中學(xué)初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法——主謂一致詳解

1、主謂一致詳解【基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)】主謂一致指“人稱”和“數(shù)”方面的一致關(guān)系。對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，往往會(huì)在掌握主語(yǔ)和隨后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的一致問(wèn)題上遇到困難。一般情況下，主謂之間的一致關(guān)系由以下三個(gè)原則支配： 語(yǔ)法一致原則 (grammatical concord) 意義一致原則 (notional concord) 就近原則 (principle of proximity) （一）語(yǔ)法一致原則 用作主語(yǔ)的名詞詞組中心詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上的一致，就是語(yǔ)法一致。也就是說(shuō)，如果名詞中心詞是單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果名詞中心詞是復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： This table is a genuine an

2、tique. Both parties have their own advantages. Her job has something to do with computers. She wants to go home. They are divorcing each other. Mary was watching herself in the mirror. The bird built a nest. Susan comes home every week-end. （二）意義一致原則 有時(shí)，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致關(guān)系取決于主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)意義，而不是語(yǔ)法上的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，這樣的一致關(guān)系

3、就是意義一致。例如： Democratic government gradually take the place of an all-powerful monarchy. A barracks was attacked by the guerilla. Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. The United States is a developed country. It is the remains of a ruined palace. The archives was lost. This pair of trousers costs fi

4、fty dollars. （三）就近原則 有時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。 例如： Either my grandsons or their father is coming. No one except his daughters agree with him. Mary and her sisters are baking a cake. Neither Richard nor I am going. 二、以集合名詞做主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 有些集合名詞，ommittee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,

5、staff,team, union等，在意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但在語(yǔ)法形式上是單數(shù)，這類名詞作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題往往遵循“語(yǔ)法一致”或“意義一致”原則。例如： The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. A council of elders governs the tribe. The present government is trying to control inflation. The school staff are expected to supervise school meals. （一）通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞 包括police,peo

6、ple, cattle, militia, vermin等，這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： The British police have only very limited powers. The militia were called out to guard the borderland. It seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes were the only living creatures in these desolate surroundings. （二）通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞，包括poultry

7、,foliage，machinery, equipment,furniture, merchandise等,這類名詞后的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 例如： Poultry is expensive at this time of year. That green foliage was restful. The merchandise has arrived undamaged. All the machinery in the factory is made in China. The suite of furniture he bought was of contemporary style. Th

8、e equipment of the photographic studio was expensive. （三）可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞,包括audience, committee, crew, family, government,jury等。 例如： The audience was/were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play. The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. The jury is/are about to announce the

9、winners. The government has/have discussed the matter for a long time. 三、a committee, etc of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞的主謂一致問(wèn)題 如果主語(yǔ)是由a committee of /a panel of /a (the) board of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成，隨后的動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。 例如： A committee of twelve men is to discuss the matter. A panel of experts has considered the situation. The board of manag

10、ers is responsible for the firm. 四、以-s結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式是在詞尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞并不是可數(shù)名詞。它們用法多樣，造成了實(shí)際使用上的困難，以下詳述了以-s結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題。 （一）以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （二）以-s結(jié)尾的游戲名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （三）以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （四）以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （五）其它以-s結(jié)尾的名詞的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （一）以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語(yǔ)

11、的主謂一致問(wèn)題,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,這類以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用作單數(shù)。 例如： Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient. The diabetes is a kind of chronic disease. Measles usually occurs in children. Phlebitis is a swollen condition of the blood vessels. （二）以-s結(jié)尾的游戲

12、名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 以-s結(jié)尾的游戲名稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用作單數(shù)。 例如： Darts is basically a easy game. Marbles is not confined to children. Skittles is not fashionable nowadays. Draughts is not very difficult to learn. 但當(dāng)Darts，Marbles等的意義為游戲器具而非游戲名稱時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： Three darts are thrown at each turn. All nine skittles were

13、brought down by the good throw. （三）以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 某些以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱，如果是國(guó)名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是單一政治實(shí)體，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作單數(shù)。 例如： The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s. In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976. 但如果是群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)

