Puppjx舊托福聽力PartC原文(95-04)

1、 大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng) I 生命是永恒不斷的創(chuàng)造，因?yàn)樵谒鼉?nèi)部蘊(yùn)含著過剩的精力，它不斷流溢，越出時間和空間的界限, 它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表現(xiàn)的形式表現(xiàn)出來。 泰戈?duì)?舊托福聽力Part C 2004年8月 演講1 : I d like to share with you today my experienee with a new approach to building a house. It s GdljedvEaVelop Bi it means is that as you are building a house, you try to leave the landseape f

2、eature on the land, especially the vegetation in the orig inal eon diti on. So what you are not doing is the usual practice of la nd scrap ing. By which I mean literally scrap ing or elea ning the land of any and all the orig inal pla nts. Why is the approach called En velop Build ing? Because in st

3、ead of cleari ng everythi ng away, you let your original landscape elements envelop or surround your house. Let the vegetation physical features such as hills and slopes or in teresti ng rock formati ons, con stituted a sig nifica nt part of the character of the build ing sight. The desig n of the h

4、ouse should take these features of the property into account. Actually integrating your original wild landscape with a house is not that new. The famous American architect Wright was doing it about 65 years ago. So we are in good company. Envelop Building is not as easy as it sou nds though. It s no

5、t just that you build your house and leave the land alone. By build ing, you ardaatragdy the orig in al la ndscape. But as architects, we should try to work with en vir onment, not aga inst it. A creative architect can find ways to in corporate n atural lan dscape into the overall desig n. For examp

6、le, why used the massive boulders on the side of one of the most famous houses as part of the house foun dati on? 演講2： Today we are going to talk about copyrighti ng works of art. A copyright is a proof of authorship. It protects artists aga inst some one else using their work without their permissi

7、 on. It im porta nt to remember that Un ited States Copyright Law protects artistic expressions such as paintings, but does not protect any ideas, concept, procedure or technique. In all the United States Copyright Law, Artists needed to take several steps to obtain copyright protection. The law as

8、changed in 1978 and again 1989. For artists the current law means everything they create is automatically and immediately copyrighted. They don t handto file a under the protection of the Copyright Law, any recreation of their original work such as prints are also covered by the artists copyright. F

9、urther more, any changesartists made to their original works are covered. The Law also makes it clear that when some one buys the work of art, they are not allowed to destroy or cha nge that work of art. Artists keep the copyright eve n after selling the work of art. The purchaser may buy the physic

10、al work, but the right to make prints or copies is still the artists and buyers does not automatically have any right to make and sell prints or copies of work. Although works are automatically copyrighted, artists are en couraged to register their work with Un ited States Copyright Office. Register

11、i ng art provides additi on al legal protecti on and also gives the people around the world the ability to approach the honors about licensing and purchasing right. 演講3： Today let s talk about synesthesia, that s a brain condition in which ained in a unssueaiseays. For example, a pers on with syn es

12、thesia may taste sou nds. To them, a musical n ote may taste like a pickle. Many people who have syn esthesia experience intense colors when they hear specific words. For example, they might see a flash of pink every time they hear the word “ jump” . For a long time, many scientists were unconvinced

13、 that synesthesia really exists. So in the 1990s an experitrwas done to find our for sure. Two groups were studied. One was a group of people who claim to experience colors when they heard certain words. The other was a con trolled group, people who experie nce no thi ng out of the ordinary whe n he

14、ar ing words. Each group was asked to describe the colors they thought of whe n they heard a list of spoke n words. When the test was repeated, the differe nce betwee n the two groups was startli ng. After just a week, the con trolled group gave the same an swers only a third of the time. But even a

15、 year and a half later, the synesthetic group gave the same answers 92% of the time. Clearly, this is not just a matter of memory. Scientists are still not sure just why synesthesia happens. But certain drugs are reportedly able to produce it artificially. So we all probably have bra ins with conn e

16、cti ons that could syn esthesia. It s just the conn ecti ons no rmally we used in tha 2004年5月 I 大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng) I 演講1: Today let s con sider the n eutri no and the resolves of some experime nts dow n in the 1995 at theos Alamos n ati on al laboratory in New Mexico, which bear on the n eutr ino. These resolv

17、es suggest that this little particle does in deed have mass that tiny bet to be sure but measurable by the very sen sitive in strume nts of that lab. The n eutri nos always bee nsaorigtertest ing case, though a case not un usual in the history of physics. As you know, ord in arily scie ntific observ

18、ati on precedes scie ntific theory. Ocea n tides were observed, ocean tides were explained; gravity is observed, gravity is explai ned. However, let s consider what happened in the neutrino s case. When the neutrino was proposed over sixty years ago, it was a convenient fiction. Scientists had not o

19、bsedvsuch a particle nor even as a fact. So what let them to conceive of this imaginary object? They had been writing equations about neutron decay in which the en ergy amou nts on each side of their equati ons were un equal. I n order to keep this en ergy amou nts the same on both sides of the equa

20、tions, they added little particle named neutrino and gave it precisely enough energy to balance the equations and the loan be hold years later. About thirty-five years ago real neutrinos were found. Now we have the more recent developments. Orig in ally, the n eutri no was thought not to have any ma

