有關(guān)熱電偶測(cè)量的中英文翻譯資料

1、利用熱電偶測(cè)量50噸金屬陶瓷鋯硼化物端蓋轉(zhuǎn)爐中的金屬均值溫度鋼的質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量在轉(zhuǎn)爐冶煉過(guò)程中的生產(chǎn)效率取決于對(duì)金屬的溫度控制程度。因此，在整個(gè)流程中必需控制實(shí)時(shí)溫度。用熱電偶測(cè)量溫度是測(cè)量液態(tài)金屬溫度最有效的方法。熱電偶測(cè)試在工業(yè)條件下的一個(gè)50噸轉(zhuǎn)爐中進(jìn)行熱電偶測(cè)試，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)計(jì)量特性最穩(wěn)定的熱電偶是pr30 / 6熱電偶。所有后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)，與此熱電偶有關(guān)。為了防止液態(tài)金屬破壞熱電偶，我們使用三層氣密端蓋。三層氣密端蓋是用耐熱鋯硼化物制作的。鋯硼化物端蓋耐久性由化學(xué)作用而產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì)對(duì)它們的腐蝕和流動(dòng)金屬流動(dòng)的侵蝕造成的磨損所決定。它們的高耐火度和化學(xué)性質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定性是由化合物中的強(qiáng)化學(xué)鍵和價(jià)電子所決定。

2、其中硼化物由是內(nèi)部元素的原子中不完整電子層的電子和晶體晶格中的硼原子組成。，許多的氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐鋯硼化物端蓋損耗嚴(yán)重，因?yàn)橛蟹蔷鶆蚣訜峤饘伲狗磻?yīng)區(qū)溫度可能會(huì)超過(guò)2500。在這種流動(dòng)的狀態(tài)下，它有時(shí)可能使帶有硼化物端蓋的轉(zhuǎn)換器與金屬渣進(jìn)行接觸。該轉(zhuǎn)換器產(chǎn)生的爐渣含有氧化亞鐵（feo），它構(gòu)成了中間化合物，在轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中金屬里面大量的雜質(zhì)被空氣中氧氣氧化。被氧化的雜質(zhì)氧化性比較高而鋯及硼有還原性，在溫度為800左右鋯及硼不會(huì)被氧化，如果溫度超過(guò)1600鋯及硼會(huì)被氧化（這是在轉(zhuǎn)換器的情況下），其耐火度降低。在鋯硼化物端蓋表面，形成氧化鋯，是一種破壞臭氧層的氧化物，所以要隨時(shí)清洗，因此該端蓋的保護(hù)成為主要問(wèn)

3、題。設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換器和50噸轉(zhuǎn)爐時(shí)，應(yīng)該將熱電偶通過(guò)金屬套管固定在轉(zhuǎn)換器的低圓錐形部分內(nèi)層。在墨西哥社會(huì)環(huán)境保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)中展出了由烏克蘭和蘇維埃社會(huì)主義共和國(guó)的科學(xué)家共同開(kāi)發(fā)了新的方法，他們是通過(guò)在轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部和爐渣之間插入熱電偶的方法來(lái)避免鋯硼化物的氧化。該鋯硼化物端蓋被封裝在一個(gè)狹窄的剛玉管內(nèi)，并在剛玉管的一端，由一個(gè)蓋帽來(lái)蓋住。這種保護(hù)手段，使熱電偶在一個(gè)金屬管內(nèi)進(jìn)行測(cè)溫。在第一次實(shí)驗(yàn)中，剛玉端蓋因長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作，已經(jīng)被液態(tài)金屬所封閉。有關(guān)的疑慮是，通過(guò)剛玉端蓋液態(tài)金屬的可能進(jìn)入剛玉管而與熱電偶接觸。在第一次安裝熱電偶實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，鐵水滲透到剛玉端蓋內(nèi)，當(dāng)它凝固時(shí)，密封了剛玉管，從而自動(dòng)封裝了熱電偶。受到剛

4、玉管保護(hù)的熱電偶在安裝拆卸，高溫加熱和與含水量高的耐火粘土接觸時(shí)不會(huì)受到損壞。一塊導(dǎo)流板，一塊或兩塊以上的突起磚與端蓋兩邊的耐火磚組成結(jié)構(gòu)是為了保護(hù)剛玉管不受到損壞正如所料，在金屬液體含量較低時(shí)，金屬液體液面位于靠近轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部那里，熱電偶容易被氧化。在低于200毫米的深度這個(gè)水平時(shí)，在金屬表面持續(xù)5-8分鐘就被氧化。在320毫米的水平，持續(xù)15至19分鐘。在安裝轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部，最終使整個(gè)冶煉過(guò)程中熱電偶性能穩(wěn)定。通過(guò)建立的調(diào)查，與爐渣的化學(xué)反應(yīng)相比，液體的流動(dòng)對(duì)金屬端蓋耐久性的影響是微不足道的。該端蓋從轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部安裝到耐火磚里面減少與流動(dòng)液體的接觸，這并不能提高金屬端蓋耐久性。把熱電偶插入到