14、動(dòng)詞用作復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant. The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance. The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most splendid waterfall in the world. （四）以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 某些以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，

15、如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用作單數(shù)。 例如： Physics is a fundamental subject in science. The third world economics is promising. Acoustics studies the science of sound. Mathematics is an interesting subject. Athletics is

16、 a required course for students of all grades. 但如果這類名詞表示學(xué)科以外的其它含義，可作復(fù)數(shù)用。 例如： Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college. The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect. The economics of the project are still at issue. （五）其它以-s結(jié)尾的名詞的主謂一致問(wèn)題 A.以-s結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體名稱作主語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)中有一些通常以-s結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體

17、名詞，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trousers等，這類名詞做主語(yǔ)，如果不帶“一把”、“一副”等單位詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： Marys glasses are new. Johns trousers are black. 如果帶有單位詞， 則由單位詞決定動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例如： One pair of pincers isnt enough. Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box. B.其他以-s結(jié)尾的名詞 英語(yǔ)中還有一些以- s結(jié)尾的名

18、詞，如archives，arms,clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs, suburbs, thanks,wages這類名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security. The contents of the book are most amusing. High wages often result in high prices. My thanks

19、are sincere. 五、如果句子的主語(yǔ)是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，其主謂一致問(wèn)題通常遵循以下原則： （一）由and/both.and連接的并列主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （二）由or/nor/either.or連接的并列主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （三）主語(yǔ) + as much as,etc的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （一）由and/both.and連接的并列主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 由and/both.and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，可根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的意義決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例如： Pancakes and syrup is a tasty breakfast. The number and diversity of British

20、newspaper is considerable. Good and bad taste are inculcated by example. Fish and chips are getting very expensive. A truck and a car were in the ditch. Both Cathy and her daughter Lida have gone fishing in Canada. 當(dāng)and連接的并列名詞詞組帶有each，every,或者many a 等限定詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。 例如： Each man and each woman there

21、 is asked to help. Every flower and every bush is to be cut down. Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains. Many a boy was disappointed after seeing the film. （二）由or/nor/either.or連接的并列主語(yǔ)的主謂一致

22、問(wèn)題 由or,nor,either.or, neither.nor,not only.but also連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，隨后的動(dòng)詞形式通常按照“就近原則”處理。 例如： Neither Lucy nor Carol has any money left. Neither sleet nor snow stops him from driving his new Mercedes-Benz. Either Tina or Carol is sure to know the answer. Neither my father nor my brothers are likely to be a

23、t theater. Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were confident of victory. Not only one, but all of us are hoping to be there. Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been stolen. （三）主語(yǔ) + as much as,etc的主謂一致問(wèn)題 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有由as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等引導(dǎo)的從屬結(jié)構(gòu)，或跟有由as we

24、ll as, in addition to ,with, along with, together with, except等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)， 其后的動(dòng)詞形式取決主語(yǔ)的形式。 例如： The vessel, with its entire crew and cargo was lost. The ocean, as well as the gulf and the bay, provides good fishing. John, rather than his roommates, is to blame. Hugh,as well as his two sisters, is vacatio

25、ning in Wyoming this summer. Some of the employees as much as the manager were responsible for the failure. My husband,more than anyone else in the family, is longing to go there again. Billy, together with his sisters, was wounded in the accident. No one except two girls was late for school. 六、以表示數(shù)

26、量概念的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 數(shù)量概念分兩類：一類是確定數(shù)量，如 two years, five seconds,three kilos,等，另一類是非確定數(shù)量，如all of., some of., none of.。如果用這類表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生主謂一致問(wèn)題。 （一）以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （二）以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 （一）以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ) 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組時(shí)，如果數(shù)量概念被看做一個(gè)整體，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如果被看做組成該數(shù)量的個(gè)體，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： The treasurer conside

