英語寫作I期末復(fù)習

1、 英語寫作I 期末復(fù)習 1.4 常見錯誤 Common Errors n不一致 Disagreements n修飾語錯位 Misplaced Modifiers n句子不完整 Sentence Fragments n懸垂修飾語 Dangling Modifiers n詞性誤用 Misuse of Parts of Speech n指代不清 Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns n不間斷句子 Run-on Sentences n措詞毛病 Troubles in Diction n累贅 Redundancy n綜合性語言錯誤 Comprehensive Misusage

2、n中國式英語 Chinglish 一、不一致(Disagreements) n所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的 不一致、時態(tài)不一致、及代詞不一致等. 例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to . (人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么.) 剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應(yīng)改 為has ;同理，want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主 謂不一致. 改為：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) n例2. Every boy and girl in G

3、rade 6 are eager to win the contest. n不定代詞anybody, everybody, each, every, anyone, nobody, somebody等，通常都跟單數(shù)謂 語動詞。 n改為：Every boy and girl in Grade 6 is eager to win the contest. 二. 修飾語錯位(Misplaced Modifiers) n英語與漢語不同，同一個修飾語置于句子不同 的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化.對于這一 點中國學生往往沒有引起足夠的重視，因而造 成了不必要的誤解. 例1. The drivers are

4、 told to drive carefully on the radio. n剖析： on the radio位置不當. nThe drivers are told on the radio to drive carefully. n例2.The story he told at first sounded very interesting. n這個句子意思不明確，會讓人感到難以理解。 n改為：The story he told sounded very interesting at first. 三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments) n在口語中，交際雙方可借助手勢語氣上

5、下文等，不完整的句子完 全可以被理解.可是書面語就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會令意思表 達不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，筆者又想加些補充 說明時發(fā)生. n例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . n剖析：This is an example sentence of phrase fragment. 本句后 半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一 個完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語

6、，不能獨立成句. n改為：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper. n例2. My parents always afraid that I may get lost. nMany writers often forget to put in a linking verb or auxiliary verb, thus producing fragments without verbs. This is an example. n改為：My parents are always

7、afraid that I may get lost. Try to correct the following sentences: n1. You cant ring her up now. For its already midnight. nYou cant ring her up now, for its already midnight. n2. Ill meet you in the library. At four in the afternoon. nIll meet you in the library at four in the afternoon. n3. She s

8、tood by the window. And looked at the street below. nShe stood by the window and looked at the street below. n4. You ever seen her lately? n Have you ever seen her lately? 四. 懸垂修飾語(Dangling Modifiers) n所謂懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混 亂不清.例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句 中at the age of ten只點出十

9、歲時，但沒有說明” 誰”十 歲時.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個 懸垂修飾語改明確一點，全句就不那么費解了. n改為： nWhen I was ten, my grandfather died. n例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential. n剖析：句中不定式短語 “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語 不清楚. n改為： nTo do well in college, a student needs good grades. nSome participle or infin

10、itive phrases like generally speaking, Judging by, to be frank, to tell you the truth, etc are used to modifier the whole sentence. They should not be considered as dangling modifiers. 五. 詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech) n“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當動詞用；形容詞 當副詞用；名詞當動詞用等. n例1. None can negative the importance of mo

11、ney. n剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動詞。 n改為： nNone can deny the importance of money. n例2. Life is beauty, happy and difficult. 改成Life is beautiful, happy and difficult. 六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) n指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后 所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句： nMary was friendly to my sister because she wanted he

12、r to be her bridesmaid. n(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因為她要她做她的伴娘。) n讀完上面這一句話，讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結(jié)婚， 誰將當伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對象加以明 確，意思就一目了然了。這個句子可改為： nMary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. n例1. We can also know the society by serving it yourself. n剖析：句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致

13、。改為： nWe can also know society by serving it ourselves. 七. 不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences) n什么叫run-on sentence?請看下面的例句。 n例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world. n剖析：這個句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。 簡單地把它們連在一起就不妥當了。 n改為：There are many ways for us

14、to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world. n例2.You cant go home now, it is raining so heavily. n該句用逗號將表達兩個意思句子連接，在英語中是不符合 語法的，應(yīng)該將其中一個變成從句。 n改為：You cant go home now since it is raining so heavily. Revise the following sentenc

15、es: n1. I finished my work then I went to bed. n2. Vegetables are good to your health however, overeating them will also be harmful. n3. Nobody will buy these novels, they are too expensive. I finished my work, and then I went to bed. Vegetables are good to your health. However, overeating them will

16、 also be harmful. Nobody will buy these novels, because (since) they are too expensive. 八. 措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction) nDiction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當?shù)剡x用詞語的問 題，囿于教學時間緊迫，教師平時在這方面花的時間 往往極其有限，影響了學生在寫作中沒有養(yǎng)成良好的 推敲，斟酌的習慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來就用。 所以作文中用詞不當?shù)腻e誤比比皆是。 n例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture al

17、so makes pollution. n(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。) n剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤 作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不 斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。 n改為： nThe abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. 九. 累贅(Redundancy) n言以簡潔為貴。寫句子沒有一個多余的詞；寫段落沒 有一個無必要的句子。能用單詞的

18、不用詞組；能用詞 組的不用從句或句子。已經(jīng)用過的介詞或代詞不要重 復(fù)使用。 n如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. n本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語從句，我們 按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為：In spite of his laziness, I like him. n再如：For many people, they find grammar boring. n本句中主語其實已經(jīng)隱含在介詞短語中，因此可以將 此句修剪為：Many people find grammar boring.

