amazon rainforest.C. Its hard to collec

6、t informatin for studies of the past climate in the Amazon rainforest.D. Its necessary to have specialized equipment and machinery to study the past climate.該段首句是“Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult.”它正是該段的主題句，C選項(xiàng)正是對(duì)其它的同意轉(zhuǎn)述，當(dāng)然是正確答案。再如08年四川高

7、考D篇第50題：What is the main purpose of the text?A. To provide travel information.B. To report some recent news.C. To teach tourists hiking skills.D. To introduce the wild life.本文第一段是：“Five million people visit Grand Canyon in the US every year. For the purpose of helping project Grand Canyon for your f

8、ellow visitors and future generations, please follow the guidelines below.”本文是開篇點(diǎn)題的典型之作。借用短語“For the purpose of”，作者清晰明了的表述了自己的寫作目的：為了方便游客及后來人盡攬大峽谷風(fēng)貌，請(qǐng)遵守如下旅游須知。由此可見，為游客提供游覽信息是本文的主旨，故答案為A.4、學(xué)會(huì)跳讀，心中有圖閱讀理解要做到心中既有森林，又有樹木，既要統(tǒng)攬全文，又要主次有別。跳讀即可用來通讀全文，了解大意，又可用來搜尋細(xì)節(jié)，鎖定被考察信息如此既把握了整體，又不會(huì)忽視細(xì)節(jié)。在跳讀時(shí)一定不要借用母語翻譯，而要通過情景

9、想象、提綱列表、重點(diǎn)連線、簡(jiǎn)圖示意等手段來梳理文章脈絡(luò)，使之直觀化、形象化、具體化。以09年中考安徽卷B篇為例，我們可以將重點(diǎn)表達(dá)先進(jìn)行連線：a happy new mother-a baby without ears-was called freak-someone donated his/her ears-a new person appeared-married and lived a happy life-his mothers body without ears; 再對(duì)文本進(jìn)行情景聯(lián)想，一出由偉大的母親、無耳的畸形男孩和老成持重的爸爸三人聯(lián)合演繹的動(dòng)情故事便會(huì)頓時(shí)躍入腦海，一幕幕催人

10、淚下的感人場(chǎng)景便會(huì)浮現(xiàn)在眼前。5、善于猜測(cè)詞義各類考試都允許出現(xiàn)3%的超綱詞匯，這些詞匯往往文中都會(huì)給出暗示，考生可以根據(jù)上下文來推斷他們的意思；有些其后則會(huì)緊跟其同位語，直接對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋說明；有的詞匯（多數(shù)為名詞）只需判定它是某類事物即可，比如人名、地名、某類動(dòng)、植物等等，而無須弄明白其具體意思；有些詞真是猜不出意思也不必太在意，因?yàn)橐?、兩個(gè)詞不認(rèn)識(shí)根本不會(huì)對(duì)文章理解帶來障礙，一定不能因之而恐慌，從而影響發(fā)揮。對(duì)于詞義猜測(cè)試題中的超綱詞，文中肯定會(huì)對(duì)其進(jìn)行或解釋、或同義、或暗示，只要細(xì)心，只要思路開闊，就一定能發(fā)現(xiàn)線索，確定其含義。比如09年中考東城區(qū)一模閱讀C篇第55題：What does

11、 the word “domestic” mean in paragraph two?A. producing energy. B. Fast driving. C. On the road. D. For family use. 只要注意到劃線單詞domestic之后小橫線“”后的“it is used only in th home”, 就很容易做出判斷，選擇項(xiàng)。當(dāng)然，Rome wasnt built in a day，養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣不是一朝一夕的事，它需要耐心、恒心和自制力，只要擁有這“二心一力”，勇于堅(jiān)持，敢于挑戰(zhàn)，方法得當(dāng)，一個(gè)良好的閱讀習(xí)慣一定會(huì)為你所有。二、定“定”“定區(qū)間”

12、。能夠圈定各題答案的范圍。出題者一般都是根據(jù)文本的某一段，或某一段的某一句，或某一句的某一詞，或根據(jù)隱藏在字里行間的作者的暗示進(jìn)行題設(shè)。這就要求做題時(shí)要進(jìn)行回想、返查，鎖定與問題相關(guān)信息的所在區(qū)域，為正確解題打基礎(chǔ)。這個(gè)過程就像捉迷藏一樣，要想找到文本中躲藏的“貓貓”，就必須對(duì)藏躲“貓貓”的區(qū)域諳熟于心，進(jìn)而準(zhǔn)確定位，圈定范圍，定能一抓一個(gè)準(zhǔn)。以09年高考湖北卷為例，第59題是詢問手表銷售在年輕人群中銷量下滑的原因。文章的第一段就是在闡述這個(gè)問題，是本題的大區(qū)間；確切到句，第五句 “All these devices tell the timewhich is why , if you loo

