英語語法與寫作基礎(chǔ)

1、英語語法與寫作基礎(chǔ)英語語法基礎(chǔ)一、詞性1. 名詞(noun n.)：表示人或物的名稱，man, teacher, book, music, time等。另有專有名詞如Tom, New York, Wall Street, ATM等。動(dòng)名詞也是名詞，由動(dòng)詞+ing構(gòu)成，表示某種行為，如：swimming, playing basketball, being short等。在英語中，名詞可做句子的主語、賓語、表語、定語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語。如：I love studying English in my leisure / spare / free time. （主語、賓語）Being short is

2、 not a disadvantage. （主語、表語）The railway bridge is to be reconstructed next month. （定語）We made him monitor. （賓語補(bǔ)足語）We Chinese people mean what we say. （同位語）2. 各種代詞(pronoun pron.)指代人或物，如人稱代詞he, she, us, them, 指示代詞this, that, these, 不定代詞some, any, someone, something, all, each，疑問代詞what, which等。代詞類似于名詞，

3、在英語中通常做主語、賓語，少數(shù)可以做表語、同位語、定語。What has happened to him? （主語、賓語）This is my book. Yours is over there. （定語、主語）They each / all got a birthday present. （同位語。 當(dāng)然，還有主語they也是代詞。）注意：反身代詞只能作賓語、表語、同位語，絕對(duì)不能做主語! 例如：He himself is to blame for the mistake. （同位語）He isnt himself / doesnt look / feel / seem himself to

4、day. （表語）He slipped, but didnt hurt himself. （賓語）3. 形容詞 (adjective adj./a.)形容詞的主要功能就是作定語、表語、補(bǔ)足語。如：He is said to be a handsome boy. （定語）He is tall, handsome, and above all, very intelligent. （表語）He fell down to the ground, dead. （主語補(bǔ)足語）4. 副詞 (adverbial adv./ad.)副詞通常做狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、另外一個(gè)副詞、整個(gè)句子。He plays t

5、he piano well / very well. （修飾動(dòng)詞短語plays the piano， very又修飾副詞well）She is very / really / pretty beautiful. （修飾形容詞beautiful）Surprisingly, he passed the exam at first attempt. （修飾整個(gè)句子）注意一詞多義、一詞多性現(xiàn)象：She was very ill and was rushed to hospital immediately. （形容詞，“生病的”，句中作表語）ill effects / discipline / temp

6、er / humor（形容詞，“不好的；糟糕的；有害的”，只能作前置定語）ill-equipped / ill-treat / speak ill of sb （副詞，“壞地；糟糕地”，做狀語）a cure for all the nations ills （名詞，“問題；困難”，作賓語。）The book is very good and worth reading a second time. （程度副詞，“非常地”，做狀語。）He is the very man for the job. （形容詞，“恰恰是；正是”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的意思，只能做前置定語。）He played the instr

7、ument so well that he won first prize. （副詞，“好地”）Hell get well soon. （形容詞，“身體好的；健康的”，只能作表語。）We used to get our water from a well. （名詞，“井；水井；油井；氣井）With tears welling in his eyes, she went away. （動(dòng)詞，“（液體）流出；涌出”）5. 介詞 (preposition prep.)英語中的介詞不能單獨(dú)使用，通常跟后面的賓語構(gòu)成介詞短語，一起做句子的狀語、定語、表語、補(bǔ)足語。Ill put my name on t

8、he back of the envelope. （地點(diǎn)狀語）She didnt remember the name on the back of the envelope. （后置定語）He was on holiday at the time. （表語、時(shí)間狀語）He left his keys in the dormitory. （賓語補(bǔ)足語）6. 連詞 (conjunction conj.)英語中的連詞有并列連詞和從屬連詞兩種，分別引導(dǎo)并列句和從句。并列連詞主要有and, but, or, so, for；從屬連詞引導(dǎo)從句，按功能分有引導(dǎo)狀語從句的because, since, as,

