外文翻譯淺析郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)的異同

1、1 services: the case of postal versus express delivery services michael g. plummer 1 introduction in developed countries, services continue to constitute by far the largest share of national economies. for example, in the eu and the united states, approximately seventy and eighty percent, respective

2、ly, of the economy falls under the general rubric of services. services have also increased in importance in trade: in the year 2000, the share of services in total exports came to approximately 28 percent in the united states and 22 percent in the eu, with an average for the entire oecd coming to a

3、bout 19 percent. the same trend is observable in developing countries. during the development process, it is typical that: (1) agriculture falls as a percentage of gdp; (2) manufacturing first rises and then falls as the economy matures; but (3) services continue to grow throughout the development p

4、rocess. as a percentage of trade, services exports of developing countries have risen from nine percent in 1980 (approximately half the share of developed countries) to about eighteen percent in 2000, on a par with that of the developed countries. given the complicated and diverse nature of trade in

5、 services, liberalization at the global level can be more delicate and in many ways more difficult than trade in goods. services can be high tech or low tech; inputs and/or final products; privately-provided or publicly-provided; and closely related to other areas, such as foreign direct investment

6、(“fdi”). many services areas, however, still include government involvement, and state prerogatives in certain areas are recognized by the gats. moreover, trade in goods tends to be separate from fdi, though clearly there exist indirect links between trade and fdi. in the area of services, however,

7、trade in services can be intricately linked to fdi; in some sectors, trade in services is impossible without fdi. in this chapter, we will focus on the need for services liberalization in the global economy, with a focus on developing countries. moreover, we will use the process and complications as

8、sociated with the liberalization of express delivery services as a case study. this area is particularly interesting because: (a) it is an industry that has become 2 highly international; (b) it has become an important input to a variety of emerging industries and a key ingredient in the competitive

9、ness of firms and countries; (c) liberalization runs up against various competition policy issues, especially since it potentially affects private and public services5; and (d) it is exactly the type of industry where greater international access created through global agreements can produce major b

10、enefits to developed and developing countries alike. 2 services liberalization and the stakes for economic development a series of multilateral negotiations under the auspices of the gatt/wto have been very successful in bringing down barriers to trade in manufactured goods. developing country tarif

11、fs are, in general, much higher than in the developed world, but a large majority of developing countries has liberalized substantially trade in manufactures over the past fifteen years. in fact, most of the benefits that would accrue to global free trade would go to developing countries, according

12、to various computational general equilibrium models that have been used to estimate such effects. the developing world is a different story. agriculture continues to play an important role in the economy in general and in trade in particular in the least-developed countries and in many middle-income

13、 countries. in order to be successful, the doha round will have to include at least some agricultural liberalization if the developing countries are going to agree to any accord. still, as the development process unfolds, manufactures and, especially, services will become increasingly important. as

14、noted above, services have been growing rapidly in importance and already constitute eighteen percent of developing-country exports. an association between rapid real economic growth and rapid growth in services trade does not mean that the latter caused the former. such estimation is much more comp

15、licated; indeed, there exists a chicken-and-egg simultaneity problem here. however, regardless of which causes which, the development of the services sector is clearly an important part of the development process. the case for economic reform and liberalization is just too strong. countries that hav

16、e sustained economic liberalization have prospered; the ones that have not prospered generally do not have outward-oriented policies to blame but rather other economic-contextual problems. it is hard to promote growthlet alone long-term developmentin an atmosphere of hyper-inflation or civil war. ch

17、ina has used economic reform to transform the worlds most populous country from a least-developed, autarkic economy into an outward-oriented economic powerhouse; 3 vietnams reforms over the past fifteen years have cut poverty rates from one-half to one-fifth of the population. however, the process o

18、f economic liberalization in developing countries has generally left the services sector for last. 3 the case for separating postal from express delivery services in gats express delivery services constitute an interesting case study in service-sector liberalization. their importance in the day-to-d

19、ay activities of firms has increased substantially over the past fifteen years, as evidenced by rapid growth in the industry. indeed, express delivery services have now become an essential “infrastructure” to doing business for many companies, as well as being an increasingly important service for i

20、ndividuals. moreover, express delivery services are particularly necessary for multinationals and, hence, easy access to markets by express delivery providers is important in attracting fdi inflows, particularly in developing countries. a. the general problem this is where the difficulty lies: expre

21、ss delivery services are often considered a competitor to postal-service providers, which are almost invariably state-owned. hence, liberalization in this area has been tricky, constrained by competing interests from bothdeveloped and developing countries and based on a misunderstanding of the marke

