高考英語(yǔ)必備—專(zhuān)題06閱讀理解（環(huán)保類(lèi)）

1、專(zhuān)題06 閱讀理解（環(huán)保類(lèi)）【母題來(lái)源一】【2019北京卷，D】環(huán)保類(lèi)By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off

2、the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in

3、 the oceans appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to t

4、he oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects

5、changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming

6、 will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. The various patterns at the ocean surface

7、.B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.43. What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Sensitive.B. BeneficialC. SignificantD. Unnoticeable44. What can we learn from

8、 the passage?A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.B. Dutkiewiczs model aims to project phytoplankton changesC. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climateD. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.45. What is the main purpose of the passage？A. To assess

9、 the consequences of ocean colour changesB. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chainC. To explain the effects of climate change on oceansD. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文。一項(xiàng)最新研究表明，由于氣候變暖，世界海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。這一現(xiàn)象是因?yàn)橐环N叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因?yàn)楣饩€反射的作用，它們?cè)诤Ｑ蟊砻嫘纬闪宋孱伭膱D案。但是浮游植物很

10、容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響。氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)。42. B 【解析】段落大意題。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世紀(jì)末，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。結(jié)合第二段“At the heart phenomenon lie tiny marine micr

11、oorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light reflects off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration”可知，這種現(xiàn)象的核心是一種叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光線的作用下在海洋表面形成了五顏六色的圖案。海洋的顏色從綠色到藍(lán)色不等，

12、這取決于海洋的類(lèi)型和浮游植物濃度。由此可推斷出這兩段主要敘述了海洋生物是海洋顏色變化的原因。分析選項(xiàng)可知B符合題意，故選B。43. A【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞后的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”可知，氣候變暖會(huì)改變海洋的主要特征，并會(huì)影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)。由此可判斷“But phytopl

13、ankton are vulnerable to the oceans wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢(shì)的影響?？芍狝項(xiàng)正確。44. D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton

14、, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型預(yù)測(cè)，目前只有少量浮游植物的藍(lán)色區(qū)域可能會(huì)變得更藍(lán)。但是在一些水域，比如北極，氣候變暖會(huì)使浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)條件更加成熟，而這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了”。由此可推斷，浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)條件更加成熟，浮游動(dòng)植物就更多了，這些水域會(huì)變得更綠了。分析選項(xiàng)可知D項(xiàng)符合題意。45. C【解析】目的意圖題。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to

15、a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世紀(jì)末。一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，由于氣候變暖，如果不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會(huì)變得更藍(lán)、更綠。再結(jié)合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warning trendWarming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, ”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趨勢(shì)的影響，變暖改變了海洋的關(guān)鍵特征，并能影響浮游植物的生長(zhǎng)”?？芍疚?/p>

16、主要解釋氣候變化對(duì)海洋的影響。故選C。【母題來(lái)源二】 【2019天津卷，C】環(huán)保類(lèi)How does an ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one

17、eats.With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食動(dòng)物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（獵物），the two species are strongly linked；when a predator liv

18、es on various species，they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction（滅絕）of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easi

19、er to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects t

20、hroughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species-including species they did not directly attack.And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down contro

21、l by top predators to be true. In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models

22、. Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key，scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（臨界點(diǎn)），it is remarkably difficult

23、for them to return.46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？A. The living habits of species in food webs.B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.D. The differences between weak and str

24、ong links in food webs.47. A strong link is found between two species when a predator_A. has a wide food choiceB. can easily find new preyC. sticks to one prey speciesD. can quickly move to another place48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？A. The pre

25、y species they directly attack will die out.B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in

26、 Paragraph 4？A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecologica

27、l balance？A. By getting illegal practices under control.B. By stopping us from killing large predators.C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。本文介紹了借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些在食物網(wǎng)運(yùn)營(yíng)的關(guān)鍵原則?？茖W(xué)家們說(shuō)；因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越過(guò)了它的臨界點(diǎn)，它們很難再

