牛津版高中英語語法不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞ppt課件

1、 非謂語動詞 語法講解I.非謂語動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)方式對照表： 及物與不及物 語態(tài)類別 時 態(tài) vt. vi.自動語態(tài)被動語態(tài) 自動語態(tài)ing 普通式普通式:(與謂語動詞同時與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生發(fā)生)makingbeing madegoing完成式完成式:(先與謂語動詞之先與謂語動詞之前發(fā)生前發(fā)生)having made(不作定語不作定語having been made(不作定語不作定語having gone(不作定語不作定語ed只需普通式只需普通式:(不強調(diào)時間不強調(diào)時間先后，只闡明緣由、條先后，只闡明緣由、條件等件等) made(表被動表被動 gone(表完成表完成inf普通式普通式:(與謂語動

2、詞與謂語動詞(幾幾乎乎)同時發(fā)生同時發(fā)生)to maketo be madeto go 完成式完成式:(先與謂語動詞之先與謂語動詞之前發(fā)生前發(fā)生)to have madeto have been madeto have gone進展式進展式:(在謂語動詞動作在謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時正在進展發(fā)生時正在進展)to be making to be going2. 2.非謂語動詞在句中可作的語法成份非謂語動詞在句中可作的語法成份 成份類別主主語語賓賓語語表表語語定定語語賓賓補補 狀 語時時間間條條件件緣緣由由目目的的結(jié)結(jié)果果方方式式退退讓讓伴伴隨隨不定式 如今分詞 過去分詞 動名詞 1.非謂語動詞大都可在

3、句中作主語、賓語、賓語補足非謂語動詞大都可在句中作主語、賓語、賓語補足語、表語、定語、狀語等語、表語、定語、狀語等.v1.To see you is glad.v =Its glad to see you. v2.I want to see you.v3.I want him to see you. v4.My hope is to see you.v5.He is the man to see you.v6.Im glad to see you.v7.I went to see you.v8.He went so early as to see you作主語作主語(作賓語作賓語作賓補作賓補(

4、作表語作表語作定語作定語作緣由狀語作緣由狀語作目的狀語作目的狀語作結(jié)果狀語作結(jié)果狀語v1.Swimming is his favourite sport. v2.He enjoys swimming. v3.I found him swimming in the river. v4.His favourite sport is swimming.v5.He is the man swimming in the river just now. v6. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.v1.This cup is broken. v2.This is a b

5、roken cup. v3.I found the cup broken.v4.Broken by Tom, the cup cant be v used.v過去分詞普通不作主語、賓語.v3.分詞的用法比較vA.在時態(tài)上v1.China is a developing countryv =a country which is developing.v2.Japan is a developed countryv =a country which has developed.v3.I found him gone.v =that he had gone.(表完成ing分詞表分詞表“進展進展ed分

6、詞表分詞表“完成完成B.在語態(tài)上，在語態(tài)上，ing分詞表分詞表“自動，自動，ed分詞表分詞表“被動被動多為及物動詞多為及物動詞v1.I saw him writing a short novel.v =that he was writing a short novel.v2.He was reading a novel written by Charles Dickens.v =which was written by Charles Dichens.v在概念上，ing.表“籠統(tǒng)、習慣,不定式表“詳細、偶爾、未來.v *Swimming (籠統(tǒng)is my favourite sport and

7、 I like swimming(習慣every day, but I dont like to swim(詳細today, I would like to swim(未來tomorrow.C.分詞的完成式普通不用來作定語，只分詞的完成式普通不用來作定語，只能用作狀語能用作狀語.vThe platform having been built will be used to v perform on. v1.The platform built will be used to perform on. v The platform which has been built will be used

8、v to perform on. v2. Having given her opinion about the building, v she left the meeting.v Having been used for a long time, the computerv needs repairing. 作定語作狀語D.ed+主句不強調(diào)時間先后主句不強調(diào)時間先后;Being ed+主句強調(diào)主句強調(diào)主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生;Having been ed+主句強主句強調(diào)時間先后如不強調(diào)時間先后可用調(diào)時間先后如不強調(diào)時間先后可用ed,普通式來替代普通式來替代. v1.Use