13、k around, youll see lots of empty wrists;” (所有這些東西都可告訴我們時(shí)間這正是如果你想周圍看看的話，那么多人手腕空空的緣由。)是本題的題源所在，也是本題的答案選項(xiàng)A(have other devices to tell the time)的根據(jù)所在；再如本篇第61題，題干問通過文章我們對(duì)瑞士表業(yè)有何了解，文章的第四段說的都是瑞士高檔手表的再發(fā)明、 巨額廣告等相關(guān)事宜；本段最后一句指出Rolexes, Patek Philippe和Breitling三個(gè)牌子的手表具體銷售對(duì)象之三種人（周末休閑登山者，富人和貴族家庭出身的人，駕駛飛機(jī)環(huán)球旅游家），這三種

14、人必定都是有錢人，所以選擇A(It targets rich people as its potential customers.)自然在情理之中了?？偟膩碚f，每個(gè)問題都對(duì)應(yīng)于文本中的某個(gè)區(qū)間，或顯或隱，或大或小，或段或句或詞，考生要擦亮眼睛，善于定位，為找到答案的根據(jù)做好必要且充分的準(zhǔn)備。三、劃“劃”“劃根據(jù)”。作答時(shí)理由要充分，并在文章中劃出解題依據(jù)。能夠在文本中劃出解題根據(jù)是正確解題的關(guān)鍵，更是閱讀理解不丟分的保障。獵人有句行話，叫“不見兔子不撒鷹”，在這兒我要告訴各位同學(xué)，在做閱讀理解時(shí)要做到“不見根據(jù)不做題”。理由充分，根據(jù)鑿實(shí)，這是“不僅知其然，而且知其所以然”的超高境界，是閱讀水

15、平提高的最大見證。從這種意義上講，“劃”字訣是“重、定、劃、看、防、讀”六字真訣之尤為重要者。現(xiàn)我用2006年福建省南平市中考C篇予以示范：TYPINGThis course is for those who want to learn to type ,as well as those who want to improve their typing. The course is not common. You are tested in the first class and begin practising at one of eight different skill levels.

16、This allows you to learn at your own speed.【70】 Each program lasts 20 hours. Bring your own paper.Course fee: $125【69】 Materials: $25【69】Two hours each evening【68】for two weeks. New classes begin every two weeks.This course is taught by a number of professional business education teachers who have s

17、uccessfully taught typing courses before.UNDERSTANDING COMPUTERSThis twelve - hour course is for people who do not know very much about computers, but who need to learn about them. You will learn what computers are, what they can and cant do and how to use them.Course fee: $75【69】 Jan. 4,7,11,14,18

18、【66】Wed.& Sat. 9:00-11:30a. m.【68】 Equipment fee: $10【69】David is a professor of Computer Science at Beijing University. He has over twenty years of experience in the computer field.STOP SMOKINGDo you want to stop smoking? Have you already tried to stop and failed? Now is the time to stop smoking us

19、ing the latest methods . You can stop smoking, and this twelve -hour course will help you do it.Course fee: $30 Jan. 2,9,16,23【67】 Mon. 2:00-5:00p. m.【68】Dr John is a practising psychologist who has helped hundreds of people stop smoking.66. If you choose the UNDERSTANDING COMPUTERS course, you will

20、 have classes_.A. from Monday to Sunday B. from Monday to FridayC. on Wednesday and Saturday D. on Saturday and Sunday67. The STOP SMOKING course will last_.A. for half a day B. for three hoursC. for a week D. for four weeks68. Mr. Black works every morning and evening, but he wants to take part in

21、one of the three courses. Your suggestion is_.A. TYPING B. UNDERSTANDING COMPUTERSC. STOP SMOKING D. all the courses69. If you want to learn about computers and at the same time you want to improve your typing, you will pay_.A. $75 B. $150 C. $115 D. $23570. The special difference between the TYPING

22、 course and the other two is_.A. people with different skill levels may learn at different speedB. you will take a test after the courseC. you will pay the fee before practisingD. you will pay less money以上各題的答案根據(jù)結(jié)合文本中的標(biāo)注，分述如下：第66題為“Wed.& Sat.”，與選項(xiàng)C吻合；第67題為“Jan. 2,9,16,23”，共持續(xù)四周，與選項(xiàng)D吻合；第68題為三個(gè)課程的時(shí)間安排