9、 although, so that等，引導(dǎo)定語從句的that, which, who, whose, when, where等，還有引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的that, who, which, whether, where等。We are making good progress, but we still have a long way to go. （引導(dǎo)并列句，表示轉(zhuǎn)折）Before I could think of a reply, she went away. （引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句）Since everybody is here, lets begin. （引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句）Who is th

10、e man that is sitting at the back? （引導(dǎo)定語從句）This is the hospital where / in which she was born. （引導(dǎo)定語從句）That no one remembered her birthday left Maria very depressed. （引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的主語從句）Im delighted that we achieved what we set out to do. （兩個(gè)從句，分別有由that和what引導(dǎo)，都是名詞性從句的賓語從句）The question is whether we can g

11、et in touch with him. （引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的表語從句）7. 動(dòng)詞 (verb v.)動(dòng)詞在英語中最復(fù)雜，有很多種分類：1）及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞2）動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞（行為動(dòng)詞）與狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞（靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，含系動(dòng)詞、結(jié)果動(dòng)詞）3）實(shí)義動(dòng)詞與助動(dòng)詞（含情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞）4）持續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞5）謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞關(guān)于動(dòng)詞用法下面還有論述，請(qǐng)參照下文。二、英語的句子成分小結(jié)1. 主語：由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、主語從句充當(dāng)I was / They were young and energetic. Who / What makes him so upset? To learn / Learni

12、ng English is easy.Who will go there / Whether or not the meeting will be held is not decided yet.2. 謂語：由謂語動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)，有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)（主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)）變化Spending money is fun. He didnt go with us for lack of money. I have been working for hours and is in need of a rest. The car must have been stolen.3. 賓語：由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、賓語從

13、句充當(dāng)I want to go home right now. I appreciate your help / your helping me. He didnt say why / when he was leaving.4. 定語：由形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、定語從句充當(dāng)，分前置定語和后置定語兩種。The small boy (sitting / seated) under the tree is Tom. The boy (who is seated / sitting) under the tree is Tom.5. 補(bǔ)足語：由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定

14、式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、介詞短語充當(dāng)，有賓語補(bǔ)足語和主語補(bǔ)足語兩種）The news made me happy / on top of the world. He was elected / made monitor. He wanted the work to be done by Friday. Wherever you go, you see KFC advertised.He was caught smoking in the workshop and was fired immediately.6. 狀語：由副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、狀語從句充當(dāng)。英語中狀語的

15、種類繁多，常見的有時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、方式狀語、原因狀語、伴隨狀語、目的狀語等。He remained seated there / throughout the party. He jumped with joy when he heard the news. To learn English well, you should read widely. Dressed in / Wearing a scarf, she looks younger.7. 表語（系動(dòng)詞be和半系動(dòng)詞之后）：由名詞、形容詞、反身代詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、介詞短語充當(dāng)He is like his father /

16、a student / handsome. The chicken smells / tastes good. He looks worried / like his father. The story sounds interesting. Something must have gone wrong.8. 同位語英語中，只有主語和賓語才可能有同位語，由名詞、少數(shù)代詞和同位語從句充當(dāng)He praised us all in class. （賓語us的同位語）They all / each got a reward. （主語they的同位語）I saw the president himsel

17、f. （賓語the president的同位語）We were all surprised at the news that he had resigned. （主語we的同位語；賓語the news的同位語從句）三、助動(dòng)詞小結(jié)助動(dòng)詞主要是幫助謂語動(dòng)詞改變形式，如否定式、疑問式、進(jìn)行式、完成式、被動(dòng)式、強(qiáng)調(diào)式等。1助動(dòng)詞has, have, had（后接過去分詞，構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)，用于肯定句、否定句、疑問句）I have finished all my homework. / Have you finished your homework? - No, I havent.She has g

18、one to Shanghai to study Chinese literature.The train had already left when she arrived at the station.2助動(dòng)詞is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, will bea) 后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式What are you doing now? - Im watching TV at home.Two boys were playing football nearby when the accident h

19、appened.I have been teaching English for more than 20 years and I know how to solve the problem.She is not working in Beijing now; she has gone to Shenzhen to seek her fortune.We will be flying over the Atlantic Ocean this time tomorrow.b) 后接過去分詞，構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)She was awarded the Nobel Prize twice in 5