9、d as a means of traffic in China,the bike is very useful.v Written in simple English, the book is easy to readv2. Being used by me now,the bike cant be lent to you.v3. Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing.v Having been told several times,v 可以寫成=Told several times,he couldnt unde

10、rstand what I meant. 4.非謂語動詞的用法區(qū)別非謂語動詞的用法區(qū)別不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：v.以下動詞常用不定式作賓語：以下動詞常用不定式作賓語：v aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend,

11、manage, care, determine, afford等。等。 v 如：如：He offered to help us .v I didnt expect to find you herev They refused to accept his invitationv The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in(2)以下動詞通常用以下動詞通常用ing方式作賓語：方式作賓語：vadmit, report, appreciate, deny, explain, mention, resist, stand, s

12、top, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。等。v如如 ：1Would you mind my smoking here ? v 2 The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day v 3Good news keeps coming. v Tina suggested spending the we

13、ekend on her farmv (3)以下動詞接不定式與接以下動詞接不定式與接ing方式意義相近：方式意義相近：vlike，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等等.v e.g：I prefer making (to make) an outline before I do my oral composition v We all like playing (to play) table tennisv但也有細微區(qū)別：但也有細微區(qū)別：v*指詳細某次的行為常用不定式，指慣常的行為指詳細某次的行為

14、常用不定式，指慣常的行為常用常用ing方式方式.v如：如：I like reading books of this kind(慣常慣常行為行為)v I hate to say so，but really I cant go with you(詳細某次行為詳細某次行為)(4)以下動詞接不定式與接以下動詞接不定式與接ing方式意義不同：方式意義不同：vstop to do 停下停下(正在做的事正在做的事)去做另一件事去做另一件事 / stop doing 停下正在做的事停下正在做的事ve.g.：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag, I stopped to h

15、elp himv Hearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroomvforget to do忘記做某事忘記做某事(此事未做此事未做)/ forget doing忘記曾做過某事忘記曾做過某事(此事已做此事已做)v He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post officev Ill never forget seeing him for the first timevremember to do記得要做某事記得要做某事(此事未做此

16、事未做)/ remember doing記得某事已做過記得某事已做過(此事已做此事已做)v e.g.：I remember seeing her once somewherev You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave homevgo on to do繼續(xù)做另一件事繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing接著做同接著做同一件事一件事ve.g. ：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing somethingv AfterIfinishedm

17、yhomework,1wentontoreadthenovelvtry to do企圖想做某事企圖想做某事 try doing試著做某事試著做某事(看看看看有什么后果發(fā)生有什么后果發(fā)生)v e.g. ：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldnt listenv Lets try doing the work some other way.vmean to do (意思是意思是) 計劃做某事計劃做某事 mean doing意味著做某事意味著做某事v e.g. ：Revolution means librating the prod

18、uctive forcevSorry ,I didnt mean to hurt youvregret to do遺憾地做某事遺憾地做某事(通常后接通常后接say ,tell等動詞等動詞)/ regret doing懊悔做了某事懊悔做了某事ve.g. ：I regret to tell that you didnt pass the exam againvHe regretted having told her the bad news(5)動詞如：動詞如： (permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider) advise sb to do sthadv

19、ise doing sthvadvise sb to do sthve.g. ：The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.v Please permit me to introduce myself to you firstv You surely cant consider him to be a selfish manv My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-nightv I allowed the children to play in my room for another five

20、minutes.v* 留意：v*在imagineconsider后通常用“to be作賓語補足語。to be有時可省略。ve.g.：Youd better imagine yourself (to be) in his placevThe situation was considered (to be) pretty goodv*在consider后，作賓補不定式主要是to be，行為動詞to do那么多用to have done 方式。v 如:We all considered him to have told a lie .vadvisepermitallowadmitforbidimag

21、ineconsider doing sth.ve.g. ：The little boy admitted having broken the glassvThey shouldnt allow parking in the street ; its too narrow.vCan you imagine my being so stupid ?vI forbid smoking in my housevWe do not permit smoking in the office即時穩(wěn)定練習即時穩(wěn)定練習用所給動詞的用所給動詞的to do 或或doing 方式填空：方式填空：v1)Little T