21、ss at all. But Los Alamos experime nts seem to disprove this premise. They indicated that neutrinos do have mass about one-millionth the mass of electron. 演講2: The forests of New England constituted both are resource and barrier for the first British settlers who reach these shores. In addition to t

22、he maples, firs, oaks and birches were white pines whose scientific name is Pinus strobus. These white pines were straight and tall, perfect for use as masts on the sailing ships of the time. Britain had used up its supply of mast trees, so is eager for this product of its you ng colony. By the firs

23、t load of masts reached Brita in in 1634 and Brita in was marveled the size of the trees, which had diameters of up to 4 feet at the wide end. For every yard of mast height, the body end n eeded to be one inch in diameter. In 1705, Britain passed a law stating that all white pines over 24 inches at

24、the body end were reserved f or the use of king s navy. Such tree; were marked by blazing the king asrow symbol on the tree with three cuts of the hatchet. These trees were selected by the surveyor gen eral, whose work often met with resista nces of coloni sts. 演講3: Now the Australia j umping spider

25、 as you can image got its name for its ability to leap. But it can swim too. What though is its ability to use try and error tactics when solving problems. Now the jumping spider attacks and eats other spide rs. It ll sit at the edge of another spiders web and attract the spider by tapping out diffe

26、rent signals to mimic the struggles of a trapped in sect and it ll keep cha nging the sig nals till successfully lured its prey out. Well, to see if the jump ing spider could lythe same problem solv ing tech ni que, try and error to un familiar situati ons, scie ntists con ducted an experime nt. The

27、y field a trap full of water and the n put some sand in the middle, like an isla nd. In betwee n the isla nd and the edge of the trap, they put a rock. When they put the spider on the island, some tried jumping to the rock, and some tried swimming. All the spiders that successfully reached the rock

28、either by jumping or by swimming use the same method to make it from the rock to the edge of the tree. If the spider failed to reach the rock, it was placed back on the island, but the next time they try to leave, spiders did opposite of whatever didnthe first time, leaping if it had swum, or swimmi

29、ng if it had leaped. So we see the spiders using the same try and error in crossing the water as they used in hun ti ng. 04年1月： 演講1: I m going to pass this piece of amber arou nd so you can see this spider trapped in side it. It-in chusisa, good exami of the in clusi ons that scie ntists are in tere

30、sted in these days. This particular piece is estimated to be about 20 milli on years old. Please be extremely careful not to drop it. Amber shatters as easily as glass. One thing I really like about amber is its beautiful golden color. Now, how does the spider get in there? Amber is really fossilize

31、d tree resin. Lots of chu nks of amber contain in sects like this one or ani mal parts like feathers or eve n pla nts. Here is how it happe ns. The resin oozes out of the tree and the spider or leaf gets in cased in it. Over milli ons and milli ons of years, the resin harde ns and fossilizes into th

32、e semiprecious stone you see here. Ambers can be found in many different places around the world. But the oldest deposits are right here in the United States, in Appalachian. It s found in several other countries, too, though right now scietstiare most interested in amber coming from the Domin cia n

33、 Republic. Because it has a great any in clusi ons, somethi ng like one in sect in clusi on for every one hun dred pieces. One possible explanation for this it that the climate is tropical and a greater variety of number of insects thrive in tropics than in other I 大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)I places. What s really int

34、eresting is the scientists are now able to recover DNA from these fossils and study the genetic matial for importa nt clues to revoluti on. 演講2: Now we ve bee n talk ing about the revoluti onary period in the Un ited States history whe n the colonies wan ted to separate from En gla nd. I d like to m

35、en ti on one point about the very famous episode from that period, a point I think is pretty releva nt eve today. I isure you remember, from when you are children, the story of Paul Revere famous horseback ride to the Massachusetts cou ntryside. In that vers ion, he sin gle- headily alerted the peop

36、le that“ the British were coming ” . We have this image of rider gallop ing along in the dark from one farm house to ano ther. And of course the story emphasized the courage of one man, made him a hero in our history books, right? But, that rather roma ntic vers ion of the story is not what actually

37、 happe ned that ni ght. In fact, that version misses the most important point entirely. Paul Revere was only one of the many riders helping deliver the message that night. Just one part of a pre-arrange plan, that was thought out well in advance in preparation for just such an emergency. I don t mea

38、ntinish Revere s role though. He was actually an important organizer and promoter of this group effort for freedom. His mid- night riders didn t just go knocking on farm house doors. They also awaken the institutions of New England. They went from town to town and engage the town leaders, the milita

39、ry commanders and volunteer groups, even church leaders, people who would the n con ti nue to spread the word. My point is that Paul Revere and his political party un derstood, probably more clearly than later generations ever have, that political institutions are there as a kind of medium for the w

40、ill of people and also to both build on and support in dividual acti on. They knew the success requires careful pla nning and orga ni zati on. The way they went about the work that ni ght made a big differe nce in the history of this cou ntry. 演講3: Let me warn you against a mistake that historians o

