外文翻譯下沉指數(shù)最小翹曲、注塑件用熱塑性田口優(yōu)化方法

1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯系 部： 機械工程系 專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化 姓 名： 學(xué) 號： 外文出處： manufacturing engineering and technologymachining 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 指導(dǎo)教師評語：該外文翻譯語言流暢通順，較準(zhǔn)確完整地翻譯了原文，所翻譯的文章塑料注塑模具及熱塑性優(yōu)化設(shè)計原理與課題發(fā)動機箱體加工件工藝設(shè)計及夾具設(shè)計原理相類似，與畢業(yè)設(shè)計課題相關(guān)聯(lián)。符合外文翻譯的要求，達到了本科畢業(yè)外文翻譯的水平。 簽名： 年 月 日注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文下沉指數(shù)最小翹曲、注塑件用熱塑性田口優(yōu)

2、化方法5 金相組織為了分析金相結(jié)構(gòu)、電流密度、溫度值,主要是改良。樣品分析、橫向組額葉組(垂直于沉積)。實現(xiàn)便捷的準(zhǔn)備,他們在方便的封裝樹脂巧言鐫刻在不同階段有硝酸、醋酸混合物。瓶子的進行每隔15,25,40,50收盤后擦拭，為了觀察事后在奧林匹斯金相顯微鏡碲-日常生活330/10以前的照片進行評論本文說是要用來制造炮彈模型作了一個差分快速成型當(dāng)熔融塑料機械(abs)的,后來,堅固,逐層貫通。每一層、擠出模具留下的螺紋直徑約0.15毫米即橫向和縱向的紗線板結(jié)inmediately后定居。因此, 它的表面可以觀察到薄線標(biāo)明的道路,然后由組長機。這些線路將作為參考顯示重復(fù)性水平鎳解決。重復(fù)性模式將

3、是一個基本要素評估注塑模具基本內(nèi)容: 表面紋理。該系列測試表1所示： 表1 檢驗系列系列ph溫度()電流密度a/mm214.20.2552.2223.90.2455.5634.00.24510.0044.00.24522.22圖3顯示系列表面樣本后首蝕刻。它顯示了差分機原產(chǎn)道路,也就是說,有一個良好的重復(fù)性。它仍無法察覺四舍五入糧食結(jié)構(gòu)。在無花果4、2系列之后第二蝕刻、可以觀察到的一條線道的方式,較前明顯減少。在無花果5 23系列和蝕刻它開始出現(xiàn)了一批糧食結(jié)構(gòu)，雖然很難遏制 這時道路. 另外,最黑暗的地方標(biāo)明含有蝕刻過程和洗滌條件不足而成。圖3 系列1(150)、蝕刻1圖4 系列2(300),

4、蝕刻2圖5 系列3(300),蝕刻2這一行為表明,工作在低電流密度、高溫、炮彈以良好的示范和再現(xiàn)了獲得粒度小,即足供所需的應(yīng)用。如果進行了分析,橫向的平面沉積它可以在所有的測試樣品和一切條件,存款增長結(jié)構(gòu)是層(圖6),什么是差強人意,雖然取得了高機械阻力不惜犧牲低延展性。這是由于質(zhì)量,首先向在場的添加劑,因為沒有洗澡磺酸鎳添加劑通常制造纖維和非層結(jié)構(gòu)9。改裝直到近空值的潤濕劑,使由于層結(jié)構(gòu)保持在任何情況下,決定對此事表明,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力消脂(allbrite習(xí)得)。在另一方面, 據(jù)測試,根據(jù)不同層結(jié)構(gòu)層厚度的計算電流密度。圖6 機橫向系列2 (600),蝕刻2.6 內(nèi)部講其中一個主要特征是要有

5、一個空殼為應(yīng)用是有一個像插入低水平內(nèi)部講。不同的測試,在不同電流密度和鍍液溫度測量系統(tǒng)做了彎落在陰極張力法。鋼鐵被用來測試與控制等方面的自由和固定(160毫米，長度寬度12.7毫米,厚度0.3毫米)。因為只有在一旁沉積金屬檢測控制機械應(yīng)變(拉伸或壓應(yīng)力)允許計算內(nèi)部講。根據(jù)stoney模型10申請被假定臥鎳厚度不夠,影響小(3微米)、在彈性的角度來看,對部分鋼鐵緊張。在所有案件中最值的測試是內(nèi)部壓力和極端條件下為50兆帕2協(xié)會最佳條件,申請所需的可接受值。最后的結(jié)論是,electrolitic浴允許在不同的條件和工作參數(shù)無明顯變化內(nèi)部講。7 測試的注塑模具試驗已進行各種代表性熱塑性材料如聚丙烯

