閱讀理解技巧

1、閱讀理解技巧英語(yǔ)測(cè)試中閱讀理解部分是最讓考生緊張而又擔(dān)心的部分。它量大，難度較高。因此，閱讀理解題發(fā)揮如何決定著考生得分的高低。許多考生在做閱讀理解部分時(shí)，最大感受就是時(shí)間緊、答案選項(xiàng)迷惑性大，因而很難及時(shí)而又準(zhǔn)確地選出答案。如何在沒有足夠時(shí)間進(jìn)行深入閱讀或文章太難而看不懂的情況下進(jìn)行答題，我們?cè)诳偨Y(jié)、歸納歷年四、六級(jí)真題特點(diǎn)是基礎(chǔ)上，向考生介紹一些緊急情況下的應(yīng)試技巧。一、閱讀理解題答案項(xiàng)特征通過研究歷屆四、六級(jí)閱讀理解題，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在所列出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，也有一些普遍性規(guī)律可循。如果考生了解、熟悉并掌握了這些規(guī)律，他(她)們就可以找到做題時(shí)的第六感覺，達(dá)到所謂超常發(fā)揮的水平。如果考生來不及看

2、文章，萬般無奈下憑這些規(guī)律可以選中不少正確選項(xiàng)。(一)答案項(xiàng)中有絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣詞的一般不是正確答案項(xiàng)。這些語(yǔ)氣詞有： must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly 等。例(1) One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that _ .(1995 年6 月六級(jí)題 22)A. the difference between the employee and the employe

3、r has become insignificant.B. peoples traditional concepts about work no longer hold true.C. most people have to take part-time jobs.D. people have to change their jobs from time to time.(分析：四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，C、D 兩項(xiàng)中都含有have to，語(yǔ)氣太絕對(duì)化，一般被排除?？忌谑Ｏ聝身?xiàng)中進(jìn)行選擇，就大大降低了難度。)例（2）The main idea of this passage is that _ .(199

4、1 年6 月六級(jí)題40)Abetter use of green space facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our life.B. attention must be directed to the improvement of recreativepossibilities.C. the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years ago.D. priority must be given

5、to the development of obligatoryactivities.(分析：B、D 兩項(xiàng)中均有must be,語(yǔ)氣太絕對(duì)化，故一般被排除?？忌Y(jié)合短文內(nèi)容在剩下兩項(xiàng)中進(jìn)行選擇，命中率就極高了。)（二）選項(xiàng)中含有不十分肯定的語(yǔ)氣詞一般是正確答案項(xiàng)。這些語(yǔ)氣詞有： can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多數(shù))，more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。例（1）It can be inferred from t

6、he passage that the author believes .(1999 年6 月四級(jí)題30)AAmericans are more ambitious than people in other countriesB. in many countries success often depends on ones social statusC. American businesses are more democratic than those in othercountriesD. businesses in other countries are not as competit

7、ive as thosein America(分析：選項(xiàng)B 中often 一詞，語(yǔ)氣委婉，不十分肯定，故為答案。而其它三項(xiàng)中所表達(dá)出的語(yǔ)氣都明顯絕對(duì)化。)例(2) According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that .A. society cant provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduatesB. high school graduates do not fit the pattern of c

8、ollegeeducation?C. too many students have to earn their own livingD. college administrators encourage students to drop out（分析：答案項(xiàng)C 中有have to, 語(yǔ)氣太絕對(duì)化，故被排除。而A 項(xiàng)中cant 的語(yǔ)氣則不十分絕對(duì)化，故為答案。）（三）選項(xiàng)中照抄原文的一般不是答案項(xiàng)，而同義替換的一般是選項(xiàng)。例（1）According to Dr. David, Americans .(1993 年6 月六級(jí)題32)Aare ideally vigorous even under

9、the pressure of lifeB. often neglect the unsequences of sleep deficitC. do not know how to relax themselves properlyD. can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep(分析：答案項(xiàng)中A、D 兩項(xiàng)基本上是原文中句子的原現(xiàn)，故被排除。B 項(xiàng)中有often 一詞，語(yǔ)氣委婉，不十肯定，故為答案。)例（2）According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?(1996 年1 月六級(jí)題35