27、red that twenty dollars was not too much to ask. Two months is too short a time, General manager warned, we must hurry up. Three weeks is needed to complete the task. There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings. Three pints is not enough to get him drunk. A total of 50,000 new bicycles wa

28、s registered in the year. 如果作主語(yǔ)的名詞詞組是由“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+ of”詞組構(gòu)成，其動(dòng)詞形式取決于of詞組中名詞的類別。 例如： Two-thirds of the people present is against the plan. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea. Over twenty percent of the city was destroyed in the war. Forty-five percent of the doctors were woman. 兩數(shù)

29、相減或相除，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；兩數(shù)相加或相乘，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： Sixty minus seventeen leaves forty-three. Forty-two divided by six is seven. Six and eight makes/make fourteen. Six times eight is/are forty-eight. 如果主語(yǔ)由one in/one out of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 構(gòu)成，在正式語(yǔ)體中，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 例如： One in ten students has passed the examination. One out of

30、twelve bottles was left intact. （二）以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題 如果主語(yǔ)由 a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of +名詞或由“a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of+名詞” 構(gòu)成，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。 例如： A panel of us has decided to hire a boat and travel through Holland by canal. A pile of apple logs was set beside

31、the hearth. A portion of reports is deceiving. This kind of cars is rather expensive. This type of women is dangerous. That type of machines is up-to-date. 如果主語(yǔ)是由“many a +名詞 或“more than one +名詞構(gòu)成，隨后的動(dòng)詞遵循“語(yǔ)法一致”原則，用單數(shù)。 例如： Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break. Many a man has

32、 his own responsibility. More than one student has failed the exam. More than one ship was lost this year. 如果主語(yǔ)是all of, some of,none of, half of, most of,lots of,loads of ,plenty of,等表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式根據(jù) of詞組中名詞類別而定。 例如： Most of the money was recovered by Deputy Player. All of the cargo was lo

33、st. Some of the books were badly torn. None of my friends ever come to see me. Half of the building was destroied during the war. Half of the students are eager to leave now. Lots of people are waiting outside. Loads of apples have been distributed among the children. Plenty of water was prepared fo

34、r irrigation.【模擬試題】一.單項(xiàng)填空1. Would you do me the favor to carry the box for me?_.A. Not at all B. Never mind C. With pleasure D. Yes, its really sorry2. _ in or out, he always closes all the windows.A. Either B. Neither C. Whether D. Both3. Hell attend the meeting _ in Beijing next month.A. held B. t

35、o be held C. holding D. hold4. The headmaster asked his students what they _ themselves on Saturday.A. did with B. dealt with C. made up D. took up5. Such _ fine weather is _ unusual chance for us all to go for a picnic.A. a; an B. the; an C. a; the D. /；an6. There was a _ talk between Korea and The

36、 US last week.A. friend B. friendly C. friendship D. friendless7. Its too late to go to the cinema now. _, its starting to rain.A. Besides B. However C. Meanwhile D. Anyhow8. Why dont you go home?Ill do so when I _ my homework.A. shall finish B. will finish C. have finished D. finished9. My class te

37、acher as well as other teachers _ very kind to me.A. are B. is C. do D. does10. In front of my house _ to the sea.A. a river lies B. a river lie C. lie a river D. lies a river11. The man in the photo is just like your brother.Well, its _.A. a photo of my brother B. a photo of my brothersC. one of my

38、 brother D. of my brother12. Have you any trouble finding your way in Shanghai?Yes, I tried to find my way to the airport but _.A. has been lost B. get lost C. lost D. got lost13. Today, many polluted rivers _ cleaner and cleaner.A. became B. are becoming C. have become D. become14. Was it when he w

39、as a young man _ he joined the army?A. who B. what C. that D. and15. Sorry, I cant go to your party.What can _ you _ doing that?A. keep; / B. protect; from C. pretend; from D. prevent; from 二.完形填空Professional sports are very popular in the United States and they are big business. The most popular sp