20、 years.When he returned he found his house had been broken into and a lot of things (had been) stolen.The suspension bridge will be completed next month.I cant lend you my bike because it is being repaired now.3助動(dòng)詞do, does, dida) 后接動(dòng)詞原形，構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式、疑問式We dont go to school on Sunday. Do you?She doesnt

21、 work here any longer; she has moved to Shanghai.Did you go to the cinema with her last night? - No, I didnt.b) 后接動(dòng)詞原形，構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)式，常譯成“確實(shí)；的確；務(wù)必”，僅用于肯定句I did return the money to you.She does work in this school but she is now in Shanghai on business.I do believe that he is the best man for the job.Do

22、be careful next time.4情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞can/could, may/might, must, should, will/would, shall, need, ought等。情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞與上述助動(dòng)詞在用法唯一不同的是，情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞有特定的意義，表達(dá)說話人某種特定的感情，所以叫情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。Youve been working for a few hours. You must be tired.Hurry up! They must be waiting for us.I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.You neednt

23、 come if you dont want to.You neednt have hurried. There was plenty of time left.There is a knock on the door. Who can it be?I cant find my umbrella. Who can have taken it?What shall we do now?You should not have left her alone at home last night.四、非謂語動(dòng)詞小結(jié)（動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動(dòng)名詞）1動(dòng)詞不定式（帶to）、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可

24、以作狀語，但動(dòng)詞不定式（帶to）只能作目的狀語和結(jié)果狀語，其他的狀語（一般為時(shí)間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語）用分詞，其中，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。To learn English well, you should read widely. （動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語）With this, he left, never to return. （動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語）Hearing the news, he was wild with joy. （現(xiàn)在分詞作時(shí)間狀語，跟主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系）He came running towards his mother. （現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，跟主

25、語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系）She came, accompanied by her mother. （過去分詞作伴隨狀語，跟主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。）（注：動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語必須是主句的主語。）2動(dòng)詞不定式（帶to）、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可以作定語，其中，動(dòng)詞不定式表示將來的行為，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和已經(jīng)發(fā)生。）The bridge to be built next year will join Zhuhai, Macao and Hong Kong. （動(dòng)詞不定式作定語）The boy wearing glasses is my next-door nei

26、ghbor. （現(xiàn)在分詞作定語）The stolen car was discovered near a river. （過去分詞作定語）需要注意的是，某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)后面只能用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，它們是：序數(shù)詞、only、動(dòng)作性名詞，如refusal, attempt, effort, willingness, pressure等。此時(shí)則不用考慮時(shí)間概念。He is always the first to come and the last to leave.He is the only teacher to understand me.I appreciate your offer to tak

27、e me to the airport.另外還有一種結(jié)構(gòu)being + 過去分詞作定語，表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)行為：The matter being discussed is very important.The bridge being built was designed by a world-famous designer.（注：動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作定語，其邏輯主語必須其修飾的那個(gè)名詞；動(dòng)詞不定式有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)之分。）3動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語，有以下3種情況：a）動(dòng)詞不定式帶to，跟在某些動(dòng)詞后，構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如：ask / tell / order

28、/ persuade / allow / forbid sb to do，其否定式是not to do。變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，賓語補(bǔ)足語相應(yīng)變?yōu)樽ＵZ補(bǔ)足語。此種用法僅限于動(dòng)詞不定式。I persuaded him not to go there alone.We are not allowed to smoke at school.The novel is believed / is reported / is said to have been translated into Chinese.b）動(dòng)詞不定式（不帶to）、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞跟在感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, notice, obser

29、ve后作賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)，其中，動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作的全過程，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和已經(jīng)發(fā)生。I noticed him enter the school gate.They saw him walking towards the school.She was frightened to see the old man knocked down by a car.變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式要加to，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞不變，同時(shí)賓語補(bǔ)足語變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語。He was noticed to enter the school gate.They were never h

