《圍城》中文化負(fù)載詞的英譯

1、本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文圍城中文化負(fù)載詞的英譯黑 龍 江 工 程 學(xué) 院the graduation thesis for bachelors degreeon the translation of culture-loaded words in fortress besiegedheilongjiang institute of technology黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文摘 要隨著國際化進(jìn)展和跨文化交流的發(fā)展，將中國傳統(tǒng)文化引向世界將變得越來越重要，這不僅會促進(jìn)中國和世界上其他國家的相互理解，而且會進(jìn)一步提高中國政治，經(jīng)濟和文化的地位。對于任何一種語言來說，詞匯都是重要組成部分，并且隨著語言的

2、發(fā)展逐漸地被打上了文化的烙印。由于各國不同的歷史背景及風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等形成的文化負(fù)載詞給翻譯工作帶來了相當(dāng)大的困難。文化負(fù)載詞雖然生動形象地反映了中國文化的個性特征，但卻阻礙了各國之間的交流。翻譯不僅是語言的轉(zhuǎn)換，更是兩種文化的交流與溝通，本文從奈達(dá)的五種文化類型分析了圍城中負(fù)載生態(tài)文化，物質(zhì)文化，宗教文化，社會文化以及語言文化的一些文化詞的翻譯，并指出了譯者在翻譯這些文化負(fù)載詞過程中的得失。同時探討了幾種常用的翻譯方法的具體運用，并得出翻譯手段應(yīng)順應(yīng)特定語境，符合文化色彩或形象的需要，順應(yīng)社會發(fā)展和讀者的接受能力，懂得變通和靈活以達(dá)到跨文化翻譯的最佳目標(biāo)的結(jié)論。關(guān)鍵詞：圍城；文化負(fù)載詞；錢鐘書；分

3、類；翻譯；關(guān)系abstractwith the rapid development of globalization and cross-cultural communication, it is more and more important to introduce chinese traditional culture into other countries. it not only helps the mutual understanding between china and the rest of the countries in the world, but also impr

4、oves positions of china in the world politically, economically and culturally. words are the most important components in a language, and with the development of language, they are marked by culture gradually. on account of diverse historical background and customs, a lot of culture-loaded words spr

5、ing up, which create a barrier to translation. though these culture-loaded words reflect unique features of chinese culture vividly, they hinder the cross-cultural communication.translation is not only the conversion of languages, but also the exchange and communication between two kinds of cultures

6、. on the basis of nidas five types of cultures, the paper intends to analyze some translation of ecological, material, religion, social and linguistic culture-loaded words, and point out the pros and cons in the process of translating these culture-loaded words in fortress besieged. at the same time

7、, the paper discusses several commonly used methods of translation in actual use, and draws the conclusion that translation methods should conform to a specific context, meet the needs of culture or images and conform to the social development and the readers ability to accept and be flexible in ord

8、er to achieve the best target for cross-cultural translation.key words: fortress besieged; culture-loaded word; chien chung-shu; classification; translation; relationshipicontents摘 要iabstractii. introduction1a. background of the study1b. purpose and significance of the thesis2. introduction to cultu

9、re-loaded words4a. the definition of culture-loaded words4b. the relationship between culture and language4c. the relationship between culture and translation5d. the definition and development of cultural translation6. classification of chinese culture-loaded words in fortress besieged7a. ecological

10、 culture-loaded words7b. religious culture-loaded words7c. social culture-loaded words8d. material culture-loaded words9e. linguistic culture-loaded words9. translation methods of chinese culture-loaded words in fortress besieged11a. transliteration plus notes11b. literal translation12c. free transl

11、ation13d. substitution14e. amplification16conclusion18works cited20references21acknowledgements231. introductiona. background of the studythe chinese famous novelist chien chung-shu started the novel of fortress besieged in 1944 and finished it in 1946. the name of the novel was inspired by a french

12、 proverb: “marriage is like a fortress besieged: those who are outside want to get in, and those who are inside want to get out.”chiens broad and profound erudition of both chinese classics and western knowledge makes the novel quite interesting and attractive. it is full of both eastern and western

13、 allusions.the pungent novel is a very classical satire work. it features scores of very colorful and quite recognizable characters of intellectualsthey are rich, put on western airs, put on chinese airs and they are people who come from the early period of the sino-japanese war.as a literature work

14、 which is globally-renowned, the novel fortress besieged by chinese chien chung-shu has been translated to many versions in other languages, including english, japanese, french, korean, russian, spanish, german and so forth. among all these translations, the language and spirit of this novel are int

15、erpreted in quite different ways. taking english versions for instance, we can find several quite different versions, and among them the most well-known one is published in 1979, with the joint efforts of two translators, jeanne kelly and nathan k. mao. the literary works which are full of nationali

16、ty often contain a large number of culture-loaded words, and fortress besieged by mr. chien chung-shu is an example. this novel shows us the abnormal intellectuals produced in semi-colonial and semi-feudal china and exposes the social environment which causes the deterioration of these people. in as