10、)AFuture man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and bloodB. Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a manC. The reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of manD. Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter. （分析：A 項(xiàng)句子基本上是原文詞句，C 項(xiàng)中有already 一

11、詞，語(yǔ)氣太絕對(duì)化，故A、C 兩項(xiàng)被排除。剩下B、D 兩項(xiàng)，而D 項(xiàng)中有不十分肯定語(yǔ)氣詞may not,故選D。）（四）較全面、有針對(duì)性地表達(dá)文章中心思想的，選項(xiàng)一般是答案項(xiàng)。例（1）which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? (1996 年1 月六級(jí)題25)AMusical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replaced by computers.B. Music cant be passed on to

12、 future generations unless its recorded.C. Folk songs cant be spread for unless they are printed on music sheet.D. the development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.(分析：根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容可以看出，A、B、C 三項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容都只是從某一個(gè)方面闡述了一種觀點(diǎn)，而D 項(xiàng)句子所表達(dá)的意思就較全面，高度囊括了全篇短文的主旨。)例（2）The first paragraph is mainly a

13、bout . (1991 年6 月六級(jí)題22)Athe teenagers criticism of their parentsB. misunderstandings between teenagers and their parentsC. the dominance of the parents over their childrenD. the teenagers ability to deal with crisis(分析：短文意思是講年青人有時(shí)批評(píng)、責(zé)備其父母，認(rèn)為父母對(duì)他們間誤解負(fù)大部分責(zé)任是自然的事。而B 項(xiàng)意思是年青人和父母間的誤解；C 項(xiàng)意思是父母對(duì)他們孩子的統(tǒng)治；D 項(xiàng)指

14、年輕人處理危機(jī)的能力。根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，可以明確看出，B、C、D 三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容都是從三個(gè)方面來論述短文觀點(diǎn)的，而A 項(xiàng)則較全面地、有針對(duì)性地表達(dá)了文章的中心意思，故為答案。)（五）選項(xiàng)中表達(dá)意義較具體的、膚淺的（字面意思）一般不是答案項(xiàng)，而概括性的、抽象的、含義深刻的是答案項(xiàng)。例（1）The population in the 21st century, according to the writer .A. will be smaller than a few years agoB. will not be as small as people expectC. will prove to be a

15、 threat to the worldD. will not constitute as serious a problem as expected(分析：選項(xiàng)A、B 中都有small 一詞，該詞在文中出現(xiàn)過，因而總覺膚淺，是字面之意。C 項(xiàng)明顯與文章不符，而D 項(xiàng)表達(dá)的意義比small 要深刻得多。)例（2）From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one . (1990 年1 月六級(jí)題)Ato be more successful in his careerB. to solve technical problemsC

16、. to be more specialized in his fieldD. to develop his professional skill（分析：題意是從文中看出員工素質(zhì)有助于人們 .。 B 項(xiàng)題即解決技術(shù)問題；C 項(xiàng)意即深化專業(yè)；D 項(xiàng)發(fā)展職業(yè)技能。這三項(xiàng)表達(dá)的意思都比較具體，而A 項(xiàng)則概括地有深度，包括了B、C、D 三項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。）（六）選項(xiàng)中較符合常識(shí)的,易明白的一般不是選項(xiàng)；而似乎不太合理，一時(shí)較難理解的往往是正確選項(xiàng)。例（1）Advertising can persuade the consumer to buy worthless products by .(1999 年1 月

17、四級(jí)題31)A. stressing their high qualityB. unlinking him of their low priceC. maintaining a balance between quality and priceD. appealing to his buying motives(分析：題干問的是廣告會(huì)通過什么辦法能勸說顧客買那些沒用的產(chǎn)品？A 項(xiàng)意思是通過強(qiáng)調(diào)質(zhì)量，B項(xiàng)意思是使顧客意識(shí)到其產(chǎn)品價(jià)格低，C 項(xiàng)意思是既考慮到質(zhì)量又考慮到價(jià)格。這三項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的意思都是我們?cè)诳磸V告時(shí)能感受到的，生活中天天見到。故這樣的選項(xiàng)一般不是答案。而D 項(xiàng)意思是迎合了顧客購(gòu)物心理，