30、eard to have a quarrel.A woman with two children was seen begging in the square.c）動(dòng)詞不定式（不帶to）、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞跟在使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have后作賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)，其中，動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作的全過程，現(xiàn)在分詞表示持續(xù)的行為，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和已經(jīng)發(fā)生。The teacher had me rewrite my composition.She made me wash the car for a week.Id like to have this package weighed, pl

31、ease.He soon had us all laughing at his jokes.（注：從詞義上來說，let sb do = allow sb to do，have sb do = ask sb to do，而make sb do = force sb to do，其被動(dòng)式be made to do （動(dòng)詞不定式要加to）= have to do：He was made to wash the car for a week.）4動(dòng)名詞作主語、賓語、表語、定語（動(dòng)名詞，顧名思義是一個(gè)名詞，雖然它是由動(dòng)詞+ing構(gòu)成，但它不再是一個(gè)具體的動(dòng)作，而是指一件事。另一方面，動(dòng)名詞可以加賓語或狀

32、語，也有否定式、被動(dòng)式和完成式，仍然保留了一些動(dòng)詞的用法。）Walking is a good form of exercise. （主語）One of his hobbies is collecting antique coins. （表語）Im considering immigrating to Canada. （動(dòng)詞賓語）He made an apology to me for not having been able to help. （介詞賓語）There was much opposition to pulling down the school and building a r

33、efuse collection point. （介詞賓語，兩個(gè)并列）Building materials often emit (= give off) volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) into the air. （定語）注意：a）帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式也可以作主語，但與動(dòng)名詞表示一件事不同，動(dòng)詞不定式是一個(gè)動(dòng)作，而且是一個(gè)尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。To learn a foreign language well is not easy.To start a sentence with an infinitive sounds awkward as if one is

34、giving a formal speech.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語通常會(huì)用it作形式主語：It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.It is important to give her all the help available.但無論哪種形式作主語，在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，前后的形式必須一致：Buying a new TV is as cheap as repairing the old one.It is as cheap to buy a new TV as it is to repair the old one.Starting a sent

35、ence with an infinitive is not as common as using a gerund.b）動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作定語，但現(xiàn)在分詞是一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的行為：a sleeping bag （動(dòng)名詞）/ the sleeping baby （現(xiàn)在分詞）a swimming-pool （動(dòng)名詞） / the boy swimming in the pool （現(xiàn)在分詞）關(guān)于非謂語動(dòng)詞還有幾點(diǎn)說明：1非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句，作狀語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句（但作伴隨狀語時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句），兩者基本上可以互換。The boy (who is) swimming in t

36、he pool is my half brother.The car (which was) stolen last week has been found by the police.Looking from the top of the hill, we could overlook the whole city.= When we looked from the top of the hill, we could overlook the whole city.Looked at from this angle, the situation doesnt seem too disappo

37、inting.= If it is looked at from this angle, the situation doesnt seem too disappointing.Not having received a reply, I wrote again.= Because I didnt receive / hadnt received a reply, I wrote again.They came in, singing and dancing.= They came in and they were singing and dancing.2非謂語動(dòng)詞都有一般式和完成式，動(dòng)詞不

38、定式還有進(jìn)行式，其中，一般式表示該行為與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語動(dòng)詞之后發(fā)生，而完成式表示該行為在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生，進(jìn)行式當(dāng)然表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。He is said to live / to be living in Canada.He is said to have gone to Canada.He sat at a table by the window, gazing into space.Having finished all my homework, I went to the cinema.I dream of going to Beijing University to st

39、udy.Not having been trained as a nurse is his one regret.3除了作定語和補(bǔ)足語，其他情況下的非謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語通常就是主句的主語：To become a college teacher, you must at least have a masters degree.Looking out of the window, I saw a man running after a car.Inspired by his good deeds, I determined to do more volunteer work.Do you mind

40、 closing the door?非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是它所修飾的那個(gè)名詞，作補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，則是它前面的那個(gè)名詞：The sleeping baby looks so cute.The baby sleeping in the cradle looks so cute.The first newspaper to be printed in English came out over 100 years ago.Life is very difficult for those laid-off workers.Convinced / Believing that he didnt ta