28、回來(lái)。該系統(tǒng)將告訴我們何時(shí)適應(yīng)人類(lèi)活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)正將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，或者甚至允許我們將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從邊緣拉回來(lái)，預(yù)防是關(guān)鍵。46.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵原則。故選B。47. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的When a predator(掠食動(dòng)物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(獵物)，the t

29、wo species are strongly linked可知，當(dāng)捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個(gè)物種是緊密相連的。故選C。48. D 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動(dòng)物對(duì)它們沒(méi)有直接攻擊的其他物種的

30、種群數(shù)量有著驚人的控制，由此可推斷出，如果食物鏈頂級(jí)食肉動(dòng)物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的種群將經(jīng)歷意想不到的變化。故選D。49.A 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline可知，人類(lèi)過(guò)度的活動(dòng)會(huì)將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，由此可推斷出，不受控制的人類(lèi)活動(dòng)極

31、大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A。50. D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，早期

32、變暖系統(tǒng)發(fā)出緊急需要采取預(yù)防行動(dòng)的信號(hào)幫助我們維持生態(tài)平衡。故選D。 【母題來(lái)源三】 【2019浙江卷，C】、California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 00

33、0 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of souther

34、n California the decline was nearly 75 percent.Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded

35、 with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源).But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from

36、woodcutting or development.The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account s

37、uch things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the w

38、ater supply available to trees during the dry season.27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B. The increasing variety of California big trees.C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.D. The influence of farming on big trees in Ca

39、lifornia.28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?A. Ecological studies of forests.B. Banning woodcutting.C. Limiting housing development.D. Fire control measures.29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?A. Inadequate snowmelt.B. A long

40、er dry season.C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness of the air.30. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California SoonC. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?D. Patrick Mclntyre: Gr

41、ow More Big Trees in California【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文為說(shuō)明文，根據(jù)一項(xiàng)研究表明，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來(lái)，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹(shù)，氣候變化似乎是其主要因素。27.A 主旨大意題。在第二段中，作者用具體數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明了大樹(shù)損失在各個(gè)地區(qū)的嚴(yán)重程度，沒(méi)有任何地區(qū)幸免或不受影響，故選A。28. D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（資源

42、）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同時(shí)，使得加利福尼亞的森林里擠滿了小樹(shù)，它們與大樹(shù)爭(zhēng)奪資源，這對(duì)大樹(shù)產(chǎn)生了不利的影響，故選D。29.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, , and earlier snowmelt, 可知，造成加州水資源短缺的最大因素是氣溫的上升，以及較早的融雪，故選C。30.A 【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，自20世紀(jì)30年代以來(lái)，加州已經(jīng)失去了一半的大樹(shù)，文章分析了引起該現(xiàn)象的幾個(gè)主要因素。全

43、文圍繞“加州森林的大樹(shù)都去哪兒了”話題展開(kāi)，故選項(xiàng)A符合題意。 【命題意圖】 閱讀理解從能力的角度來(lái)講，考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力，具體地說(shuō)，就是通過(guò)閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力?！究荚嚪较颉?人與自然和諧發(fā)展”是時(shí)代的主題，生態(tài)環(huán)保的話題也越來(lái)越多地出現(xiàn)在新試題中。在命題方面有以下趨勢(shì)：|1.題材：強(qiáng)調(diào)人與自然和諧發(fā)展。2.選材：關(guān)注人、自然的生存現(xiàn)狀和未來(lái)發(fā)展。3.命題：形式多樣，突出整體理解，合理推斷?！镜梅忠c(diǎn)】 1.應(yīng)試生態(tài)環(huán)保類(lèi)題目時(shí)，在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，要重點(diǎn)突破歸納主旨大意技能，因?yàn)橥茢嗍且哉w理解為基礎(chǔ)的推斷能力。那么，怎樣歸納主旨大意？（1）尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：找