18、乍一看還不太明白，不好理解。而這樣的選項(xiàng)往往是正確答案。)例（2）Raising children, in the authors opinion, is . (1998 年6 月四級(jí)題32)Aa moral dutyB. a thankless jobC. a rewarding taskD. a source of inevitable pain（分析：題目問的是，依作者觀點(diǎn)，撫養(yǎng)孩子是 。 依據(jù)我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钏勊?，撫養(yǎng)孩子就是A. 一種道德責(zé)任 B.不求回報(bào)的工作。我們都覺得撫養(yǎng)孩子是人生義務(wù)，是天經(jīng)地 義的。這兩項(xiàng)太熟悉了，因而一般不是答案。而C 項(xiàng)求回報(bào)的事，似乎不太合人情味、合乎

19、常識(shí)。但這樣的選項(xiàng)就是答案。D 項(xiàng)有inevitable 一詞，語(yǔ)氣太絕對(duì)化，故排除掉。） 此外，在作者態(tài)度題中，象中立態(tài)度（neutral）一般不是選項(xiàng)，既有肯定、贊揚(yáng)性、褒義的（如positive 等），又有否定、批評(píng)、貶義的如（critical, neglect等）。一般否定性、貶義的是正確選項(xiàng)。如果沒有肯定性、贊揚(yáng)性選項(xiàng)，則批語(yǔ)性、否定性為正確選項(xiàng)，其它的為干擾項(xiàng)。在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，忽然有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)特別長(zhǎng)或特別短，則此選項(xiàng)往往是正確選項(xiàng)。在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，如果除個(gè)別字外，其他部分完全一樣，其中往往有一個(gè)是正確選項(xiàng)。None of the above往往是用作干擾項(xiàng)。而尤為請(qǐng)考生注意的是，新聞?dòng)浾?/p>

20、理解四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，正確答案項(xiàng)為D 的頻繁比較高，其次為B 項(xiàng)二、各類題型干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)新聞?dòng)浾呃斫忸}一般采用主旨大意題、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、判斷詞匯題、邏輯推理題、作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題五種形式。考生若掌握了這些題型干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)，也有助于幫助自己排除干擾項(xiàng)，做出正確地選擇。（一）主旨大意題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)。 （1）雖覆蓋全文意思，但顯得太籠統(tǒng)；（2）其內(nèi)容太窄，不能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，只是文章內(nèi)容的一部分，或只是文章內(nèi)容的一個(gè)細(xì)枝未節(jié)；（3）與文章內(nèi)容毫不相干，或與文章內(nèi)容相悖。例（1）The author write this passage to .(1995 年6 月六級(jí)題30)A. discuss the negati

21、ve aspects of being attractiveB. give advice to job-seekers who are attractiveC. demand equal rights for womanD. emphasize the importance of appearance(分析：文章中心意思是講漂亮對(duì)女性的不利影響（But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.）但B 項(xiàng)表達(dá)的意思偏離了主題（不是提供建議)，且不是對(duì)所有外貌有魁力的人而言的；C 項(xiàng)內(nèi)容太籠統(tǒng)，太寬，不是講女權(quán)平等；D 項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與

22、文章主旨相反。故選A 項(xiàng)。）（二）細(xì)節(jié)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)。 （1）與原句內(nèi)容相反；（2）與原文內(nèi)容一半相同一半不同；（3）與原句內(nèi)容相似但過于絕對(duì)化。（4）原文中根本沒提到 例（1）According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?(1996 年1 月六級(jí)題35)AFuture man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood.B. Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a manC. T