41、ke the money, I let him go.His words set me thinking.A phone call sent him hurrying to the hospital.She left the baby crying / left the car unlocked.（最后三句中的set/send/leave sb doing屬于固定用法，表示“讓某人做某事；使處于狀態(tài)，后接形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞）4現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語也可以是另外的名詞，而不是主句的主語，通常是在分詞前加上該名詞，構(gòu)成名詞 + 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：An ol

42、d man walked past, followed by a dog. （分詞的邏輯主語是主句的主語）An old man walked past, a dog following him. （獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）Having lost the key, I couldnt enter my office. （分詞的邏輯主語是主句的主語）The key lost, I couldnt enter my office. （獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）Having been damaged by the heavy rain, the bridge was no longer safe. （分詞的邏輯主語是主句的

43、主語）All the flights having been cancelled because of the heavy rain, we had to wait. （獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）5動(dòng)名詞作主語、賓語、表語時(shí)也可以另帶邏輯主語。試比較：Do you mind turning down the air conditioner a little? （動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是主句的主語）Do you mind my / me smoking? （動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是me）Imagine living alone on a lonely island for a few years. （動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是

44、主句的主語）I cant imagine Tom / Toms cooking dinner. （動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是Tom）He is used to living in such cold weather. （動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是主句的主語）He is used to his students / his students being late. （動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是his students）動(dòng)名詞另帶主語時(shí)，可在動(dòng)名詞前加名詞、賓格代詞或物主形容詞，但作主語的動(dòng)名詞，要加邏輯主語就只能用物主形容詞。比較：We were very happy at Tom / Toms / him / his

45、 coming to visit.Toms / His coming to visit made us very happy.6動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語有以下三種：a) 是主句的主語，如：I want to go home. / To find more information, visit .b) 是前面的名詞，如：He told me to stay. / Permit me to introduce the guests to you.c) 由for sb / of sb構(gòu)成，如：Its easy for me to make a cake. / Its kind of you to say

46、 so.In order for you to hear clearly, I will speak slowly and carefully.（of結(jié)構(gòu)僅用于描述人的句式中，即前面有描述人的品性的詞，如kind, wise, silly等。）五、英語句子小結(jié)英語句子主要有簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、主從復(fù)合句三大類。簡(jiǎn)單句又可分為肯定句、否定句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句等。從語氣上來說，英語句子有陳述語氣（陳述句，用于陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)）、祈使語氣（祈使句，用于表達(dá)命令和要求）、虛擬語氣（用來表示一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)）三種。1. 簡(jiǎn)單句（一個(gè)句子）：主謂賓定補(bǔ)狀6部分組成，最小是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：He left (

47、early).The teacher said something. 主謂（注意時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)）賓The shy teacher said something. （shy是形容詞，作定語，修飾名詞）The shy teacher said something quietly / in a low voice. （quietly是副詞，in a low voice是介詞短語，都作方式狀語）The shy teacher said something quietly in the classroom yesterday. （in the classroom是介詞短語，作地點(diǎn)狀語，yesterday是時(shí)

48、間副詞，做時(shí)間狀語）The teacher asked me to write / The teacher made me write the composition again.(to write和write都是動(dòng)詞不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語。不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式只跟在感官動(dòng)詞如see, hear, notice, observe和使役動(dòng)詞make, let, have后。)英語中也有一種無主語的句子，就是祈使句：Sit down please. / Please be seated. / Take a seat. 請(qǐng)坐。（肯定句）Dont leave me alone. / Dont be l

49、ate again. （否定句，也可加主語：Dont you be late again. ）2. 并列句和主從復(fù)合句（主句 + 并列句/從句）英語中，兩個(gè)和兩個(gè)以上的句子必須是一個(gè)主句 + 一個(gè)或以上的并列句/從句。并列句和從句的標(biāo)志就是前面都必須有引導(dǎo)詞或連接詞。1) 主句 + 并列句（由并列連接詞and, but, or, so引導(dǎo)）The teacher said something and (he) left the classroom. （后一句是并列句）Hurry up, or well be late. （第一句是主句，沒有引導(dǎo)詞 - 是一個(gè)祈使句，即無主句）He is wor

