英語(yǔ)寫作I期末復(fù)習(xí)

1、 英語(yǔ)寫作I 期末復(fù)習(xí) 1.4 常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤 Common Errors n不一致 Disagreements n修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位 Misplaced Modifiers n句子不完整 Sentence Fragments n懸垂修飾語(yǔ) Dangling Modifiers n詞性誤用 Misuse of Parts of Speech n指代不清 Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns n不間斷句子 Run-on Sentences n措詞毛病 Troubles in Diction n累贅 Redundancy n綜合性語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤 Comprehensive Misusage

2、n中國(guó)式英語(yǔ) Chinglish 一、不一致(Disagreements) n所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的 不一致、時(shí)態(tài)不一致、及代詞不一致等. 例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to . (人一旦有了錢，他就能想干什么就干什么.) 剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的have應(yīng)改 為has ;同理，want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主 謂不一致. 改為：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) n例2. Every boy and girl in G

3、rade 6 are eager to win the contest. n不定代詞anybody, everybody, each, every, anyone, nobody, somebody等，通常都跟單數(shù)謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 n改為：Every boy and girl in Grade 6 is eager to win the contest. 二. 修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)位(Misplaced Modifiers) n英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同，同一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)置于句子不同 的位置，句子的含義可能引起變化.對(duì)于這一 點(diǎn)中國(guó)學(xué)生往往沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視，因而造 成了不必要的誤解. 例1. The drivers are

4、 told to drive carefully on the radio. n剖析： on the radio位置不當(dāng). nThe drivers are told on the radio to drive carefully. n例2.The story he told at first sounded very interesting. n這個(gè)句子意思不明確，會(huì)讓人感到難以理解。 n改為：The story he told sounded very interesting at first. 三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments) n在口語(yǔ)中，交際雙方可借助手勢(shì)語(yǔ)氣上

5、下文等，不完整的句子完 全可以被理解.可是書面語(yǔ)就不同了，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整會(huì)令意思表 達(dá)不清，這種情況常常發(fā)生在主句寫完以后，筆者又想加些補(bǔ)充 說(shuō)明時(shí)發(fā)生. n例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . n剖析：This is an example sentence of phrase fragment. 本句后 半部分for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一 個(gè)完整的句子，僅為一些不連貫的詞語(yǔ)

6、，不能獨(dú)立成句. n改為：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper. n例2. My parents always afraid that I may get lost. nMany writers often forget to put in a linking verb or auxiliary verb, thus producing fragments without verbs. This is an example. n改為：My parents are always

7、afraid that I may get lost. Try to correct the following sentences: n1. You cant ring her up now. For its already midnight. nYou cant ring her up now, for its already midnight. n2. Ill meet you in the library. At four in the afternoon. nIll meet you in the library at four in the afternoon. n3. She s

8、tood by the window. And looked at the street below. nShe stood by the window and looked at the street below. n4. You ever seen her lately? n Have you ever seen her lately? 四. 懸垂修飾語(yǔ)(Dangling Modifiers) n所謂懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是指句首的短語(yǔ)與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混 亂不清.例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 這句 中at the age of ten只點(diǎn)出十

9、歲時(shí)，但沒(méi)有說(shuō)明” 誰(shuí)”十 歲時(shí).按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我們把這個(gè) 懸垂修飾語(yǔ)改明確一點(diǎn)，全句就不那么費(fèi)解了. n改為： nWhen I was ten, my grandfather died. n例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential. n剖析：句中不定式短語(yǔ) “to do well in college” 的邏輯主語(yǔ) 不清楚. n改為： nTo do well in college, a student needs good grades. nSome participle or infin

10、itive phrases like generally speaking, Judging by, to be frank, to tell you the truth, etc are used to modifier the whole sentence. They should not be considered as dangling modifiers. 五. 詞性誤用(Misuse of Parts of Speech) n“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用；形容詞 當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等. n例1. None can negative the importance of mo

11、ney. n剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動(dòng)詞。 n改為： nNone can deny the importance of money. n例2. Life is beauty, happy and difficult. 改成Life is beautiful, happy and difficult. 六. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) n指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后 所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句： nMary was friendly to my sister because she wanted he

12、r to be her bridesmaid. n(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩? n讀完上面這一句話，讀者無(wú)法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰(shuí)將結(jié)婚， 誰(shuí)將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明 確，意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為： nMary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. n例1. We can also know the society by serving it yourself. n剖析：句中人稱代詞we 和反身代詞yourself指代不一致