22、t in which basic postal services are confused with express delivery services (we argue below that they are related but distinct). it will be argued in this chapter that existing realities emphasize the need to separate express delivery services from postal activities. express delivery services need

23、to be thoroughly differentiated from traditional postal services, both because of the clear substantive differences between the two and the defined purview of gats. failure to do so will lead to mixing apples and oranges to the detriment of member states, be they developed or developing countries. i

24、t could also thwart progress in doha agenda negotiations. b. current classifications express delivery services are currently classified by thewtoservices classification list (w/120), under both “postal” and “courier” services. the only distinction between postal and courier services is that the form

25、er refer to public-sector offered services, whereas the latter are private. hence, it has to do with ownership rather than product, which is unusual in the area of international trade. this type of classification leads to a great deal of confusion of the issues, as well as complications regarding co

26、mpetition policy. 4 the us postal service is an independent government organization that essentially has a monopoly on delivery of letters and other activities. in the united states, like other countries, the postal service area is dominated by domestic issues rather than international ones. but, wh

27、ile the united states and eu have much at stake, failure to separate clearly uso-related from express- delivery services would be even more to the disadvantage of developing countries. thus, in many ways, inclusion of express delivery services liberalization as a separate item from postal services u

28、nder the doha trade agenda will be more important to developing than to developed countries. c. existing positions regarding liberalization as the wto begins its preparations for the doha trade agenda, express delivery services will likely play a greater role than they ever have in the past. the ind

29、ustry has been growing rapidly and has become very international, even without gats-related liberalization helping to foster it. at present, the situation does not lend itself to too much optimism, as a number of proposals that have been tabled thus far are conservative and will probably do little.

30、thus far, there have been a number of proposals tabled in the general area of postal and courier services, made by developing (mercosur, bolivia, and hong kong) and developed (eu, us, new zealand) economies. one approach19 involves eliminating a distinction between postal services and courier servic

31、es. another approach defines express delivery services specifically as being separate from courier and postal services and having a single heading. under this approach, then, member-states would be able to propose liberalization of express delivery services directly. this heading could then become p

32、art of a broader range of transportation activities in the globalization of the supply-chain management. 4 summary the salient results of this study can be summarized as follows: services in general and trade in services in particular have become increasingly important to developed and developing co

33、untries, both as final products and as inputs to other productive activities. the relationship between services and fdi (under mode 3) is extremely strong; hence, services liberalization is important as a means of attracting fdi, which has proven to be a key catalyst in the development process. deve

34、loping-country stakes are, therefore, particularly high in global services liberalization, as efficient services are necessary in order to help these countries compete internationally and attract foreign firms as partners in the development process. 5 gats has taken on great significance in the 21st

35、 century, particularly for developing countries, and successful liberalization of services under the doha trade agenda will be extremely important in setting the course for the future. we have used the express delivery services case as an example of how this process plays out in the complicated poli

36、tical economy of services liberalization. we have stressed that it is imperative to separate postal services from express delivery services, as they are separate sectors and reform of the latter can actually help promote the former through its complementarity and general enhancement of efficiency. i

37、t is in the interest of all parties to do this. however, if a separation is not clearly made, progress in the doha round is unlikely, given political realities and probable misunderstandings. 6 淺析郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)的異同 michael g. plummer 1 引言 在發(fā)達(dá)國家，服務(wù)業(yè)占國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的份額很大。例如，在歐盟和美國，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過程 中大約百分之七十、百分之八十都開展了服務(wù)專欄。貿(mào)易增加了服務(wù)

38、的重要性，在 2000 年，大約 28和 22的服務(wù)來自于歐盟、美國的出口總，占整個(gè)經(jīng)合組織的 19%左右。 在發(fā)展中國家同樣呈現(xiàn)這種趨勢：農(nóng)業(yè)占 gdp 的比重下降；制造業(yè)首次上升，但隨著經(jīng) 濟(jì)的日趨成熟又下降；在整個(gè)開發(fā)過程中，服務(wù)業(yè)水平不斷提高；發(fā)展中國家的服務(wù)出 口貿(mào)易的比例，已從 1980 年的 9%(大約是發(fā)達(dá)國家一半的份額)上升到 2000 年的 18%。 鑒于貿(mào)易的復(fù)雜性和多樣化的特點(diǎn)，全球貿(mào)易自由化更加細(xì)膩。服務(wù)是提供高科技 或低科技投入的產(chǎn)品，私人或公開提供密切相關(guān)的其他產(chǎn)品，如外國直接投資(“fdi”)。 然而，很多服務(wù)領(lǐng)域，還包括政府的參與，或是某些領(lǐng)域的國家特權(quán)由“服