50、ld-famous but he is very modest. （第一句是主句，第二句是并列句，有并列連接詞but引導(dǎo)。）注意：英語中有一種連接副詞常被中國學(xué)生誤用為并列連接詞，常見的有however, therefore, furthermore, consequently, as a result, otherwise等。主要原因是這些副詞在意思上分別相當(dāng)于but, so和or，而位置也正好在兩句之間：He is not rich, however, he is honest. | He got up late, therefore, he didnt catch the early b

51、us.這樣的句子當(dāng)然是錯(cuò)誤的。連接副詞有三種正確的形式：a) 另起一句; b) 前面用分號(hào); c) 用and引導(dǎo)。如：I got up early and therefore I caught the early bus.I got up early; therefore, I caught the early bus.I got up early. Therefore, I caught the early bus.2) 主從復(fù)合句英語的從句有狀語從句、定語從句和名詞性從句（即主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）三大類，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)句子作狀語、作定語、作主語、作賓語、作表語、作同位語。a

52、) 主句 + 狀語從句（斜體為從句引導(dǎo)詞）I got up early so that I could catch the train. 主句 + 目的狀語從句As long as you work hard, you will eventually succeed. 條件狀語從句 + 主句I have put the picture where I can see it every day. 主句 + 地點(diǎn)狀語從句b) 主句 + 定語從句（斜體為從句引導(dǎo)詞）由關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which, that引導(dǎo)（也有關(guān)系副詞when, where, why）。關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系

53、副詞必須代替先行詞（就是定語從句所修飾的那個(gè)詞），是定語從句必不可少的句子成分：The teacher who was shy said something. （who指人，代替先行詞the teacher，在定語從句（劃線部分，下同）中作主語。）All (that) we need / All that is needed is a continuous supply of money.（that既可以指人又可以指物，本句中指物，代詞先行詞all，在定語從句中分別作賓語（第一句）、作主語（第二句），加括號(hào)表示可以省略。）注意：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略，但作介詞的賓語且介詞提前時(shí)就

54、不能省略。I will never forget the day when / on which I first met her.Do you know the reason why / for which he resigned?另外，定語從句中介詞提前時(shí)，后面只能跟which和whom，不能用who和that，介詞不提前則都可以，還可以省略（用括號(hào)表示）：Do you know the teacher (who / whom) he is referring to?Do you know the teacher to whom he is referring?（在定語從句中，who既是主格

55、又是賓格，但whom只是賓格。）c) 主句 + 主語從句/賓語從句/表語從句/同位語從句（統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句）He told me / He said that he came from China. 主句 + 賓語從句（劃線部分，斜體為引導(dǎo)詞）He asked when / why / how / whether I was leaving Shenzhen, 主句 + 賓語從句The problem is how we can solve the problem in such a short time. 主句 + 表語從句That China is a developing country

56、 is known to all. 主句 + 主語從句= It is known to all that China is a developing country. （that引導(dǎo)主語從句常用it作形式主語）I was surprised at the news that he was leaving Shenzhen. 主句 + 同位語從句（一個(gè)名詞是另外一個(gè)名詞的同位語表示兩個(gè)詞指的是同一個(gè)人或物，第二個(gè)名詞是同位語。同位語從句常跟在fact, news, suggestion, impression, belief, idea, thought, sign等詞之后，表示這些名詞的具體內(nèi)

57、容。又如： Shenzhen, once a small fishing village, is now a metropolitan city. | Therere signs that the economy is recovering. 劃線部分均為同位語。）3. 并列句和從句引導(dǎo)詞小結(jié)1) 并列句引導(dǎo)詞and, but, or, for, so2) 定語從句引導(dǎo)詞which, that, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, as3) 名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞that (用于陳述事實(shí)), if /whether (用于一般疑問), when, where, what, which, who, whose, how (用于特殊疑問)4) 狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞英語有12種狀語從句，引導(dǎo)詞也有近百個(gè)，舉例如下：as, because, when, before, since, so that, although, as long as, p