6、、壩、高密度聚乙烯和pc、據(jù)分析和性能的零件,如注射大小,重量、抗延性僵化。拉伸力學(xué)性能測試和分析,光破壞性試驗。約500針進行這一核心,其余條件下經(jīng)受更多。一般而言,重大分歧都未察覺之間的行為樣本的核心,從加工腔,分析了一整套的材料。但是在分析photoelasticiy(圖七)據(jù)國家之間發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種不同張標(biāo)本基本上是由于在炎熱劃轉(zhuǎn)、剛度分別塑造蛀牙。這種差異說明延性差異較突出的部分材料,如聚乙烯、清澈壩六。圖7 分析光注入標(biāo)本此案為高密度聚乙烯管在所有分析化驗發(fā)現(xiàn)它是在一個較低延性標(biāo)本，所得鎳核心,量化30%左右。在這種情況下壩6價值也接近50%。8 結(jié)論經(jīng)過連續(xù)的測試和不同的條件已經(jīng)清查磺

7、酸鎳浴、已獲準(zhǔn)使用添加劑的鎳殼獲得一些機械性能的要求可以接受申請,注塑模具,也就是說,重復(fù)性好,高硬度及良好的機械阻力因而層結(jié)構(gòu)。機械不足的部分將取代鎳殼的環(huán)氧樹脂飾面,塑造核心為注塑,允許注入中型系列塑料零件可接受的質(zhì)量水平。參 考 資 料1 a.e.w. 景、丙、eselogicg.r. 貝內(nèi)特，快速原型電電芯放電加工電極,乃j. 過程. 辨識方法 (2001)110頁. 186-196. summaryplus|全文+通|以pdf(771十一)2 p.k.d.v. yarlagadda、腹腔 ilyas和pchrstodoulou、快速模具開發(fā)板材、立體畫用鎳電平版進程 j停留. 過程.

8、 辨識方法 (2001)111頁. 286-294. summaryplus|全文+通|以pdf(740十一)3 j哈特、甲沃森、電:基本上不獲認可,而是擴大了至關(guān)重要業(yè)interfinish96、14屆世界大會,伯明翰 英國,19964米棍等. ,aplicacidelelectroconformado恩臘德moldes德inyeccinfabricacin一瞥,revistaplsticosmodernos德. 84(2002)年03月 557.5 l六漢密爾頓等. ,clculos德qumicaanaltica,均有山(1989) .6 ejulve,electrodeposicinme

9、tales德,2000(e.j.s.) .7 甲沃森、解磺酸鹽鎳,鎳發(fā)展學(xué)會(1989) .8 甲沃森、增補辦法磺酸鹽鎳,鎳發(fā)展學(xué)會(1989).9 j迪尼、涂料、電鍍基板材料科學(xué)、箱內(nèi)出版物(1993年).10 萬豪 朱迪,與多晶硅微磁屈,船長報告,系形體、柏克萊加州大學(xué)，1994.附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）a technical note on the characterization of electroformed nickel shells for their application to injection molds5. metallographic structurein or

10、der to analyze the metallographic structure, the values of current density and temperature were mainly modified. the samples were analyzed in frontal section and in transversal section (perpendicular to the deposition). for achieving a convenient preparation, they were conveniently encapsulated in r

11、esin, polished and etched in different stages with a mixture of acetic acid and nitric acid. the etches are carried out at intervals of 15, 25, 40 and 50s, after being polished again, in order to be observed afterwards in a metallographic microscope olympus pme3-adl 3.3/10.before going on to comment

12、 the photographs shown in this article, it is necessary to say that the models used to manufacture the shells were made in a fdm rapid prototyping machine where the molten plastic material (abs), that later solidifies, is settled layer by layer. in each layer, the extruder die leaves a thread approx

13、imately 0.15mm in diameter which is compacted horizontal and vertically with the thread settled inmediately after. thus, in the surface it can be observed thin lines that indicate the roads followed by the head of the machine. these lines are going to act as a reference to indicate the reproducibili