23、he reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of man?D. Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter.(分析：此題是一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。A 項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容相反，過于絕對(duì)化，原文是說由硅材料構(gòu)成的計(jì)算機(jī)可能成為一種新的智慧生命，并不是說已經(jīng)是。B 項(xiàng)內(nèi)容原文中根本沒提到。C 項(xiàng)說計(jì)算機(jī)的推理能力目前已超過人類，但原文內(nèi)容只是說到90 年代，第6 代計(jì)算機(jī)的問世，其推理能力才與人類的大腦相匹配，而不是已超過，故與原文內(nèi)容有出入。因

24、此答案是D 項(xiàng)。)（三）邏輯推理題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn) （1）不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文（句）邏輯基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理而得出了觀點(diǎn)。（2）雖然可以以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行推理，但推理過頭，概括過度。例（1）It can be inferred from the passage that earlier generations didnt realize .(1993 年6 月六級(jí)題27)A. the interdependence of water, soil and living thingsB. the importance of the proper land useC. the harmful

25、ness of soil destruction and river floodsD. the extraordinary rapid growth of population（分析：此題屬?gòu)氖聦?shí)描述的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理。短文主要講了環(huán)保是我們生活的一部分。地下水位的重要性以及保護(hù)植被對(duì)保護(hù)源頭的意義和充分利用江河中的水資源的意義。而文章開頭就提出一種觀點(diǎn)我們要著手彌補(bǔ)先輩們的錯(cuò)誤。由此可推斷出早期先輩們沒有意識(shí)到水、土地、生物之間的相互依存關(guān)系，選A 項(xiàng)。B、C 項(xiàng)推理出的觀點(diǎn)太窄，不能概括整段中心，D 項(xiàng)短文中根本沒提到。）例（2）It can be concluded from the pa

26、ssage that the introduction of electronic media into the world ofmusic .(1996 年1 月六級(jí)題24)Ahas brought about an information revolutionB. has speeded up the advent of a new generation of computersC. has given rise to new forms of music cultureD. has led to the transformation of traditional musicalinstr

27、uments(分析：短文中句電子媒體本身是信息革命（information revolution）的一部分，而A 項(xiàng)說導(dǎo)致、帶來（brought about）信息革命，屬推理過頭。文中還談到計(jì)算機(jī)本身是一種電子媒體，而這種媒體又是音樂物質(zhì)文化的一個(gè)更為重要的部分，而B 項(xiàng)加速新一代計(jì)算機(jī)的產(chǎn)生從邏輯上推不出來。D 項(xiàng)說導(dǎo)致了傳統(tǒng)樂器的變革，而文中根本沒提到traditional musical instruments屬不在事實(shí)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行揄，故錯(cuò)。因此，選項(xiàng)C 才是正確答案。)（四）觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)縱觀歷屆四、六級(jí)閱讀理解試題在考查學(xué)生揣測(cè)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度時(shí)，正確選項(xiàng)要么是肯定、贊揚(yáng)、褒義性的（

28、如positive, support, useful, interesting, admiring 等）要么是否定、批評(píng)、貶義性的（如disgust, critical, negative, disappointment 等）而又以否定、貶義性居多。所以此類題型中的中性詞（如indifferent, ambivalent, neutral, humor, disinterested, impassive）一般均為干擾項(xiàng)。由于近幾年文章都是反映與社會(huì)聯(lián)系緊密的，多為人們所擔(dān)心的現(xiàn)象，故作者對(duì)這些社會(huì)現(xiàn)象持批評(píng)態(tài)度的較多。例（1）The authors attitude toward the co

29、mmunications revolution is . (1998 年 6 月六級(jí)題25)（分析：答案是（B） critical 其它選項(xiàng)（A）positive, (C)indifferent, (D)tolerant 均為干擾項(xiàng)。）例（2）What the last paragraph tells us is the authors . (1998 年1 月六級(jí)題30)Adetailed analysis of the ways of raising poultry in BangladeshB. great appreciation of the development of poult

30、ry industry in Bangladesh.C. critical view on the development of the poultry industry inBangladeshD. practical suggestion for the improvement of the poultryindustry industry in Bangladesh.(分析：答案選C。表明作者的批語(yǔ)態(tài)度。)例（3）The authors attitude towards the speakers remarks is .(1996 年1 月四級(jí)題68)（分析：正確答案為（C）critic