13、。改為： nWe can also know society by serving it ourselves. 七. 不間斷句子(Run-on Sentences) n什么叫run-on sentence?請(qǐng)看下面的例句。 n例1. There are many ways we get to know the outside world. n剖析：這個(gè)句子包含了兩層完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。 簡(jiǎn)單地把它們連在一起就不妥當(dāng)了。 n改為：There are many ways for us

14、to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world. n例2.You cant go home now, it is raining so heavily. n該句用逗號(hào)將表達(dá)兩個(gè)意思句子連接，在英語(yǔ)中是不符合 語(yǔ)法的，應(yīng)該將其中一個(gè)變成從句。 n改為：You cant go home now since it is raining so heavily. Revise the following sentenc

15、es: n1. I finished my work then I went to bed. n2. Vegetables are good to your health however, overeating them will also be harmful. n3. Nobody will buy these novels, they are too expensive. I finished my work, and then I went to bed. Vegetables are good to your health. However, overeating them will

16、 also be harmful. Nobody will buy these novels, because (since) they are too expensive. 八. 措詞毛病(Troubles in Diction) nDiction 是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語(yǔ)的問(wèn) 題，囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫，教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間 往往極其有限，影響了學(xué)生在寫作中沒(méi)有養(yǎng)成良好的 推敲，斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來(lái)就用。 所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是。 n例1. The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture al

17、so makes pollution. n(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。) n剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤 作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不 斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。 n改為： nThe abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. 九. 累贅(Redundancy) n言以簡(jiǎn)潔為貴。寫句子沒(méi)有一個(gè)多余的詞；寫段落沒(méi) 有一個(gè)無(wú)必要的句子。能用單詞的

18、不用詞組；能用詞 組的不用從句或句子。已經(jīng)用過(guò)的介詞或代詞不要重 復(fù)使用。 n如：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. n本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同謂語(yǔ)從句，我們 按照上述“能用詞組的不用從句”可以改為：In spite of his laziness, I like him. n再如：For many people, they find grammar boring. n本句中主語(yǔ)其實(shí)已經(jīng)隱含在介詞短語(yǔ)中，因此可以將 此句修剪為：Many people find grammar boring.

19、十.綜合性語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤(Comprehensive Misusage) n所謂“綜合性語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤”，是指除了上述十種錯(cuò)誤以外，還 有諸如時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，大小寫等方面的錯(cuò)誤。還有 不連貫，這是指一個(gè)句子前言不對(duì)后語(yǔ)，或是結(jié)構(gòu)上不暢通。 這也是考生常犯的毛病。 n例1. The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. n剖析：The fresh water 與逗號(hào)后的it 不連貫。It 與things 在 數(shù)方面不一致。 n改為：Fresh water is the most important thing in the

20、 world. n例2. She hopes to spend this holiday either in Shanghai or Suzhou. nShe hopes to spend this holiday either in Shanghai or in Suzhou. Part Two: Paragraph Writing Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph 1. 段落的主題與主題句段落的主題與主題句 2. 段落的擴(kuò)展段落的擴(kuò)展 3. 段落的結(jié)尾段落的結(jié)尾 Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns 1

21、. 列舉法列舉法(Listing) 2. 舉例法舉例法(Exemplification) 3. 時(shí)空順序法時(shí)空順序法(Time and Space Sequence) 4. 因果分析法因果分析法(Cause and Effect) 5. 比較對(duì)照法比較對(duì)照法(Comparison & Contrast) 6. 分類法分類法(Classification) 在一個(gè)段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且在一個(gè)段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且 邏輯順序排列正確，但是如果缺乏句與句之間的恰當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬳樞蚺帕姓_，但是如果缺乏句與句之間的恰當(dāng)?shù)?過(guò)渡，整個(gè)段落的連貫性仍會(huì)受到影響。一般使用合適過(guò)渡，

22、整個(gè)段落的連貫性仍會(huì)受到影響。一般使用合適 的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)來(lái)加強(qiáng)句與句之間的銜接或連貫。一個(gè)段落的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)來(lái)加強(qiáng)句與句之間的銜接或連貫。一個(gè)段落 通常由通常由“啟啟”、“承承”、“轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)”、“合合”這樣的一些環(huán)這樣的一些環(huán) 節(jié)構(gòu)成，也就是說(shuō)要正確使用啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合的詞或詞節(jié)構(gòu)成，也就是說(shuō)要正確使用啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合的詞或詞 組，這樣的段落才會(huì)既有統(tǒng)一性、完整性，又有連貫性。組，這樣的段落才會(huì)既有統(tǒng)一性、完整性，又有連貫性。 下面是一些常用的下面是一些常用的“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)：過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)： Back 1.“啟啟”即開(kāi)啟，開(kāi)始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展即開(kāi)啟，開(kāi)始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一