23、，減去早、晚，只剩下午了，三種課程只有UNDERSTANDING COMPUTERS是下午上課，與選項(xiàng)B吻合；第69題將兩個(gè)課程費(fèi)用相加，125+25+75+10=235(美元)，與選項(xiàng)D吻合；第70題的根據(jù)位劃線部分，與選項(xiàng)A吻合。（文本中的題號(hào)、下劃線和方框?yàn)楣P者標(biāo)注，原題沒有。）對(duì)于主旨大意題，有的根據(jù)在首、尾段，比較明顯；有的根據(jù)則體現(xiàn)在整篇文章中，是對(duì)文本信息的整合；有的則是作者字里行間的暗示，屬于隱藏性的。考生要根據(jù)具體情況，具體問題具體具體對(duì)待。本題型錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)具有“太大、太小、太胡說”的特點(diǎn)，解題時(shí)要認(rèn)真體會(huì)、斟酌。四、看“看”“看轉(zhuǎn)換”。注意同一意思的不同表述（同意轉(zhuǎn)述）。英語

24、語言相當(dāng)豐富，同一意思會(huì)有多種不同表達(dá)，以避免語言表述上的單調(diào)重復(fù)?？荚囍谐Ｒ姷念}型“同意改寫”就是考察學(xué)生的這一能力的。以句型“決定做某事”為例，英語中就有不下就中表達(dá)：1. decide to do sth.2. make a decision to do sth.3. determine to do sth.4. be determined to do sth.5. make a determination to do sth6. resolve to do sth.7. make a resolution to do sth.8. make up ones mind to do sth

25、.9. set ones mind to do sth.出題者設(shè)計(jì)試題時(shí)總會(huì)用不同的語言結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)文本中的某些信息進(jìn)行同意轉(zhuǎn)述。有的轉(zhuǎn)述會(huì)很明顯，可以一目了然；但也不乏隱含很深的轉(zhuǎn)述，比如07年高考上海卷D篇第78題，答案 “the cardboard tents produced by Mr. Dunlop can be user-tailored.(C)”就是對(duì)文中第七段第二句“They（指the carboard houses） can be personalized and”的轉(zhuǎn)述, user-tailored(特制的)和文本中的personalized(特制的)是同義詞，但由于詞匯難度大

26、而使這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換隱藏頗深，不容易被識(shí)破。下表中我整理了一些有關(guān)同意轉(zhuǎn)換的范例，供同學(xué)們參考、領(lǐng)悟。文本中原始表達(dá)被轉(zhuǎn)換后的答案選項(xiàng)范例出處Many of the best wildlife photos come from good planing. (二段1句)How can photographers take good photos?A. By making good preparation.09年黃岡市中考閱讀B篇He(Jay) took a large piece of paper and laid it on the ground. (二段2句)The next day, Jay pu

27、t a piece of paper on the ground.(B)06年中考北京課標(biāo)卷B篇In Britain, you mustnt lift your bowl to your mouth when you are having some liquid food. (一段3句)Having soup directly with a bowl is bad manners in Britain.(C)06年中考河北課改卷C篇When I get back from a long trip, all I can do is eat something and (四段2句)The firs

28、t thing Sarah does after a long trip is have a meal.06中考安徽課改卷B篇Patients may also fear what they might learn about their health.(首段4句)Some Americans stay away from doctors because they are afraid of face the truth of their health.(C)北京學(xué)而思09年秋季班高一目標(biāo)班第二講閱讀C篇But playing doctor can also be a deadly game.

29、 (首段尾句)Which of the following is the authors main argument?Its dangerous to be your own doctor.(D)(同上)His buildings were not only eautiful but they were also functional. (一段3句)The character of Wrights buildings can be described as they were beautiful in design and pracitcal in use. 北京101中學(xué)08-09學(xué)年度高一

30、期末試卷B篇Within days,however,his heart was not beating properly.Jim was rushed back to operation. (二段2、3句)Jim was sent back to operation because his heart didnt work well(A).07年高考四川B篇Dont wipe the scales off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease (四段2句)Which of the following will proba

31、bly make a fish ill?B. Removing its scales.08年高考全國一卷C篇He seems unhappy with me unless I got straight As and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as “successful” as he was. (二段3句)What did the author feel bitter about her father as a young adult?D. He expected too much of her.08年高考全國一卷A篇As new buildings go up, many trees are cut down. This reduces the natural homes for the butterflies. (四段2、3句)What problem do Monarch buter flies face now?A. New buildings take up their living space.08年高考四川延考A篇However, the real reason lies inside their bodies. At that time-about eight hours