5、測(cè)試地點(diǎn)時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該確定轉(zhuǎn)換器的溫度控制在哪個(gè)層次。在轉(zhuǎn)換器對(duì)流空氣中含有氧氣的基礎(chǔ)上，我們假設(shè)液態(tài)金屬流量和金屬溫度在轉(zhuǎn)換器的外圍是均勻的，由于熱電偶的金屬管安裝在不同的位置，在冷卻添加外加劑的時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，也是在金屬溫度迅速變化，也是由溫度變低使空氣產(chǎn)生對(duì)流的過(guò)程中，熱電偶安裝在距離320和800毫米的轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部是否被氧化，該熱電偶金屬管安裝在不同深度的位置上，幾乎沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生對(duì)金屬溫度產(chǎn)生任何影響的，熱電偶安裝在靠近金屬表面有微小的冷卻補(bǔ)充作用。因此，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于有硼化物端蓋的熱電偶，安裝在50噸轉(zhuǎn)換器最合適的測(cè)量區(qū)，是距離轉(zhuǎn)換器的底部200-500毫米處。事實(shí)證明，澆注已后的鋼可能仍然存在影

6、響端蓋的爐渣。對(duì)于確定動(dòng)態(tài)誤差的測(cè)量，我們平常使用的熱電偶方法是放置在端蓋底部，使暴露于復(fù)雜的熱交環(huán)境中。冶煉過(guò)程中控制溫度，以防止溫度過(guò)高，并把金屬澆注時(shí)溫度下降一些。在此期間，溫度變化率是在10-40/min的范圍內(nèi)變化，動(dòng)態(tài)誤差將在7-30的范圍內(nèi)。但是，通過(guò)這些信息，在動(dòng)態(tài)誤差校正的理論上可以很容易地得出誤差減少到可以忽略不計(jì)。恒溫的熱電偶自由端控制具有特殊的重要性。對(duì)溫度的依賴(lài)，轉(zhuǎn)換器的外殼，在上述兩哥方面是在轉(zhuǎn)換器的操作就開(kāi)始固定。外殼溫度達(dá)到400時(shí)，第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中在自由端恒溫控制是借助的是空氣流動(dòng)，它的目的是為了在一個(gè)特殊的金屬管內(nèi)引入的空氣。后來(lái)的恒溫控制是借助了水箱冷卻方法，

7、使用一種銅合金（99.4%銅和0.6鎳）。在同一時(shí)間，在補(bǔ)償?shù)淖杂啥丝刂频臒犭娕甲杂啥藴囟入娐返碾娮柚到档?。measurement of the metal temperaturein 50-ton converters by means of thermocouplesprotected by cermet zirconium-boride end capss. m. serdyuk, m. i. korobko, s. k. sobolev,a. s. sizenko, b. k. kachur, and k. r. vlasovinstitute of automation of the

8、 state planning commission, ukr. ssr,and institute of problems in the study of materials, academy of sciences, ukr. ssrtranslated from poroshkovaya metallurgiya, no. 1 (19),pp. 91-95, january-february, 1964original article submitted september 6, 1968the quality of steel and the output and efficiency

9、 of converter production during the smelting process depend to a considerable extent on the metal temperature. therefore, continuous temperature control is necessary during the blowing-through process.measurement by means of thermocouples is considered to be the most efficient method for measuring t

10、he temperature of the liquid metal. a tungsten-molybdenum, a tungsten-molybdenum with aluminum (central scientific research institute of ferrous metallurgy), a platinorhodium-platinum, and a platinorhodium-platinum pr 30/6 thermocouple were tested during the operation of a 50-ton converter under ind

11、ustrial conditions. it was found that the most stable thermocouple with the necessary metrological characteristics was the pr 30/6 thermocouple. all the subsequent experiments were performed with this thermocouple.in order to protect the thermocouple from destruction by liquid metal, we used three-l

12、ayer gastight end caps, which were developed on the basis of heat-resistant zirconium-boride cases. the durability of zirconium-boride end caps was basically determined with respect to the chemical action which the stag exerted on them and with respect to the erosion wear caused by metal flow. it is

13、 known 1, 2 that zirconium-boride end caps can be exposed to liquid metal in martin furnaces for several hours. their high refractoriness and chemical stability in molten steels can be explained by the strong chemical bond of the compound, in which, besides valence electrons, also electrons of inter

14、nal incomplete electron shells of the elements atoms participate, and also by the structure of borides, where the frame of the crystal lattice consists of boron atoms 5.the operating conditions of zirconium-boride end caps are more severe in an oxygen converter, since there are large convection curr