23、個(gè)擴(kuò)展 句句 at first 首 先 at present 當(dāng)今 currently 最 近；現(xiàn)在 first 首先；第一 firstly 首先 first of all 首先 generally 一 般說(shuō)來(lái) generally speaking 一般說(shuō)來(lái) in the beginning 首 先 in the first place 首 先 Back 1.“啟啟”即開(kāi)啟，開(kāi)始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展即開(kāi)啟，開(kāi)始，引出主題句或引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展 句句 it is clear that 顯然 it is self-evident that 不 言而喻 lately 最近 presently 此

24、刻；現(xiàn)在 recently 最近 there is some evidence that 現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明 there is no doubt that 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn) to begin with 首先 to start with 首先 Back 2.“承承”即承接，用來(lái)承接主題句或第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句即承接，用來(lái)承接主題句或第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展句 also 又；并且as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上 at the same time 同時(shí)besides 另外；此外 certainly 必然地；肯定地consequently 結(jié)果；因此 especially 特別是 for example 例如 for in

25、stance 例如from now on 從此 furthermore 此外；而且in addition 此外 in addition to 除之外in effect 事實(shí)上 in fact 事實(shí)上in other words 換言之 in particular 特別是in the same way 同樣地 indeed 確實(shí)likewise 同樣地 Back moreover 此外；而且 more than that 再者；更重要的是 no doubt 無(wú)疑 or 即；也就是說(shuō) namely 即； 也就是說(shuō) particularly 特別是 second 第二 secondly 第二 sim

26、ilarly 同樣地 so 所以 soon 不久 such as 例如 Back takefor example 以 為例 that is, 即； 也就是說(shuō) that is to say, 即； 也就是說(shuō) there are many reasons why 的原因有許多 third 第三 thirdly 第三 the most important 再者；更重要的是 truly 事實(shí)上；其實(shí)是 whats more 再者；更重要的是 whats more important 再者；更重要的是 Back although 雖然as opposed to 與相反 but 但是conversely

27、相反地 despite 盡管fortunately 幸運(yùn)地 however 無(wú)論如 何；然而 in opposition to 與相反 in other words 換言之 in spite of 盡管 instead of 相反 luckily 幸運(yùn)地 3.“轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來(lái)表示語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來(lái)表示語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折 Back 3.“轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)”即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來(lái)表示語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折即轉(zhuǎn)折，用來(lái)表示語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折 nevertheless 然而；不過(guò) on the contrary 相反地 on the other hand 另一方 面 otherwise 不同樣 地 unfortunately 不幸地 unli

28、ke 不同于 regardless of 不管；不 顧 the differences are as follows 區(qū)別如下 whereas 然而 while 然而；另一 方面 yet 然而；但是 Back accordingly 于是 although 總之 as a consequence 因此 as a result 結(jié)果 at last 最后 at length 最后 briefly 簡(jiǎn)言之 consequently 因此 finally 最后 hence 因此 in all 總之 in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之 in brief 簡(jiǎn)言之 in conclusion 最后；總之 4.“合

29、合”即合攏，總結(jié)，表示段落的結(jié)束即合攏，總結(jié)，表示段落的結(jié)束 Back in consequence 結(jié)果 in short 簡(jiǎn)言之 in sum 總之 in summary 總之 last 最后一點(diǎn) lastly 最后一點(diǎn) in the last place 最后 shortly 簡(jiǎn)言之 so 因此therefore 因此 thus 因此 to sum up 總之 to summarize 總 之 Back 例如：例如： Back 短文寫作短文寫作 1. 圖表作文圖表作文 2. 圖畫作文圖畫作文 3. 對(duì)比論述型對(duì)比論述型 4. 對(duì)策方法型對(duì)策方法型 5. 現(xiàn)象分析型現(xiàn)象分析型(包括包括:

30、問(wèn)題分析型問(wèn)題分析型) 6.觀點(diǎn)論證型觀點(diǎn)論證型 圖表作文預(yù)測(cè)題 More People Choosing Overseas Destinations for Their Holidays Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled More People Choosing Overseas Destinations for Their Holidays based on the statistics provided in the chart below. Plea

31、se give a brief description of the chart first and then make comments on it. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 圖畫作文預(yù)測(cè)題 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on Technology and Life. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 對(duì)比類范文對(duì)比類范文 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of The Inter