句子成分及種類

1、句 子 成 分 & 句 子 結(jié) 構(gòu)一、 句子成分句子成分主要包括主語、 謂語、表語、 賓語、定語、狀語和補足語等。 主語和謂語是句子的必需局部 ； 賓語、表語和補足語是句子的必要局部 ；其他成分如狀語和定語，是句子的輔助局部 。有些句子還帶有感 嘆語、插入語，它們在句法上與句子其他成分不存在關(guān)系，稱為獨立成分。1. 主語: 主語是句中動作、行為、性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的主體，是一個句子談?wù)摰闹黝}。主語可以由名詞、代詞、 數(shù)詞、動詞不定式、動名詞、從句等來充當。Some people can t use the compute詞作主語 He teaches us English. 代詞作主語 Three a

2、nd five is eight. 數(shù)詞作主語 To read in bed is bad for your eyes. 不定式作主語 Eating more vegetables is good for us. 動名詞短語作主語 That you forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused me lots of trouble. 從句作主語 廣東 Do you need more time to complete the task?Yes, another ten days enough.A, isB, areC, wasD, were

3、2. 謂語: 謂語用來說明主語的行動、 動作或所處的狀態(tài)。 謂語由動詞或短語動詞充當， 一般放在主語之后。 謂語可分為簡單謂語和合成謂語。The boy speaks Japanese.簡單謂語Don t get off the busuntil it has stopped. 簡單謂語 I can play the baseball. 合成謂語 Our city becomes more beautiful. 合成謂語 3. 賓語: 賓語表示動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞、動詞不定式或起名詞作用的其他成 分充當。I bought a book. 單賓語，名詞 The news

4、surprised us. 單賓語，代詞 He told me the news about it. 雙賓語，代詞 /名詞 A friend lent some money to me. 雙賓語， 名詞/代詞We consider him an honest boy . 復(fù)合賓語 Mr. Wang always makes his classes interesting. 復(fù)合賓語 4. 表語：表語用來說明主語的特征、屬性、狀態(tài)、身份等，與前面的連系動詞一起構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)作復(fù)合謂語。My pen friend is an American boy. 名詞This book isn t n代詞He

5、 was the first to come to school yesterday. 數(shù)詞 The man looks strong. 形容詞 My father is out. 副詞 His job is to clean the school. 動詞不定式短語 The dictionary is in the bag. 介詞短語Wasting time is killing yourself. 動名詞短語 The trouble is that she has lost his phone number. 從句 5. 定語：定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的句子成分，分為前置定語和后置定語兩種。

6、1 前置定語：常用來充當前置定語的有形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格，動詞-ing 形式等。We had agood time in the park. (adj.)His father is doctor. (pro n.)She cut the meat into two pieces. (nu meral)This is a stone table. (n.)Let s put the child in theeeping bag. (v-ing)(2) 后置定語：常用來充當后置定語的有形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式、介詞短語、分詞短語和從句等。I have got something i

7、nteresting to tell every one of you. (Adj.)The trees around were cut last week. (Adv.)Would do you like something to drink ? (Infinitive)The book on the bed is mine. (Prepositi onal phrase)The model pla ne flying in the sky is made by Bill. (Prese nt participle)The woman who stands at the gate is my

8、 mother. (Subordinate clause)6. 狀語：狀語常用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。它可以表示時間、地點、程度、原因、目的、 結(jié)果等。狀語常由副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、分詞短語、從句等擔當。They are walking in the park.He was looking everywhere for Jane.She was deeply moved by the story I told her.I m sorry keep you waiting for a long time.He spoke so fast that I couldn t hear

9、 clearly what he sa id7. 補足語：補足語是用來說明主語或賓語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的一種句子成分。含有賓語補足語的句子變?yōu)?被動語態(tài)時，賓語補足語成了主語補足語。可以作為補足語的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分 詞、動詞不定式等。You must keep your bedroom clea n.He was once aga in found wan deri ng along the street.(現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補足語 )His parents made him stay at home .(動詞不定式作賓語補足語 )f He was made to stay at h

10、ome by his parents.(動詞不定式作主語補足語 )8. 同位語：對句子中某一成分作進一步解釋、說明，與其在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分即同位語。 同位語常置于被說明的詞之后。同位語由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、從句等充當。This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster .We each have a cellph one now.You may leave it to us two .We are excited about the newsthat we win the match .9. 獨立成分：在句子中插入一個詞或短語，這個詞或短語并不和其他成分發(fā)生語法關(guān)系，此

11、時這個詞或 短語就是一種獨立成分。獨立成分包括稱呼語、感慨語、插入語等。Hurry up, friends , or we ll be lat稱呼語作獨立成分)Aha ! I ve got you right here感慨語作獨立成分)By the way , what do you usually do at weekend?(插入語作獨立成分)二、句子結(jié)構(gòu)英語句子按照結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1. 簡單句：只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)的句子叫簡單句。中文名稱英文名稱英文簡稱主語+謂語動詞Subject+ verbS+V主語+謂語動詞+賓語Subject+ ve

12、rb+ objects+v+o主語+連系動詞+表語Subject +verb+ predicativeS+V+P主語+謂語動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語Subject+ in direct object+ direct objectS+V+Oi+Od主語+謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語Subject+ verb+ object +object compleme ntS+V+O+OC判斷以下句子屬于哪種簡單句的根本句型：We walked and laughed.The childre n are playi ng.Childre n ofte n sing this song.I don t know

13、what to do.My bike is n ew.He became a famous scie ntist.Mr. Wu teaches us En glish.My father bought me a new camera.We can hear some one play ing the violi n n ext door.We can keep it warm.拓展：There +be +主語+狀語英語中有一個獨特的句型叫there be結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)表示某地/某時存在某人/某物 There無意義，be是謂語動詞，它后面的名詞是主語，兩者在數(shù)上必須保持一致。句子最后為地點狀語或時

14、間狀語。There is a car in front of the house.There are many books in his school bag.2. 并列句：并列句是由并列連詞and, but, or, so等把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子。并列連詞的根本句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句。(1) 表示并列的并列連詞I help her and she helps me.伙 Both Wendy and Kate are from American.(2) 表示選擇的并列連詞The girls can go with us, or they can stay a

15、t home.伙 Either he or she is going to help us.(3) 表示因果的并列連詞The days are short, for it is now December.The boy did his homework carefully, so he n ever made any mistakes(4) 表示轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連詞It is very good, yet it can be better.He is old but he is in good health.That regi on has ple nty of n atural resources

16、 while this one has none.3. 復(fù)合句：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫做復(fù)合句。主句為句子的主體，從句不能獨立，僅用作句子的一個成分，如主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語、狀語等。We shouldn t give our children whatever they want.I ll never forget the stories that my gradma told me.He worked for a foreig n compa ny whe n he was in Sha nghai.一. 劃出以下句子中的主語 A moon cake is a

17、 delicious, round cake. I don t know if it will grow. Doi ng your homework in time is importa nt. To win the game is difficult. There are some people in our classroom. Five is not eno ugh.二. 劃出以下句子中的謂語 I saw a girl. I love you. You should work English hard. You had better take a bus. I want to give

18、you a book. 三劃出以下句子中的賓語 I saw a cat in the tree. We think you are right. My father bought me a book. We call him LaoWang. We forgot to close the window. 四劃出以下句子中的定語 That is a beautiful flower. This is my book, not your book. I have a lot of things to do. I have met the boy in that room. He has something important to say. 五劃出以下句子中的狀語 He is playing under the tree. Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The house is dirty because he didn t clean it. He buys a gift to make her happy. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 六 . 劃出以下句子中的表語 These desks are yello