14、ty level of the nickel settled. the reproducibility of the model is going to be a fundamental element to evaluate a basic aspect of injection molds: the surface texture.the tested series are indicated in table 1.table 1.tested seriesseriesphtemperature (c)current density (a/dm2)14.20.2552.2223.90.24

15、55.5634.00.24510.0044.00.24522.22fig. 3 illustrates the surface of a sample of the series after the first etch. it shows the roads originated by the fdm machine, that is to say that there is a good reproducibility. it cannot be still noticed the rounded grain structure. in fig. 4, series 2, after a

16、second etch, it can be observed a line of the road in a way less clear than in the previous case. in fig. 5, series 3 and 2 etch it begins to appear the rounded grain structure although it is very difficult to check the roads at this time. besides, the most darkened areas indicate the presence of pi

17、tting by inadequate conditions of process and bath composition.fig3 series 1 (150), etch 1.fig4 series 2 (300), etch 2.fig5 series 3 (300), etch 2.this behavior indicates that, working at a low current density and a high temperature, shells with a good reproducibility of the model and with a small g

18、rain size are obtained, that is, adequate for the required application.if the analysis is carried out in a plane transversal to the deposition, it can be tested in all the samples and for all the conditions that the growth structure of the deposit is laminar (fig. 6), what is very satisfactory to ob

19、tain a high mechanical resistance although at the expense of a low ductibility. this quality is due, above all, to the presence of the additives used because a nickel sulfamate bath without additives normally creates a fibrous and non-laminar structure 9. the modification until a nearly null value o

20、f the wetting agent gave as a result that the laminar structure was maintained in any case, that matter demonstrated that the determinant for such structure was the stress reducer (allbrite sla). on the other hand, it was also tested that the laminar structure varies according to the thickness of th

21、e layer in terms of the current density.fig6 plane transversal of series 2 (600), etch 2.6. internal stressesone of the main characteristic that a shell should have for its application like an insert is to have a low level of internal stresses. different tests at different bath temperatures and curr

22、ent densities were done and a measure system rested on cathode flexural tensiometer method was used. a steel testing control was used with a side fixed and the other free (160mm length, 12.7mm width and thickness 0.3mm). because the metallic deposition is only in one side the testing control has a m

23、echanical strain (tensile or compressive stress) that allows to calculate the internal stresses. stoney model 10 was applied and was supposed that nickel substratum thickness is enough small (3m) to influence, in an elastic point of view, to the strained steel part. in all the tested cases the most

24、value of internal stress was under 50mpa for extreme conditions and 2mpa for optimal conditions, an acceptable value for the required application. the conclusion is that the electrolitic bath allows to work at different conditions and parameters without a significant variation of internal stresses.7

25、. test of the injection moldtests have been carried out with various representative thermoplastic materials such as pp, pa, hdpe and pc, and it has been analysed the properties of the injected parts such as dimensions, weight, resistance, rigidity and ductility. mechanical properties were tested by

26、tensile destructive tests and analysis by photoelasticity. about 500 injections were carried out on this core, remaining under conditions of withstanding many more.in general terms, important differences were not noticed between the behavior of the specimens obtained in the core and the ones from th

27、e machined cavity, for the set of the analysed materials. however in the analysis by photoelasticiy (fig. 7) it was noticed a different tensional state between both types of specimens, basically due to differences in the heat transference and rigidity of the respective mold cavities. this difference

28、 explains the ductility variations more outstanding in the partially crystalline materials such as hdpe and pa 6.fig7 analysis by photoelasticity of injected specimens.for the case of hdpe in all the analysed tested tubes it was noticed a lower ductility in the specimens obtained in the nickel core,

29、 quantified about 30%. in the case of pa 6 this value was around 50%.8. conclusionsafter consecutive tests and in different conditions it has been checked that the nickel sulfamate bath, with the utilized additives has allowed to obtain nickel shells with some mechanical properties acceptable for th

30、e required application, injection molds, that is to say, good reproducibility, high level of hardness and good mechanical resistance in terms of the resultant laminar structure. the mechanical deficiencies of the nickel shell will be partially replaced by the epoxy resin that finishes shaping the co

31、re for the injection mold, allowing to inject medium series of plastic parts with acceptable quality levels.references1 a.e.w. rennie, c.e. bocking and g.r. bennet, electroforming of rapid prototyping mandrels for electro discharge machining electrodes, j. mater. process. technol. 110 (2001), pp. 186196. 2 p.k.d.v. yarlagadda,