22、om regretted _(waste) so much time playing computer games .v2)They were expecting _(get) the results of the examination.v3)Will you advise me which of them _(buy) ?v4)On the bus the young man pretended _(not see) the old woman standing beside him.having wasted to get to buy not to see v5)We all cons

23、ider John_ (be) an honest boy.v6)Our boss forbids_ (chat) during office hours .v7)The rules do not permit players _(step) out of bounds.v8)The boy begged to permit him_ (explain).v9)The young man imagined _(live) on a lonely island.v10) It was useless to forbid children _(play) here.to play living t

24、o explain to step chatting to be v11) Why have they delayed _(open) the new school ?v12) She enjoys _(practise) _(dance) before the large mirror.v13) By taking the back way, he escaped _(see).v14) Id prefer _(stay) here waiting for his arrival.v15) As the meeting was beginning , we all stopped _(tal

25、k).opening practicing being seen to stay talking dancing v16) This kind of car is nice but I cant afford _(buy) one.v17) Im sorry I forgot _(tell) you about the meeting .v18) She tried _(comfort) me by saying some funny things v19) Going on waiting here means _(waste) our time .v20) They went on _(w

26、ork) in the fields in spite of the heavy rain.working wasting comforting to tell to buy 2)如今分詞和動名詞作表語的區(qū)別：如今分詞和動名詞作表語的區(qū)別：v1如今分詞用來闡明主語的性質(zhì)，可用very 來修飾。v如：The news is surprising. (surprising 用來闡明The news 的性質(zhì).可以說very surprising .)vHis words were encouraging .(encouraging 用來闡明His words 的性質(zhì).可以說very encourag

27、ing .)v*動名詞和主語說的是同一件事，不可用very 來修飾。v如：My job is teaching English.(My job=teaching English,不可說very teaching English .)vTeaching is also learning .(Teaching =learning ,不可說very learning.)v(2)留意如今分詞和動名詞作表語與如今進展時的區(qū)別。v如：His view is very alarming (如今分詞作表語表示主語的性質(zhì))vWhat he likes to do is staying at home alone

28、 and reading .(動名詞作表語表示的是某一件事情)vHe is watching the football game on TV.(如今進展時表示某動作在進展)v*過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。v如：My bike is broken .(broken 描畫詞作表語，表示“形狀)。v My bike was broken by Jim(動詞過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，表示“動作)(3)還要留意如今分詞和過去分詞作表語在意義上的區(qū)別。v *過去分詞作表語表示人的覺得，主語通常是人。如今分詞作表語表示事物本身的特點，主語通常是事物。v如：Im interested in English(我

29、的覺得，覺得有趣. The film is interesting(電影本身的特點是使人有趣.)v類似情況還有：surprising surprised, exciting excited, tiring tired , disappointing disappointed, encouraging encouraged ，v interesting interested ，amazed amazing , bored boring , pleasing pleased, astonishing astonished.即時穩(wěn)定練習即時穩(wěn)定練習v用所給動詞的to do或doing方式填空：v1)

30、The journey was quite_(tire)v2)The story is very_We are_ in it(interest)v3、The result of the exam made me _ (disappoint)v4)This was really an _moment(excite)v5)The _boy couldnt believe his ears(astonish)即時穩(wěn)定練習即時穩(wěn)定練習v6)It was a _ storyWe didnt want to listen again(bore)v7)He seemed quite _at the idea

31、(delight)v8)The problem was quite_(press)v9)The present situation is _(encourage)v10)I was _at what she said(puzzle)4)不定式、分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別：v(1)動詞不定式作定語通常放在被修飾的名詞后面。v如：I have something important to tell youv The poor children had little to eatv它和被修飾的名詞有時有動賓關(guān)系。v如：There is some books for you to read(可看成：to

