托福長難句解析

1、1. totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the earth； thsideace- ocean bottom is a hostileenvironment to humans , in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.（定語后置 in some ways ）由于完全沒有光，而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力，深海底部對人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境，在

2、某些方面就像外層空間一樣險(xiǎn)惡和遙遠(yuǎn)。分句 1: totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分旬 2: hundreds of times greater than at the earth s surface分旬 3: the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分旬 4: in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修飾分句1結(jié)尾的短語intense pressures

3、 ,分句1是分句3的狀語分句3是整個長句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定語，修飾分句 3的a hostile environment to humans 主句前后分別有狀語和定語的修飾成分，但是本句其實(shí)不是復(fù)合句。句子的核心意思是深海對于人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境。2. basic to any understanding of canada in the 20 years after the second world war is the countrys impressive population growth .（倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) basic to any understandingis ）要理

4、解二戰(zhàn)之后20年中的加拿大，就必須了解該國驚人的人口增長。分旬 1: basic to any understanding of canada in the 20 years after the secondworld war分句2: is分句 3: the countrys impressive population growth分旬1, 2, 3共同構(gòu)成倒裝句，正常的語序應(yīng)該是 3, 2, 1,即：該句的正常語 序是 the countrys impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of canada in th

5、e 20 years after the second world war .本句是一個簡單句，只不過使用了倒裝，謂語動詞是is.3. as a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore .（同位語從句claims that ）結(jié)

6、果.那些認(rèn)為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增講健康的觀點(diǎn)廣為人知.并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ)。分旬 1: that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health分句 2: claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore 分句1作為分句2主語claim的同位語從句嵌套在分句 2中。因此本旬的主 旬就是分旬 2.同

7、位語從句是 that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health : 吃有 機(jī)食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康。4. there are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones , that fertilized eggs are nutritionally super

8、ior tounfertilized eggs , that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like .（并列同位語從句reports that , that ，that）關(guān)于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造維生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值更高，未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的谷物比經(jīng)過處理的好等等報(bào)道屢見不鮮，但都沒有得到證實(shí)。分旬 1: there are numerous unsubstantiated reports分旬 2: that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic on

9、es分旬 3: that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs分旬 4: that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like分句1是整個長句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列關(guān)系，共同構(gòu)成分句1的同位語從句。本句的意思是有很多沒有經(jīng)過證實(shí)的報(bào)道，然后并列了三個未 經(jīng)過證實(shí)的報(bào)道的從句。5. the desperate plight of the south has eclipsed the fact that recon

10、struction had to be undertaken also in the north , though less spectacularly .（同位語從句fact that ）南方極為嚴(yán)重的困境使北方同樣需要開始重建（盡管不像南方那么引人注目）這一事實(shí)顯得不太重要。分句 1. the desperate plight of the south has eclipsed the fact分旬 2. that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the north分句 3. though less spectacularly （省略

11、）分句2是嵌套在分句1中的，做分句1中的fact的同位語從句。分句3是分句2中的讓步狀語從句，并有省略現(xiàn)象存在，完整的說法是：though the reconstruction is less spectacular.6. the new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl .（賓語從旬 what we now

12、 know as）現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地，這一可能性激發(fā)了一場房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無計(jì)劃擴(kuò)展的現(xiàn)象。分旬 1: the new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every majorcity sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled分旬 2: what we now know as urban sprawl分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是賓語從句，主句結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過精簡應(yīng)該是 the new

13、accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl.整句話的謂語動詞是 sparked和fueled,兩個并列的動詞。本句的理解困難還來自于抽象詞fuel,它作為名詞的含義廣為人知，是能源、燃 料，作為動詞的時(shí)候的意思就可以引申為（供給燃料）激發(fā)，促使、造成。7. but these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there cameto be such a concent

14、ration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth .（of 結(jié)構(gòu)作定語： of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs ）但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問題：為何在一個特定的地點(diǎn)會如此集中地出 現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚龍群。分句 1: but these factors do not account for the interesting question分旬 2: o

15、f how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth分句1中嵌套著分句2.分句2是of結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語修飾說明question的內(nèi)容。8. amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mou