15、ents of nonuniformly heated metal (local overheatings are possible), and the temperature in the reaction zone :may exceed 2500 c. as a result of this flow, it is possible that the end cap sometimes comes into contact with the converter slag carried by the metal.the converter reduction slag contains

16、a large amount of ferrous oxide feo, which constitutes the intermediate compound that transfers the oxygen from the gaseous phase to the interior of the metal for the oxidation of impurities. the slag activity with respect to oxygen is very high. zirconium and boron have an affinity to oxygen and ar

17、e actively oxidized at temperatures as low as 800 if the slag temperature exceeds 1600 c (which is the case in the converter), the end cap material, regardless of its high refractoriness, oxidizes from the surface, thus forming zro 2 and to3 oxides, which are readily washed away by the slag, during

18、which complex silicates are formed due to thepresence of sioz in the slag. as a result, the end cap dissolves in the slag until it fails mechanically in three to eight minutes. therefore, the protection of the end cap constitutes the main problem.the design of the converter proper and the caisson of

19、 the 50-ton converter are such that the thermocouple can be introduced into the metal only through the casing and the lining of the converters lower conical part (fig. 1). in* the zirconium-boride cases were developed at imss, academy of sciences, ukr. ssr, under the supervision of g. v. samsonov, c

20、orresponding member, academy of sciences, ukr. ssr.order to test the resistance of the end caps in the metal, they were inserted through the lining at the same level betweenthe bottom and the slag.the thermoelectrodes were encased in a narrow alundum tube (fig. 2), and the junction was place in an a

21、lundum end cap, which was protected by means of a zirconiumboride cap, after which the thermocouple was place in a metallic tube. after the first experiments, the alundum end cap was made longer in order to protect the thermoeouple from shorting by the metal that has penetrated the lining. the misgi

22、vings concerning the possibility of the metal escaping through the entrance opening were not justified.during the first melting after the thermocouple was installed, the molten iron penetrated the thermoeouple entrance opening, sometimes even appearing on the outside of the casing, but it solidified

23、, thereby automatically sealing the thermocouple. the metallic tube protected the thermocouple from damage during the laying and heating of the lining and also from the moisture in refractory clay.a deflector (fig. 2, 1) consisting of one or two bricks was provided above the protruding end cap in or

24、der to protect it from being damaged by a piece of brick in layingthe upper rows of lining, a piece of ore, or a piece of lime when cooling additions are introduced in the bath.as was expected, the resistance of the end pieces was greater when theywere located closer to the converters bottom where t

25、he amount of slag emulsion in the metal was lower. end caps mounted at the metal surface lasted 5-8 min. at a depth of 200 mm below this level, they lasted 15-19 min. at a level of 320 mm from the converters bottom, the end caps lasted throughout the entire smelting process.it has been established b

26、y investigations that, in comparison with the chemical action of slag, the effect of metal convection flow on the durability of end caps is negligible. the end caps fitted into the lining (fig, 1, 3) were screened from the flow by refractory brick. this did not improve their resistance.simultaneousl

27、y with testing the resistance of end caps at the insertion place, we determined the degree to which the temperature readings were representative of the temperature of the converter bath. on the basis of the converters symmetry with respect to the oxygen stream, we assumed that the convective metal f

28、low and the metal temperature were uniform along the converters perimeter. with the thermocouples installed at different levels in the metal zone, we recorded the beginning and the rate of changes in the metal temperature at the moment when the cooling admixtures were added and also the rate of temp

29、erature increase during the blowing-through process. the thermocouples were mounted at distances of 320 and 800 mm from the converters bottom.the placement of the thermocouple at different depths in the metal hardly exerted any influence on the riseof the metal temperature during the blowing-through

30、 process (fig. 3). the thermocouples installed closer to the metal surface were found to be more sensitive to the action of cooling additions. thus, it was found that, for zirconinm-boride end caps, the most suitable measurement zone in 50-ton converters is the region within 200-500 mm from the conv

31、erters bottom. the lower limit is determined by the fact that the slag that has remained after the pouring of steel may affect the resistance of the end caps. for determining the dynamic measurement error, we used the average time constant of the thermocouple, which was placed in the end cap and exp

32、osed to complex heat exchange conditions.the information on temperature is used during the second half of smelting in order to prevent overheating and to bring the metal to the assigned pouring temperature. during this period, the temperature variation rate lies within 10- 40 so that the dynamic err

33、or will be in the 7-a0 range. however, by feeding this information to a computer, a theoretical correction for the dynamic error can readily be introduced and the error reduced to a negligible quantity.thermostatic control of the thermocouples free ends is of special importance. in dependence on its heating, the converters casing, where the above ends are fastened at the beginning of the converters operation, can have a temperature of 70-150 c along the lining. at the end of operation, the casing temperature attains 400c. in the first experimen