32、 read some books)vId like to get something to drink(可看成：to drink something)v假設(shè)這這個作定語的不定式是一個不及物動詞，留意不可忽略不定式短語中的副詞或介詞。v如：I need a pen to write with(可看成：to write with the pen)v She now has nothing to worry about(可看成：to worry about nothing)(2)如今分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別v*如今分詞和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。單個分詞作定語放在被修飾的名詞的前面，分詞短語放

33、在被修飾的名詞的后面。v如：A fishing boy was seen sitting at the end of the boat.v (a fishing boy =a boy who was fishing)v The soldier riding a horse was my brother v(the soldier riding a horse =the soldier who was riding a horse) v*動名詞用來闡明用途，和被修飾的名詞在邏輯上無主謂關(guān)系。動名詞作定語只能放在被修飾的名詞的前面。v如：There was only one fishing boa

34、t on the riverv (a fishing boat=a boat used for fishing)v The old man needs a walking stick when he goes outv (a walking stick=a stick used for walking)(3)不定式、如今分詞和過去分詞作定語有時在時態(tài)上有區(qū)別：v*不定式作定語表示未來的動作。v如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the riverv*如今分詞作定語表示正在進展的動作。v如：The brid

35、ge being built now is the third bridge across the riverv*過去分詞作定語表示已完成的動作。v如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river即時穩(wěn)定練習即時穩(wěn)定練習v用所給動詞的正確方式填空：v1)The man_ (question) in the police station now is a spyv2)A man_ (respect) others will be respectedv3)she can find no one _(make) fri

36、ends withv4)Is there anybody _ (answer) the question ?v5)Half of the guests _(invite) to the conference were foreigners.v6)She would be the best _(agree) the opinion v7)The matter _(discuss) is very importantv8)That is the way _(operate) the machinev9)She was then a professor _(love) by all her stud

37、entsv10)With much money _(spend)，the boy formed a bad habit5)不定式、如今分詞、過去分詞作賓補的區(qū)別：v*如今分詞作賓補和賓語在邏輯上有自動關(guān)系，強調(diào)動作在進展。v如：I saw him falling off his bike just at that moment v (看到他時他正從自行車上掉下來。)v He found himself lying on the ground when he came to himselfv (他清醒過來時正躺在地上。)v*不定式作賓補和賓語在邏輯上有自動關(guān)系，強調(diào)動作的過程。v 如：I saw

38、 him fall off his bike and hurt his left legv(看到他從自行車上掉下來，并且摔傷了腿。動作有先后，是全過程。)v They were made to work day and night v (他們被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某個時辰正在干活。)v*過去分詞作賓補和賓語在邏輯上有被動關(guān)系。v 如：I heard my name called by someonev (我的名字被叫，my name和called是被動關(guān)系。)v I felt a great weight taken off my mind.v (重擔被卸下來了，a great weig

39、ht和taken off是被動關(guān)系。)即時穩(wěn)定練習即時穩(wěn)定練習v用所給動詞的正確方式填空：v1)I meant to buy an evening paper, but I didnt see anyone _(sell) them.v2)I know that _(be) a fact.v3)Paul doesnt have to be made _(learn). He always work hard.v4)The patient was warned _(not eat) after the examine.v5)Just now I saw a man_ (walk) in the

40、street, with a little girl _(seat) on his shoulderv6)The lady loved to have her luggage _(weigh).v7 )Who did the teacher have _(clean) the blackboard just now?v8)Businesses are beginning _ (develop) new methods of reaching customers.v9)The thief was caught_ (steal) goods in the supermarket again v10

41、)-What happened to Mr. White early this morning ?v -Oh，he was seen_ (knock) down and the driver_ (drive) awayweighedcleanto developstealingknockeddrove6)不定式和如今分詞作狀語的區(qū)別： 不定式作狀語表示：緣由，結(jié)果，目的； 分詞作狀語表示：緣由，結(jié)果，時間，伴隨情況v(1)不定式和分詞表示緣由時的區(qū)別：v *不定式表示緣由通常跟在某些表示感情的描畫詞后，用來闡明產(chǎn)生這種感情的緣由。v如：I was so excited to hear the