16、ntain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent , the two captains set out .（同位語從句rumors that ）當(dāng)時(shí)有一些傳言，說有史前的猛雞在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動， 而且在這一區(qū)域的某 個地方有一座巨大的鹽石山，具面積達(dá) 80英里長50英里寬。就在這些傳言中， 兩位上尉出發(fā)了。分句 1: amid rumors分旬 2: that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region分旬 3: and that somewhere in its

17、 wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent分句 4: the two captains set out.整個句子的主句是分句4.amid表示在.之中”，是介詞，它引導(dǎo)的分句1嵌套著分句2和分句3, 并且在整句話中作狀語。 而分句2和分句3是并列關(guān)系的同位語從句來修飾分 句1中的rumors ,作rumors的同位語從句，用來說明謠言的具體內(nèi)容。9. in the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the c

18、hief instruments of the keyboard group , a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century .（同位語 a supremacy）17世紀(jì)時(shí)風(fēng)琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為儺盤樂器類的/要成員，這一種至高無上的 地位一直由它們保持，直到18世紀(jì)末被鋼琴所取代。分旬 1 ： in the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord be

19、came the chief instruments of the keyboard group , 分句 2: a supremacy分句 3: they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century分句2是分句1的同位語，用來修飾說明分句1中的the chief instruments of the keyboard group分句3是省略了 that的定語從句，修飾分句2.10. a series of mechanical improvements continuing w

20、ell into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullnes

21、s of sound , from a liquid , singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance .(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)fromto作定語)持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)的一系列機(jī)械上的改進(jìn)，包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和， 改善金屬框架，以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲，最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的 樂器這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響，從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢弘氣氛。分旬 1: a series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth centur

22、y分句 2: including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it分旬 3: the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality 分旬 4: finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects 分旬 5: from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness ofsound,分

23、句 6: from a liquid , singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance本旬的真正的主句結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)是由分句1和分句4構(gòu)成，即a series of mechanicalimprovements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句 2 和分句 3 并列修飾說明分句 1中的a series of mechanical improvements ,而分句5和

24、分句6并列，修飾說 明了分旬 4 中的 an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.11. the largest later named pueblo bonito(pretty town)by the spanish, rose in five terraced stories , contained more than 800 rooms , and could have housed a population of 1 , 000 or more .最大的一座后來被西班牙人稱為pueblo bonito(美麗的城鎮(zhèn))，是一個五層梯式樓，有

25、800多間房子，能夠容納1 000人以上。分旬 1: the largest rose in five terraced stories , contained more than 800 rooms , and could have housed a population of 1 , 000 or more分旬 2: later named pueblo bonito(pretty town)by the spanish分句1嵌套了分句2,分句1的主語是the largest,這是“the +形容詞”表示一 個名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于“ the largest one的省略的說法。分句2是省略了

26、 “which was的定語從句，用來修飾分句1的主語the largest,分 旬1內(nèi)部是由三個并列的謂語構(gòu)成的句子。12. accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “ silent, the film has never been , in the full sense of the word, silent .(倒裝 accustomed though we are =though we are accustomed ) 雖然我們習(xí)慣于將1927年以前的電影叫做 無聲電影”，但是就 無聲這

27、個詞的 牛整意義上說，電影從未真正的無聲過。分旬 1: accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent ”分旬 2: the film has never been silent分旬 3: in the full sense of the word本句的難點(diǎn)是在分句1是倒裝句，正常語序是 though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent. 分旬 3 是 一個插入語，嵌套 在分句2中，所

28、以本句真正強(qiáng)調(diào)的核心是 the film has never been silent.13. for a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra , and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ow

29、nership of a large personal library of musical pieces .（特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not so much as與其說不如說）在好些年內(nèi)，為各部影片選擇配樂的權(quán)力完全掌握在樂隊(duì)指揮或隊(duì)長手中， 而通常擔(dān)任這種職位的資格與其說是技巧或鑒賞品位，不如說是個人擁有音樂作品的豐富收藏。分旬 1: .for a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orches

30、tra 分旬 2: and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces分句1和分句2是兩個并列關(guān)系的分句，分句2的難點(diǎn)在于not so much as的結(jié)構(gòu)。14. coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats h

31、as been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity , the number of species in a particular ecosystem , to the health of the earth and human well-being .（倒裝 coincident with concernshas been = has been coincident with concerns在對物種和動物棲息地加速消失表示關(guān)注的同時(shí)，人們也越來越認(rèn)識到生物多樣化，即一個特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對地