17、 early as 1979, indiana university press published its first english version, which is also the only complete english version until today. it reflects the exact style and content of the original one, which of course attributes to its various translation ways employed by its translators. as a very fa

18、mous novel, fortress besieged is full of culture-loaded words, which vividly reflects chinese culture and has become one of the most prominent characteristics of the work. however, there are many problems while translating fortress besieged. one of the biggest barriers is the translation of culture-

19、loaded words which are full of unique features of culture. as opposed to the “universal” conception, they include not only factors of linguistic difference but also cultural difference.jeanne kelly and nathan k. maos version fully represents all the elements and characteristics in that novel, be it

20、proper nouns or expressions, and it could be acknowledged as an eligibly fully-translated version. for conveying the chinese used in such chinese novels and a host of proper nouns covering various cultural background, every translator must contribute tremendous efforts to sorting out the source of e

21、very word and acquire good command of the precise meaning of them. among them, jeanne kelly and nathan k. maos is the only one to keep almost all features of that novel.cultural differences have concerned scholars. to solve this barrier, they have conducted relevant researches and put forward a larg

22、e number of approaches and strategies accordingly. guo jianzhong explores the translation of culture-loaded words and expressions in literary works. he arrives at the conclusion and says “domestication and foreignization can play their respective role in transition. he also points out that strategie

23、s that translators choose are connected to the purpose of translation, the type of texts, the intention of the author and the readership.” guo jianzhong. translation of popular science fiction: theory techniques & practice m. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press, 2000: 257.due to the

24、huge differences between chinese and western culture, it is very difficult to find the equivalent expressions for some of the culture-loaded words while translating the novel into english. whether can we disseminate the chinese culture-loaded information and achieve the purpose to promote the cross-

25、culture communication is the key to the success of translation.b. purpose and significance of the thesisthe translation of culture-loaded words is an important part while translating and needs more attention and further study. a better knowledge of the importance of culture-loaded words in translati

26、on can be obtained by studying and discussing about the translation of culture-loaded words by those famous scholars and translators. there is no doubt that it will help translators get a better master of the meaning and translation.with the immense difference between chinese and english language, t

27、ranslation of this book seems to be a really challenging job for every translator, but the translators did make tremendous hard efforts in translation, thus the western world, and the world as a whole can enjoy this fascinating chinese work.for the cultural factors embedded in language structure we

28、encountered while translating, the famous american translation theorist nida once classified them into five types: “ecological culture, material culture, social culture, religious culture and linguistic culture.” nida, eugene a. language and culture: context in translating m. shanghai: shanghai fore

29、ign language education press, 2001: 78. this article tries to discuss the five types of culture-loaded words and find out the most effective way for translating the culture-loaded words and offering the western readers the same feeling as what chinese readers have while reading this novel. introduct

30、ion to culture-loaded wordsin order to study the translation of culture-loaded words well in fortress besieged, it is necessary to first state the definition of culture and the relationship between language, culture and translation.a. the definition of culture-loaded wordsgenerally speaking, any lan

31、guage includes four main structures: vocabulary, sound, syntax and discourse. words, which are the smallest unit of a language, are definitely close-related to culture. cultural difference is the most outstanding and widespread at lexical levels.according to geoffrey leech, a very famous english lin

32、guist, “a word consisted of two meanings: the denotative meaning and the connotative meaning. a denotative meaning is the referent or the thing to which a symbol refers, while the connotative meaning refers to the attitudes and beliefs resulting from the words in discourse.” 郭建忠. 文化與翻譯 m. 北京: 中國對外翻譯

33、出版公司, 2000: 279.culture-loaded words carry some connotative meanings of culture. hu wenzhong put forward the definition of culture-loaded words: “in a language system, culture-loaded words are the vocabulary which can best embody the cultural information that a language carries and they also reflect

34、 the human social life.” leech, geoffrey. semantics: the study of meaning m. harmondsworth: penguin, 1981:25.b. the relationship between culture and language1. cultureculture is a concept with quite broad connotation. it can be regarded as the accumulation of the social knowledge of mankind, and the

35、 mode of thinking and narrating things.2. languagelanguage is a very special social phenomenon, and it is also the most important tool for the communication and thinking of human beings. it is not totally isolated but concerns various aspects. despite the fact that the language is not purely materia

36、l, it is truly inseparable to us for its important functions. similarly, it gives representation of the non-material factors although it is not sheer spiritual.3. the relation between culture and languageboth the features of the material world and the status of the spiritual one could be well illust

37、rated by languages, thus it naturally becomes a part of culture.contrarily, languages are often influenced by the culture where they are involved. customs, historical backgrounds and habits are all playing an influential role in the form of one language. thus we could find the trace of a certain cul

38、ture in the use of words, phrases, and even ways of organizing paragraphs in every language.c. the relationship between culture and translationedward taylor defined culture as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquir

39、ed by man as a member of society.” taylor, edward b. primitive culture m. london: cambridge university press, 1958: 130. with the deep influence of their unique religion, tradition, habitant, beliefs, customs and value, cultural differences have been formed between chinese and western audience in th

40、e long history. while translating the chinese literary works, translators need to have some knowledge of the difference between two different cultures, especially in the translation of words which embody some cultural implication. words that reflect the unique ways of a certain nation, which are acc

41、umulated in the long history of human beings and different from those of other nations, are defined as culture-loaded words, including words, phrases and idioms.mr. zhu guangqian pointed out that to handle the associative meaning of foreign literature in translation is the most difficult, for its li

42、terary context has its special and unique meaning, which is very important in literature, for it requires us to have a knowledge of a countrys customs and cultural and historical background, or do not translate when there will be start of feeling.”the reason is not so easy to be translated, but beca

43、use the language reflects culture, carrying the rich cultural connotations are subject to cultural constraints. once into the language of communication, there is the understanding of culture and expressions of the problem. it requires not only the translators should be bilingual, but also bicultural

44、 as well as master diverse cultures, two languages, the formation of culture, customs, history and traditions, religion and a series of inter-change factors are a certain understanding.d. the definition and development of cultural translationfrom the cultural perspective, the study of translation ha

45、s begun since a quite long time ago. after the appearance of an anthologytranslation, history and culture by andre lefevere and susan bassnett, the translators and scholars started the translation studies from the cultural perspective.the translators and scholars interested in the relation between c

46、ulture and translation: “what kind of role does the translation plays in text, what condition determines the translation methods employed by the translators. the cultural translation has become more and more popular not only domestically but also internationally nowadays.” 李艷. 從文化翻譯視角論圍城中文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯策略

47、d. 贛南師范學(xué)院, 2011: 12.broadly speaking, cultural translation is a kind of translation in which the context is translated according to the receptor culture way to some extent. its purpose is to change the cultural connotation of a language into another but in different forms of culture.culture translat

48、ion is often regarded as a relatively new field in the study of translation. the famous scholar susan bassnett has made quite great contributions to the cultural translation. she believes that “cultural translation has great concern about culture and of course, it is not a pure language activity. th

49、e translation of culture-loaded words is deeply rooted in the culture of a certain language. it concentrates on environment and how culture influences and constrains translation from the perspectives of convention, history and cultural background.” susan, bassnett & andre, lefevere. constructing cul

50、ture essays on literary translation. shanghai: shanghai foreign language education press, 2001:37. therefore, the translation of culture-loaded words can be regarded as the cross-cultural communication.in china, however, the scholars didnt start the translation studies from cultural perspective. the

51、y realize the importance of welltranslated culture-loaded words. the translators realize that to make the traditional chinese culture known to foreigners, they should have some cultural consciousness. classification of chinese culture-loaded words in fortress besiegedas we all know, translation is n

52、ot only the conversion of languages, but also the exchange and communication between two kinds of cultures. on the basis of ninas five types of cultures, the paper tries to analyze some translation of ecological, material, religion, social and linguistic culture-loaded words, and analyze the pros an

53、d cons in the process of translating these culture-loaded words in fortress besieged.a. ecological culture-loaded wordsculture is formed and developed in a specific ecological environment, different regions have different cultures. ecological culture includes a regions geographical environment, clim

54、atic characteristics, place, name and so on. due to the different geographical and ecological environments, chinese and western countries have formed their own cultures. one nations ecological culture may be very difficult for the people of another nation to perceive and master. china is a country w

55、ith long history and a broad size. many ecological culture-loaded words become the inseparable elements in chinese language and culture. in traditional chinese culture, people think highly of “松”(pine), “竹” (bamboo) and “梅” (plum blossom), which are often regarded as “歲寒三友” (companions of winter). t

56、here are a large number of ecological culture-loaded words in fortress besieged, such as “懷春”, “滿面春風(fēng)”, “尋花問柳”, “艷若桃李”, “冷若冰霜”, “捕風(fēng)捉影”, etc.translators have to know the differences between chinese and english geographical features so that these words can be translated with distinctive chinese ecologi

57、cal culture. this is very important and necessary for mutual understanding and communication.b. religious culture-loaded wordsreligious culture-loaded words are often defined as the reflections of religious belief and some traditional cultures of some certain language community. it is rather difficu

58、lt for english readers to understand chinese religious culture-loaded words as a result of the different religious beliefs between chinese and western people such as buddhism, taoism and confucianism, all of which have an influence on chinese people. for chinese people worship “佛” (buddha), “天” and “菩薩” (bodhisattva), all of which reflects in chinese language, for example, “時不燒香, 臨時抱佛腳”, “借花獻(xiàn)佛”, “得了和尚, 跑不了廟”, “三綱五?！?etc. and of course in fortress besi