41、f science often make. They sometimes assume that people in the past use the same con cepts as we do. There is a won derful example that made n ews in the history of mathematics some while ago. It con cer ns an ancient Mesopotamian tablet that has some calculations on it using square numbers. The cal

42、culations look an awful lot like the calculations of the length of the sides of triangle. So that s what many historians assume they were. Best ucsihsj square this is a very sophisticated tech ni que. If the Mesopotamia ns knew how to do it, as the historia ns started thi nking that they did. Well,

43、then their math was in credibly adva need. Well, it tur ns out the idea of Mesopotamia ns use square n umbers to calculate the len gth of tria ngle s sides is probably wrong. Why? Because we discovered that Mesopotamia ns did n t know how to measi is a crucial eleme nt in the whole process of tria n

44、gle calculati ons. Appare ntly the Mesopotamia ns had a n umber of other uses for square n umbers. These other uses were importa nt but they were not used with tria ngles. And so these tablets in all likelihood were practice sheets, if you like, for doing simpler math exercises with square n umbers

45、.In all likelihood, it was the an cie nt Greeks who first calculate the len gth of tria ngle s sides using square n umbers. And this was hun dreds of years after the Mesopotamia ns 03年10月： 演講1: Today, we are going to talk about a special way some pla nts resp ond to being in vaded by pests. These pl

46、a nts react by emitt ing a chemical signal, which acts like a call for help. Let s take corn plants for example. Sometimes, caterpilla1eehsw.on the When the caterpillar saliva mixes with the chew portion ofa leaf, the plant releases a chemical scream that attracts wasps. The wasps resp ond to the si

47、g nal by flyi ng to the chewed-on leaf, and layi ng their eggs in the caterpillars. The caterpillars die in the n ext few days as the wasp offspring nourish themselves by feeding off them. Thus the corn plant prevents all its leaves from being eaten by the caterpillars. This chemical scream is speci

48、fic. It s only released after the plant has detected A甲e8rttethaltar saliva is cut by any other means does not give off the same signal, nor doesn t undamaged plant. This also explains how a wasp can find a caterpillar in a huge field of corn. Soybeans, cotton and probably many other plants use a si

49、milar type of defense against pests. By enhancing this n atural resp onse in pla nts, researchers might reduce, or some day eve n elim in ate, the n eed for chemical pesticide, which can cause ecological damage. For example, scie ntists might breed pla nts for this scream ing trait, or they might tr

50、a nspla nt specific genes to in crease the release of chemical sig nals. 演講2: Today, we are going to con ti nue our discussi on of Buddhism .In our last class, we talked about how itlike to s prac talk a little about early Buddhism, which we really don t know much about. Well, what is known is tha(b

51、1tl1Budaesmgs I 大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng) I were memorized, and passed on orally for centuries by its followers. Recently, there was an important discovery of Buddhist manuscripts that are believed to be the oldest ever found. They may be 2,100 years old. And there maybe as many as 20 of them. It expected that we wil

52、l be able to learn from them about the spread of Buddhism from prese nt day In dia in to Chi na, and throughout Asia. But the scrolls themselves have presented challenge too. They were very fragile, found rolled up in clay pots. Before they even could be looked at, they need to be dampened over nigh

53、t in fact, and then carefully flattened with tweezers. And it s not that anybody could just sit down and read them. The scrolls were written in a language that is really rare today. Only a few people are proficient at it. Considering these challenges, it easy to understand why it taken scholars so l

54、ong to examine the scrolls. 演講3: About 200 years ago, the United States economy was growing quickly, mainly because a booming trade in grain and cotton. This trade in grain and cotton went on near areas near or at the coast, or near navigable rivers. It took place there because it was so expe nsive

55、to tran sport goods over the roads that existed. They were muddy, n arrow, and hard to travel on. At that time, don forget there was only one con tin uous road that existed in the US, and it was made up of n orth to south local cou ntry roads, li nked together to make one long road. Within a short t

56、ime, the first east-to-west roads were built. They were called turnpikes. Private companies built these roads, and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them. Eve ntually, a n etwork of dirt, gravel or pla nk roadways conn ected some major cities and tow ns. But eve n these turnpike road

57、s were still very slow, and traveli ng on them was too costly for farmers. They would ve spe nt more money to move their crops tha n they got by selli ng them. So,esethsat eve n with some major improvement in roadways, farmers still had to rely on rivers to move their crops to market. 03年8月: 演講1: In

58、 my opinion, Frank Lloyd Wright was the greatest America n architect of the 20th cen tury. People who know his desig ns well point out that his roofs often leaked, his ceilings were too low, and his houses were uncomfortable. In my presentation, h owever, I ll be focus ing on the virtues of his desi

59、g ns. For what you see, it would be hard todispute that he mani pulated space extremely well, some of his smallest houses look gigantic,and he had great respect for the materials he used and also a tremendous skill for placing his build ings in harm ony with n ature.Wright er begancaree n he was you

60、 ng. He was just a tee nager whe n he helped build the chapel on his family fopepty in Wisconsin. And from there, he got hired as a draftsman by the project architect. So it was a very long career. He did at 91, while his final major work, the Guggenheim Museum, was still being built .Today, we ll c