32、球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性。此句是完全倒裝句，謂語動詞是has been,真正的主語是has been后面的內(nèi)容。coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats 是表原來的正常語序是：a growing appreciation of the importance of biologicaldiversity , the number of species in a particular ecosystem , to the health of the earth and human w

33、ell-being has been coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats其中 the number of species in a particular ecosystem 是插入語，作為同位語出現(xiàn)，用來解釋說明biological diversity在這句話真正的主語中有一個the importance of a to b的結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)該翻譯為“a 對 b 的重要性”。原句中就是the importance of biological diversity to the healt

34、h of the earth and human well-being 叫做生物多樣性對于地球和人類幸 福健康的重要性。15. the fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising , considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species .（同位語從句fact that ;定語從句that comprise the bulk

35、 ）考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲的巨大數(shù)量，認(rèn)為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實(shí)看起來并不令人吃驚。分句 1: the fact does not seem surprising.分旬 2: that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests分旬 3: considering the huge numbers of insects分句 4: that comprise the bulk of the species分句1中嵌套著分句2,分句2解釋說明分句1的主語the fact,是同位

36、語從句； 分句3是主句的狀語，分句4是定語從句，修飾分句 3的the huge numbers of insects16. to appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea , it helps to think small .（特殊結(jié)構(gòu)it helps to 做一有幫助）要充分認(rèn)識海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性，從小的角度思考有幫助。目 的狀語： to appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, 主句：it helps to th

37、ink small .（這里的it是形式主語，沒有實(shí)際意義） 1 7.science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks , but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.（特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not any more than像一樣不一）科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但收集的事實(shí)不能被叫做科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被稱為房子一樣。分旬 1: science is

38、built with facts分句 2: just as a house is built with bricks,分句 3 ： but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.這句話的難點(diǎn)在于 “notany more than 像一樣丕一”，相當(dāng)于 “a pile of bricks cannot be called a house,18. in a period characterized by the abandonment

39、of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as john barth , donald barthelme , and thomas pynchon, joyce carol oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction .（特殊結(jié)構(gòu) characterized by -l%特征）盡管處于一個以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傳統(tǒng)（以作家約翰巴思、唐納

40、德巴塞爾姆和托 馬斯.品欽為代表）為特征的時(shí)代、喬伊斯卡羅爾歐茨因?yàn)閳?jiān)持自己小說本質(zhì)上 模仿的特點(diǎn)，有時(shí)候看起來是一個堅(jiān)定的守舊派。分旬 1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as john barth , donald barthelme , and thomas pynchon, 分旬 2. joyce carol oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insisten

41、ce od the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction .分句1做時(shí)間狀語“in a period ”的后置定語，補(bǔ)充修飾period ,相當(dāng)于省略了 which was”的定語從句。分句2是主句。整個句子的難點(diǎn)在于找主句。其實(shí)分句1的末尾是such as引導(dǎo)的三個人名 的并列，在最后一個人名thomas pynchon前有and”,說明這個列舉對象中的最 后一個。所以整個句子的主干在 tp這個人后面出現(xiàn)。19. if it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food av

42、ailable in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence .（虛擬語氣）如果不是具有這種能力，它們就會在短時(shí)間內(nèi)吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能會因餓死而滅絕。分旬 1. if it were not for this faculty分旬 2. they would devour all the food available in short time分句 3. would probably starve themselves out of existence分句1是虛擬語氣的條件從句分句2、3是并列

43、關(guān)系，并且是主句。20. people in the united states in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos.（同位語從句 prospect that）19世紀(jì)的美國人因?yàn)楹ε聡医?jīng)濟(jì)中史無前例的變化會帶來社會混亂這一前景 而提心吊膽。分旬 1. people in the united states in the nineteenth century were ha

44、unted by the prospect分旬 2. that unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos.2嵌套在1中，做1中prospect的同位語從句；1是主句，2具體解釋說明 prospect o21. accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force f

45、rom agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits .（倒裝 accompanying that growth was a structural change that=a structuralchange was accompanying that growth）伴隨著這一增長的是一個結(jié)構(gòu)變化，它以經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷多樣化和國家勞動力從農(nóng)業(yè) 到制造業(yè)和其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為特征。分旬 1. accompanying that growth was a structural change分旬 2. that fea