42、news(不定式to hear the news表示激動的緣由。) vWe were surprised to see such great changes in that villagev(不定式to see such great changes in that village表示詫異的緣由。)v *分詞表示緣由時，它相當于一個緣由狀語從句。v如：Being a monitor, she takes lead in everything v (Being a monitor=As she was a monitor)v Knowing some English, he offered to

43、be an interviewer for us.v (Knowing some English= As he knew some English)v(2)不定式和分詞表示結(jié)果時的區(qū)別：v *不定式表示結(jié)果，含有沒有預料到的情況的意味。v如：I got up only to find it was raining outside (起來時沒有料到在下雨。)v He was too excited to say a word (太激動了說不出話，是沒有預料到的情況。)v*分詞表示結(jié)果包含著一種必然發(fā)生的情況。v如：His parents died，leaving him a lot of mon

44、ey(父母去世，錢留給兒子。這是自然的事。)vThe output of iron decreased by 23last year, reaching 80，000 tonsv (產(chǎn)量下降，到了80，000噸，這是必然結(jié)果。)即時穩(wěn)定練習即時穩(wěn)定練習v用所給動詞的正確方式填空：v1)-Why was the official meeting called?v-_(select) new officersv2)_(get) back my story, he refused the invitationv3) The beautiful girl tried to kill herself o

45、nly _(save)v4)When_(face)with a strong enemy, they had always retreatedv5)_(wear)out after a long walk, Henry called and said he couldnt comev6)He was said to have refused a gift from her, _(know) that it meant a bribe.v7) The president expressed his satisfaction with the co-operation,_ (add) that h

46、e had enjoyed his stay here v8)The president promised to keep all the board members_ (inform) of how the negotiations were going onv9)_(allow)to develop his talent, he could become an excellent artistv10)_(invite)to go to camping, Paul ordered a new sleeping bagknowingaddinginformedHaving been allow

47、edHaving been invited4運用非謂語動詞的本卷須知：v1)動詞不定式可以和疑問代詞或副詞when，what, where, why, who, whom, which, how一同構(gòu)v成不定式短語，但不說why to do (Why not do?，它表達一種建議，和此部分所說的to dov無關(guān)。)“疑問代詞或副詞+to do的作用相當于一個名詞性從句。v如：My teacher didnt tell me what to do next(=what I should do next)vHe said he knew how to do it(=how he should d

48、o it)vThis is the first time I have come to this dryI dont know which way to go (=which way I should go)4運用非謂語動詞的本卷須知：v2)方式主語和方式賓語v*方式主語：當作主語的不定式或動名詞短語過長，謂語部分太短，常用it作方式主語，而把真正的主語放到后面，以堅持句子的平衡。v如：It is easy to work out this problem vIt is my duty to help the people who are in trouble v*方式賓語：當作賓語的不定式或

49、動名詞短語過長，賓補部分太短，常用it作方式賓語，而把真正的賓語放到賓補后面，亦為堅持句子的平衡。v如:I found it easy to answer this question vWe think it no good giving little children too much money3)不定式符號的省略不定式符號的省略v(1)兩個不定式并列時，后一個常省去兩個不定式并列時，后一個常省去to。v I told her to stay and wait for me to come backv 但表示對比關(guān)系時，要帶但表示對比關(guān)系時，要帶to。v He hasnt decided

50、to stay at school or to go home.v(2)在以下句型中不定式符號在以下句型中不定式符號to常省去。常省去。v *Why not do?v * would rather dothan dov *Youd better do.v *do nothing but do/have nothing to do but dov(3)簡短回答中的不定式符號簡短回答中的不定式符號to后的動詞常省去，有后的動詞常省去，有時時to亦省去。亦省去。v -Would you like to have dinner with us ?v -Id love to .v(4)有些動詞后面作賓語

51、補足語的不定式不帶有些動詞后面作賓語補足語的不定式不帶to。這些。這些動詞是：動詞是：see, watch, notice，look at，hear,v listen to, feel，make，have, et等感官動詞和使等感官動詞和使役動詞。役動詞。v 這些動詞假設(shè)用于被動語態(tài)，后面的不定式要帶這些動詞假設(shè)用于被動語態(tài)，后面的不定式要帶to。v His father made him write twenty more sentencesv He was made to write twenty more sentences by his fatherv help后面作賓語補足語的不定式