39、務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定” 確認(rèn)。此外，在貨物貿(mào)易方面，往往是外國直接投資，顯然存在著貿(mào)易和外國直接投資 之間不直接的聯(lián)系。在服務(wù)領(lǐng)域，貿(mào)易可以直接投資在某些行業(yè)，但是服務(wù)貿(mào)易是不可 能由外國直接投資的。 本文將專注于全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的貿(mào)易自由化，以發(fā)展中國家為研究重點(diǎn)，以快遞服務(wù)自由 化作為研究對象?？爝f服務(wù)領(lǐng)域特別有趣，因?yàn)樗牵?1)一個(gè)高度國際化的產(chǎn)業(yè);(2)已成 為各種新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，并是企業(yè)和國家競爭力的關(guān)鍵因素;(3)自由化的特點(diǎn)有可能影響私營部 門和公共服務(wù)行業(yè);(4)這種行業(yè)類型，可以通過全球協(xié)議可以對發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家產(chǎn) 生重大的影響，創(chuàng)造更大的國際接入點(diǎn)。 2 服務(wù)貿(mào)易自由化與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的關(guān)系 一

40、系列關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定在世貿(mào)組織的主持下，各國的多邊談判已經(jīng)非常成功，從而降低 了制成品的貿(mào)易壁壘。在一般情況下，發(fā)展中國家的關(guān)稅比發(fā)達(dá)國家高得多，但絕大多 數(shù)的發(fā)展中國家在過去十五年開始大幅減少制成品貿(mào)易。事實(shí)上，全球自由貿(mào)易會(huì)給發(fā) 展中國家?guī)砀蟮睦?，根?jù)各種計(jì)算和一般均衡模型已可以估算出這種影響。 發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)業(yè)在一般貿(mào)易中繼續(xù)發(fā)揮著重要的作用，特別是在最不發(fā)達(dá)國家和 7 許多中等收入國家中。為了要取得農(nóng)業(yè)的進(jìn)步，發(fā)展中國家要同意任何協(xié)議，多哈回合 談判有至少包括一項(xiàng)農(nóng)業(yè)自由化的政策。不過，隨著發(fā)展進(jìn)程的不斷深入，生產(chǎn)和服務(wù) 將變得越來越重要。如上所述，服務(wù)的重要性已容易提升，并已構(gòu)成對發(fā)

41、展中國家出口 份額的 18。經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長和服務(wù)貿(mào)易的快速增長之間的存在著一定的關(guān)聯(lián)，卻并不 意味著后者導(dǎo)致前者。事實(shí)上，這種估計(jì)比較復(fù)雜，存在著雞和蛋的同時(shí)性問題。然而， 無論其中原因是什么，服務(wù)業(yè)已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展過程中的重要組成部分。 經(jīng)濟(jì)改革和貿(mào)易自由化已逐步深入，國家存在可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，一些沒有繁榮的 國家由于缺乏外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的支持，無法取得經(jīng)濟(jì)上的繁榮，更不用說加產(chǎn)生惡性通 貨膨脹或內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的風(fēng)氣。若把世界上人口最多的國家打造成一個(gè)外向型的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國，從最 不發(fā)達(dá)的自給自足的國家，轉(zhuǎn)為一個(gè)外向型的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國是存在很大難度的。越南改革使 貧困率總?cè)丝诘膹亩种豢s減到五分之一，經(jīng)歷了漫長的 15 年，可見經(jīng)濟(jì)改革是不能 一蹴而就的。發(fā)展中國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化發(fā)展到最后，一般留下的是服務(wù)業(yè)。 3 郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)的不同 快遞服務(wù)的自由化，成為文章的主要研究對象。郵政服務(wù)與快遞服務(wù)在公司日?；?動(dòng)中的重要性已大幅增加，在過去的十五年中，見證了行業(yè)的快速增長。事實(shí)上，快遞 服務(wù)已成為一個(gè)重要的“基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”，許多公司的業(yè)務(wù)已經(jīng)為個(gè)人提供日益重要的服務(wù)。此 外，由于容易獲得通過快遞供應(yīng)商的市場，特別是在發(fā)展中國家，并且能吸引外國直接 投資的流入，故此