19、十.綜合性語言錯誤(Comprehensive Misusage) n所謂“綜合性語言錯誤”，是指除了上述十種錯誤以外，還 有諸如時態(tài)，語態(tài)，標點符號，大小寫等方面的錯誤。還有 不連貫，這是指一個句子前言不對后語，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。 這也是考生常犯的毛病。 n例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. n剖析：The fresh water 與逗號后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在 數(shù)方面不一致。 n改為：Fresh water is the most important thing in the

20、 world. n例2. She hopes to spend this holiday either in Shanghai or Suzhou. nShe hopes to spend this holiday either in Shanghai or in Suzhou. Part Two: Paragraph Writing Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph 1. 段落的主題與主題句段落的主題與主題句 2. 段落的擴展段落的擴展 3. 段落的結(jié)尾段落的結(jié)尾 Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns 1

21、. 列舉法列舉法(Listing) 2. 舉例法舉例法(Exemplification) 3. 時空順序法時空順序法(Time and Space Sequence) 4. 因果分析法因果分析法(Cause and Effect) 5. 比較對照法比較對照法(Comparison & Contrast) 6. 分類法分類法(Classification) 在一個段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且在一個段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且 邏輯順序排列正確，但是如果缺乏句與句之間的恰當?shù)倪壿嬳樞蚺帕姓_，但是如果缺乏句與句之間的恰當?shù)?過渡，整個段落的連貫性仍會受到影響。一般使用合適過渡，

22、整個段落的連貫性仍會受到影響。一般使用合適 的過渡詞語來加強句與句之間的銜接或連貫。一個段落的過渡詞語來加強句與句之間的銜接或連貫。一個段落 通常由通常由“啟啟”、“承承”、“轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)”、“合合”這樣的一些環(huán)這樣的一些環(huán) 節(jié)構(gòu)成，也就是說要正確使用啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合的詞或詞節(jié)構(gòu)成，也就是說要正確使用啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合的詞或詞 組，這樣的段落才會既有統(tǒng)一性、完整性，又有連貫性。組，這樣的段落才會既有統(tǒng)一性、完整性，又有連貫性。 下面是一些常用的下面是一些常用的“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”過渡詞語：過渡詞語： Back 1.“啟啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個擴展即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一

23、個擴展 句句 at first 首 先 at present 當今 currently 最 近；現(xiàn)在 first 首先；第一 firstly 首先 first of all 首先 generally 一 般說來 generally speaking 一般說來 in the beginning 首 先 in the first place 首 先 Back 1.“啟啟”即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個擴展即開啟，開始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個擴展 句句 it is clear that 顯然 it is self-evident that 不 言而喻 lately 最近 presently 此

24、刻；現(xiàn)在 recently 最近 there is some evidence that 現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明 there is no doubt that 毫無疑問 to begin with 首先 to start with 首先 Back 2.“承承”即承接，用來承接主題句或第一個擴展句即承接，用來承接主題句或第一個擴展句 also 又；并且as a matter of fact 事實上 at the same time 同時besides 另外；此外 certainly 必然地；肯定地consequently 結(jié)果；因此 especially 特別是 for example 例如 for in

25、stance 例如from now on 從此 furthermore 此外；而且in addition 此外 in addition to 除之外in effect 事實上 in fact 事實上in other words 換言之 in particular 特別是in the same way 同樣地 indeed 確實likewise 同樣地 Back moreover 此外；而且 more than that 再者；更重要的是 no doubt 無疑 or 即；也就是說 namely 即； 也就是說 particularly 特別是 second 第二 secondly 第二 sim

26、ilarly 同樣地 so 所以 soon 不久 such as 例如 Back takefor example 以 為例 that is, 即； 也就是說 that is to say, 即； 也就是說 there are many reasons why 的原因有許多 third 第三 thirdly 第三 the most important 再者；更重要的是 truly 事實上；其實是 whats more 再者；更重要的是 whats more important 再者；更重要的是 Back although 雖然as opposed to 與相反 but 但是conversely

27、相反地 despite 盡管fortunately 幸運地 however 無論如 何；然而 in opposition to 與相反 in other words 換言之 in spite of 盡管 instead of 相反 luckily 幸運地 3.“轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折 Back 3.“轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來表示語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折 nevertheless 然而；不過 on the contrary 相反地 on the other hand 另一方 面 otherwise 不同樣 地 unfortunately 不幸地 unli

28、ke 不同于 regardless of 不管；不 顧 the differences are as follows 區(qū)別如下 whereas 然而 while 然而；另一 方面 yet 然而；但是 Back accordingly 于是 although 總之 as a consequence 因此 as a result 結(jié)果 at last 最后 at length 最后 briefly 簡言之 consequently 因此 finally 最后 hence 因此 in all 總之 in a word 簡言之 in brief 簡言之 in conclusion 最后；總之 4.“合

29、合”即合攏，總結(jié)，表示段落的結(jié)束即合攏，總結(jié)，表示段落的結(jié)束 Back in consequence 結(jié)果 in short 簡言之 in sum 總之 in summary 總之 last 最后一點 lastly 最后一點 in the last place 最后 shortly 簡言之 so 因此therefore 因此 thus 因此 to sum up 總之 to summarize 總 之 Back 例如：例如： Back 短文寫作短文寫作 1. 圖表作文圖表作文 2. 圖畫作文圖畫作文 3. 對比論述型對比論述型 4. 對策方法型對策方法型 5. 現(xiàn)象分析型現(xiàn)象分析型(包括包括:

30、問題分析型問題分析型) 6.觀點論證型觀點論證型 圖表作文預(yù)測題 More People Choosing Overseas Destinations for Their Holidays Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled More People Choosing Overseas Destinations for Their Holidays based on the statistics provided in the chart below. Plea

31、se give a brief description of the chart first and then make comments on it. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 圖畫作文預(yù)測題 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on Technology and Life. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 對比類范文對比類范文 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of The Inter