31、al, 其它選項(xiàng)（A）neutral, (B)positive, (D)compromising 均為干擾項(xiàng)。）三、緊急狀況下的閱讀答題方法做好閱讀理解題，最理想的步驟是先迅速瀏覽五道題大體了解一下五道題各自提問了什么，各選項(xiàng)句是什么意思。然后帶著題干的提問略讀全文，以最快的速度掌握所閱讀材料中的主要內(nèi)容和主要觀點(diǎn)，模清五道題各自提問的內(nèi)容大體在文章的什么位置，并做些相應(yīng)的記號(hào)。接著開始逐個(gè)答題如果哪一題在略讀基礎(chǔ)上不能選出，再到文中相應(yīng)的地方進(jìn)行查讀、細(xì)讀，直至選出正確答案。五題全做完后，最后把五個(gè)選出的答案連起來看一看，檢查一下是否存在明顯的邏輯不通或相沖突。如果有，及時(shí)訂正；如果沒有，可

32、以做下一篇文章。 但是，如果考生時(shí)間實(shí)在不夠了而剩下一、兩篇還沒做，在此緊急狀況下，該如何閱讀答題呢？下面介紹一些臨門一腳的訣竅。（一）針對(duì)主旨大意題只讀段首、段尾句。一般來說，一篇文章的中心思想或某一段主題思想往往通過段首、段尾句表達(dá)出來?？忌杆僬业搅诉@些主題句，也能答題。例（1） The author writes this passage to .(1995 年6 月六級(jí)題30)A. discuss the negative aspect of being attractive.B. give advice to job-seekers who are attractiveC. dem

33、and equal rights for womanD. emphasize the importance of appearance(分析：考生若沒有時(shí)間看整個(gè)文章，但只要看到第一段最后一句話：But in the executive circle,beauty can become a liability. 第二段第一句話：While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman. 考生亦能選出正確答案項(xiàng)A。)例（2）The

34、 main idea of this passage is that .(1991 年6 月六級(jí)題40)Abetter use of greenspace facilities should be made so as toimprove the quality of our lifeB. attention must be directed to the improvement of recreativepossibilities.C. the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many

35、 years ago. D. priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities.（分析：此題主要考某一段的中心意思?？忌嗫吹搅嗽摱蔚谝痪湓挘篏reenspace facilities arecontributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. 即使沒有通讀全段，考生也應(yīng)能選出A 項(xiàng)為正確答案。）(二) 若針對(duì)舉例子、引用名人言論、特殊符號(hào)（如冒號(hào)、引號(hào)、破折號(hào)）后內(nèi)容出題，考生可只讀例子、名人言話、符號(hào)前后句內(nèi)

36、容，然后符號(hào)題。例（1）This sommers argues that . (1994 上1 月六級(jí)題28)A. older women find it hard to escape poverty.B. older women usually perform better in their jobsC. the major cause of the poverty of older women is sexismD. more people have come to believe in sexism and ageism.(分析：考生一看到題干，迅速到文章中找到Tish Sommers

37、位置C 人名開頭安母大寫，容易找到，且有雙引號(hào)引用了她的原話：When sexism meets ageism, poverty is no longer in the doorstep it moves in?？忌灰纯葱乱玫脑捈扒昂缶鋬?nèi)容，就能選出正確答案A 項(xiàng)。)例（2）According to Dr. David, Americans . (1993 年6 月六級(jí)題32)A. are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of lifeB. often neglect the consequences of sleep deficitC.

38、 do not know how to relax themselves properlyD. can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep.(分析：考生一看到此人名字，迅速?gòu)恼n文中找到，然后細(xì)讀他所說的話:people cheat on their sleep, and they dont even realize theyre doing it,says Dr. David. They think theyre key because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.只要理解了這些話，考生應(yīng)能選出B 項(xiàng)。)（三）如果題目只是針對(duì)某一段內(nèi)容而提問，考生可只看該段內(nèi)容即可答題，而不