44、出每小段的主題句。主題句通常有這樣的特點(diǎn)：有一個(gè)話題（topic）；有闡述控制性概念（controlling idea）偶爾也可在一段中間；有的文章無(wú)明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中。這就需要讀者進(jìn)一步加工概括了。（2）尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。應(yīng)觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排，理解文章濃墨重筆寫(xiě)的“重心”，考慮文章組織材料及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的，分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么中心大意來(lái)安排的。（3）典型錯(cuò)誤：忽視文章的結(jié)構(gòu)；混淆了中心與支撐細(xì)節(jié)或材料的區(qū)別；忽視文章表意的傾向性；漏掉了主要的特征詞。2.怎樣正確推理判斷推理判斷試題要求考生盡量考慮文中全部信息或事實(shí)

45、，在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意，并作出正確的推理和判斷。（1）數(shù)據(jù)推斷題解答此類(lèi)題，關(guān)鍵是要善于捕捉有關(guān)數(shù)字的信息，然后在透徹理解原文的字面意義和題意的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用自己的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)，對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析、推算，從而得出正確的結(jié)論。（2）知識(shí)推斷題根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié)，運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)進(jìn)行分析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原義的結(jié)論的一種推斷方法。（3）邏輯結(jié)論推斷題根據(jù)事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料，不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛(ài)好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。解答這類(lèi)題的前提是要首先獲得短文的主題思想或列舉的具體事實(shí)，然后按題意要求進(jìn)行推斷。（4）對(duì)作者態(tài)度、傾向的推斷題作者的傾向和感情往往隱含在文章的

46、字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語(yǔ)之中，因此，在推斷過(guò)星中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭。【母題1】【湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市雅禮中學(xué)2019屆高三下學(xué)期模擬】A team of international scientists is due to set off for the worlds biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the impact of climate change in the polar regions. The scientists, led by he British Anta

47、rctic Survey( BAS), are trying to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved (崩解) away, forming a huge iceberg-A68-which is four times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the fir

48、st time. Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission.“The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge

49、 environment change,” she said. “It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.”P(pán)rofessor David Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said, “We need to be bold (大膽的) on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and theres lots of sea ice

50、in the area, but this is important science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. “Future warming may make some habitats warm. Where these habitats support unique specie

51、s that are adapted to love the cold and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.”There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic. Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the al

52、ready fast pace of the sea level rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, said, “At the current rate, the worlds ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However, it found that the process is accelerating, and mo

53、re than three quarters of the acceleration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows.1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg?A. To study how the iceberg was formed.B. To study a newly discovered ecosystem.C. To explore a new way to prevent clim

54、ate change.D. To explore the geography of the Larsen C ice shelf.2. What do the underlined words “this one” in the fourth paragraph refer to?A. The Larsen C ice shelf.B. Climate change in Antarctica.C. The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it.D. The condition of animal species in Antarctica.3.

55、What can we learn about the A68 iceberg from the text?A. It is as big as London.B. It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic.C. It will disappear in a very short time.D. It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica.4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. There is no need to worry about

56、 climate change in Antarctica.B. The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate.C. Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change.D. By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。南極地區(qū)的拉森C冰架崩解形成了一座巨大的冰山A68 iceber

57、g。冰山下面顯現(xiàn)的新的海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為科學(xué)家提供了研究未知的海洋生物的機(jī)會(huì)。1.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light.可知，科學(xué)家著急趕去世界最大的冰山是為了在其受到光照影響之前研究這座冰山下面的海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選B。2.C 【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。由第三段The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to

58、 study marine life.可知A68冰山的形成為科學(xué)家提供了研究海洋生物的獨(dú)一無(wú)二的機(jī)會(huì)，所以Professor David Vaughan認(rèn)為科學(xué)家要果敢地抓住這次機(jī)會(huì)，故this one指的是A68冰山和它下面的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C。3.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段which is four times bigger than London可知A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。由第四段Larsen C is a long way south and theres lots of sea ice in the area可知拉森C冰架位于南極地區(qū)，B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。由第一段to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.可知D選項(xiàng)正確。C選項(xiàng)在文中沒(méi)有提到。4.D 【解析】推理判斷題。由最后一段At the current rate, the worlds oceans will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of