40、orts are basketball, football and baseball. _16_ has its own season. And _17_ supporters. Professional teams are named for the cities _18_ they are located. When a team plays in a championship game, most people in the city _19_ the game with interest and enthusiasm. Basketball is _20_ around the wor

41、ld. Professional basketball games in the US _21_ indoors during winter months. From November to April _22_ can find a professional basketball game several nights a week in most large _23_ cities. Basketball is an American sport. It _24_ the national pastime.The game is played in the evening _25_ eve

42、ry night of the week and _26_ weekends as well. The season begins in April and _27_ in the October. Football _28_ most popular professional sport in the US. It is played on Sundays _29_ the fall from August to January. American football is different _30_ international football, _31_ Americans called

43、 soccer. Both games require _32_ and specialized skills. Professional players are very _33_. The most famous players _34_ millions of dollars for their playing skill. American best players have higher _35_ than the countrys president.16. A. Every B. Both C. Each D. All17. A. million B. millions C. m

44、illion of D. millions of18. A. when B. where C. who D. whose19. A. follow B. walk C. run D. jump20. A. well-known B. well C. known D. fame21. A. played B. is played C. plays D. are played22. A. somebody B. one C. anyone D. everybody23. A. America B. England C. American D. English24. A. was called B.

45、 has been called C. is called D. be called25. A. nearly B. close C. closely D. near26. A. at B. in C. on D. during27. A. finish B. finishing C. finished D. finishes28. A. became B. is become C. is becoming D. has become29. A. during B. while C. on D. at30. A. of B. from C. with D. about31. A. when B

46、. that C. where D. which32. A. strong B. strength C. strengthen D. stronger33. A. well pay B. good pay C. well paid D. good paid34. A. make B. had C. got D. received35. A. money B. salaries C. pay D. wage 三.閱讀理解AIt is not unusual to see your desk-mate yawn (打呵欠) as he complains that he didnt have a

47、good sleep the night before. Many teens dont get enough sleep because they have too much homework, which keeps them up at night. Some teens cannot sleep at night even when they want to.Studies show that during your teenage years, the bodys biological clock is reset, telling you to sleep later at nig

48、ht and wake up later in the morning.But changes in the body clock arent the only reason teens lose sleep. Lots of people have insomnia (失眠). The most common cause of insomnia is stress. But all sorts of things can lead to insomnia. These include physical discomfort, emotional troubles and even sleep

49、ing environment. Its common for everyone to have insomnia from time to time. But if it lasts for a month or more go and see a doctor.Some people have a condition that causes stomach acid (酸) to move backward towards the chest. This produces the uncomfortable, burning feeling called heartburn. So eve

50、n if the person doesnt notice the feelings of heartburn because he is sleeping, he may feel tired the next day.Most teens have nightmares sometimes. But, if they are frequent, a persons sleep pattern can be seriously affected. The most common cause of nightmares is emotional problems, such as stress

51、 (壓力) or anxiety. If you have them a lot, its a good idea to talk to a doctor.Doctors encourage teens to make lifestyle changes to develop good sleeping habits. You probably know that coffee can keep you awake, but did you know that playing video games or watching TV does the same?36. The main idea

52、of the first paragraph is _.A. There is a problem that teenagers cant get enough sleep.B. Sleeping problems have different causes.C. Yawning is a good way to get rid of sleep.D. Teenagers care too much for homework.37. The Teenagers biological clock _.A. easily makes teenagers lead to insomniaB. is

53、the origin of their insomniaC. provides them with plenty of time at nightD. is helpful to improve their concentration (注意力)38. What does the writer say about “nightmares”?A. It is nothing and shouldnt be taken seriously.B. It can release their stress or anxiety.C. Emotional problems are the only way

54、 to form nightmares.D. People will suffer from sleep if frequent.39. Which way can help to get rid of insomnia?A. Drinking some coffee before going to bed.B. Playing video game or watching TV from time to time.C. Turning to a doctor for help.D. Eating much medicine for insomnia BRussian tradition orders that men should kiss each other three times on the cheeks at official functions. Now, a new ruling in Moscow