52、可以帶后面作賓語補足語的不定式可以帶to。也可以。也可以不帶不帶to。v I often help( to )do housework at homev(5)被省略的不定式是作助動詞用的被省略的不定式是作助動詞用的have或或be時，要時，要保管這些助動詞。保管這些助動詞。v He is not what he used to be v -Did he tell you to attend the meeting ?v -No，I ought to have beenv4)分詞作狀語時，分詞前可加連詞表示強調(diào)。分詞作狀語時，分詞前可加連詞表示強調(diào)。v When heated, ice can

53、be changed into waterv Though tired ,I went on with the work.v While walking in the street, I saw a road accidentv5)分詞表伴隨情況，其動作和謂語動作須同時發(fā)生。分詞表伴隨情況，其動作和謂語動作須同時發(fā)生。v I had to stay in the hotel，waiting for the car to comev They stood there, listening to the broadcast v 但是假設(shè)是延續(xù)的有先后的幾個動作，就不能用分詞但是假設(shè)是延續(xù)的有先后的

54、幾個動作，就不能用分詞表伴隨情況。表伴隨情況。v He finished his work quickly, then went to the kitchen and began to cook supperv The boy fell off the tree and broke his left leg.v6)不定式、分詞和動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)：不定式、分詞和動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)：v(1)不定式不定式-to have done，to be done，v to have been donev 如今分詞如今分詞-having done, being done，v having been donev

55、 過去分詞只需一種方式過去分詞只需一種方式-done .v(2)在在plan, hope, expect, would (should) like,mean等動詞后的不定式的完成時表示沒有等動詞后的不定式的完成時表示沒有實現(xiàn)的行為。實現(xiàn)的行為。v I hoped to have seen her(But I didnt see her)v They expected to have found him in the cave(But they failed to find him) 7)不定式，如今分詞和動名詞的邏輯主語：不定式，如今分詞和動名詞的邏輯主語： (1)不定式的邏輯主語：-foro

56、f sb +to do sth 如：Its impossible for him to move such a big stone The question is too hard for a little child to answer*但表示性質(zhì)的adj (good，nice, kind, rude, polite, impolite, clever, wise, stupid,silly, foolish, right, wrong)等而用介詞of。 Its clever of him to do so Its polite of you to make room for the old

57、 man (2)動名詞的邏輯主語：-sbs +doing 如：Little Franzs being late again for the school made the teacher very angry. *但動名詞作賓語時邏輯主語可用普通格或人稱代詞的賓格，邏輯主語用普通格。 I suggested him (his) going there by taxi. Did you enjoy Zhou jielun singing at the concert?v(3) 如今分詞的邏輯主語：一分詞的獨立構(gòu)造當如今分詞的邏輯主語：一分詞的獨立構(gòu)造當分詞的動作執(zhí)行者和句子的動作執(zhí)行者不一致時，

58、分詞的動作執(zhí)行者和句子的動作執(zhí)行者不一致時，分詞前必需有本人的主語，稱為分詞的獨立構(gòu)造。分詞前必需有本人的主語，稱為分詞的獨立構(gòu)造。v Weather permitting, well have a field trip tomorrow v Mother being in，I had to stay at home to look after herv*但有些分詞作狀語屬習慣用法，分詞的邏輯主但有些分詞作狀語屬習慣用法，分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語可以不一致。語和句子的主語可以不一致。v如：如：Judging from the expression on his face, he had fa

59、iled the driving test againv Generally speaking ,girls are more careful than boys .8)留意以下幾種情況不定式的用法留意以下幾種情況不定式的用法v*在the first, the second，the last和only之后，只能用to do。v 如：He was the last to leave the classroom v*假設(shè)understand，realize, know用在begin, start, attempt, intend后，只能用to do。v 如：I began to understan

60、d the truthv*表示目的的不定式的否認式普通不用not to do,而用in order not to do或so as not to do。v 如：()In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the windowv ()Not to be seen, he came into the room through the windowv ()He came into the room through the window so as not to be seenv*so as to do普通不放在句首。v ()He