46、tured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift inthe nations labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits2嵌套在1中，做1中的structural change的定語從句，這個定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)較 復(fù)雜，由兩個and連接三個并列的名詞性成分。分句1是主句，且采用完全倒裝的形式。22. as the roles men and women played in society became more

47、 rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home .（倒裝so did ）隨著男人和女人在社會中扮演的角色被限定得更加嚴(yán)格，他們在家中的角色也是分旬 1. the roles became more rigidly defined分旬 2. men and women played in society分句 3. so did the roles分旬 4. they played in the home .1和2嵌套，2是修飾1中的role的定語從句。3和4嵌套，4是3中的roles 的。1和3并列，3是由so引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句

48、。23. surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals , sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous , weird , but always functional shapes .（倒裝 surrounding the column ar e）圍繞著蕊柱的是三個萼片和三個花瓣，有時(shí)很容易辨認(rèn)出來，但經(jīng)常被扭成華麗、 奇特但總是有用的形狀。完全倒裝句，正常語序是：three sepals and three petals are s

49、urrounding the column, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous , weird , but always functional shapes.24. with the growing prosperity brought on by the second world war and the economic boom that followed it , young people married and established households earlier and b

50、egan to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the depression .（倒裝than had their predecessors比較結(jié)構(gòu)的第二部分）隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結(jié)蠟成家更早，而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大。分旬 1. the growing prosperity brought on by the second world war分旬 2. the economic boom that followed it分旬 3. young people

51、 married and established households earlier分旬 4. began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the depression .1和2并列，3和4并歹1和2是伴隨狀語3和4是主句25. the railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature ; furthermore , in its manifestation of speed and noise , it might be a despoiler of hum

52、an nature as well .（關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu) could be and was）鐵路可以，事實(shí)上也是自然的掠奪者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表現(xiàn)上也可能是 人性的掠奪者。分旬 1. the railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature 分旬 2. it might be a despoiler of human nature as well .1和2是并列（由分號連接的兩個并列分句）26. in the railroads prime years , between 1 890 and 1920 , there were a few indiv

53、iduals in the united states , most of them with solid railroading experience behind them , who made a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience of stations , yards , and locomotive cabs .（同位語 most of them； 定語從旬 who made a profession of writing）在1890年到1920年間鐵路的黃金時(shí)期，美國有幾個人（他們

54、大多有豐富的鐵路 經(jīng)驗(yàn)）以寫鐵路題材為職業(yè)作品圍繞車站、停車場和機(jī)車。分句 1. there were a few individuals in the united states分旬 2. most of them with solid railroading experience behind them分旬 3. who made a profession of writing about railroading分旬 4. works offering the ambience of stations , yards , and locomotive cabs .1是主句2和3是嵌套2作為

55、1中a few individuals的同位語，對它進(jìn)一步解釋說明29. on the other hand , when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information , crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter , not a few quite uncommon ones : the endangered california condor , to cite one obvious exam

56、ple .（特殊結(jié)構(gòu) for that matter）另一方面，當(dāng)涉及實(shí)質(zhì)性的，特別是行為方面的信息時(shí)，烏鴉就不如許多比較而 言很普通的鳥類那樣為人所知；而且，也不如許多很不尋常的鳥類，舉一個明顯 的例子，如像瀕危的加利福尼亞大禿鷲那樣為人所知。分旬 1. when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information 分旬 2. crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter , not a few quite

57、 uncommon ones : the endangered california condor, to cite one obvious example .1和2是并列，分句1是時(shí)間狀語，2是主句，其中包含插入語結(jié)構(gòu)以及 冒號連接的解釋說明的成分30. keen observers and quick learners , they are astute about the intentions of other creatures , including researchers , and adept at avoiding them .（并歹u 同位語 keen observers a

58、nd quick learners）烏鴉是敏銳的觀察家和快捷的學(xué)習(xí)者，它們對其他生物（包括研究人員）的意圖感 覺非常敏銳，并且善于躲開它們。分句 1. they are astute about the intentions of other creatures , including researchers分句 2. and adept at avoiding them .1 和 2 是并列。句子開頭的 “keen observers and quick learners” 是主語 they的同位語。31. these researchers have sought to demonstrate th