利用現(xiàn)代教育技術(shù)優(yōu)化歷史課堂教學(xué)(中小學(xué)教師電教論文

1、中小學(xué)教師電教論文利用現(xiàn)代教育技術(shù)，優(yōu)化歷史課堂教學(xué)摘要：“好雨知時(shí)節(jié)，當(dāng)春乃發(fā)生”！當(dāng)人們還在驚嘆電氣化的發(fā)展給世界所帶來(lái)異彩分呈的巨變時(shí)，信息化、數(shù)字化的浪潮也悄然進(jìn)入學(xué)校。信息技術(shù)教育以其特有的魅力，在教學(xué)領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮了不可替代的作用。尤其是給歷史課堂教學(xué)帶來(lái)諸多變化。關(guān)鍵詞：信息技術(shù)教育 、優(yōu)化、歷史課堂教學(xué)在多年的信息技術(shù)的摸索使用中，我認(rèn)為優(yōu)化歷史課堂教學(xué)主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：一： 使用信息教育技術(shù)，創(chuàng)設(shè)歷史情境，有效激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣與思維火花：興趣是力求認(rèn)識(shí)某種事物或愛好某種活動(dòng)的傾向，這種傾向是和情感體驗(yàn)相聯(lián)系的。學(xué)生的興趣源于有一部分來(lái)源于探究心里。教師通過(guò)直觀而形象的手段，為學(xué)

2、生創(chuàng)設(shè)教學(xué)情景，有利于激發(fā)他們的學(xué)習(xí)情趣。但在傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)過(guò)程中，教學(xué)情景的創(chuàng)設(shè)，局限于教師“一本書、一支筆、一張嘴”，效果大打折扣。但是使用信息教育技術(shù)，則極大改變了這一局面。它的特點(diǎn)：圖文并茂、聲像俱佳、動(dòng)靜皆宜，以跨越時(shí)空的非凡表現(xiàn)力，大大增強(qiáng)人們對(duì)抽象事物與過(guò)程的理解與感受，從而將課堂教學(xué)引入全新的境界。初二上冊(cè)中國(guó)近代史，是中國(guó)百年恥辱的歷史，又是中國(guó)人不斷抗?fàn)?，不斷探索，尋求救民救?guó)道路的歷史。為使歷史知識(shí)形象化、生動(dòng)化。我經(jīng)常精心選取相關(guān)紀(jì)錄片，給學(xué)生提供第一手的歷史材料，使學(xué)生通過(guò)直接感知，形成歷史表象，形成了在看中想，在想后論的習(xí)慣。當(dāng)看到學(xué)生們安安靜靜，目不轉(zhuǎn)睛的看紀(jì)錄片時(shí)，

3、隨著播放的歷史內(nèi)容，或嘆息，或歡笑，或鼓掌，情緒的變化，顯示了他們已經(jīng)情入其中。學(xué)生對(duì)此深有興趣。興趣的提高，又為進(jìn)一步探究歷史，培養(yǎng)其歷史思維能力、創(chuàng)新思維能力創(chuàng)造了條件?！八季S的動(dòng)力來(lái)源于疑問(wèn)。”因此我還根據(jù)情景材料，設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的思考題或由學(xué)生自己設(shè)疑。例如，在講初二歷史五四運(yùn)動(dòng)一課，講到五四運(yùn)動(dòng)的背景，如果只是讓學(xué)生看看課文中的幾行字，很難激發(fā)出思維的火花，我利用信息教育技術(shù)，對(duì)相關(guān)資料片進(jìn)行剪輯，放映了“中國(guó)在巴黎和會(huì)上”、“北洋軍閥混戰(zhàn)”等畫面，使學(xué)生置身于80年前的中國(guó)，調(diào)動(dòng)他們的感官和情感去體會(huì)。當(dāng)學(xué)生處于思維的興奮點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，我問(wèn)大家：如果你是當(dāng)年的顧維均，你在巴黎和會(huì)上怎樣爭(zhēng)取中

4、國(guó)的正當(dāng)權(quán)利？你認(rèn)為當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)失敗的根本原因是什么？通過(guò)情景資料的啟發(fā)，通過(guò)古今對(duì)比，得出一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)際地位是由其實(shí)力決定的結(jié)論。學(xué)生在思考、討論、回答問(wèn)題的過(guò)程中，培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生歷史思維能力和創(chuàng)新思維能力。 二：使用信息教育技術(shù)有效解決教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：突破教學(xué)難點(diǎn)，歷史教學(xué)中經(jīng)常遇到的問(wèn)題。能否突破，質(zhì)量如何是顯示一位教師素質(zhì)高低，基本功如何的標(biāo)志。教學(xué)難點(diǎn)在不同的內(nèi)容中，表現(xiàn)不一。有的表現(xiàn)為知識(shí)點(diǎn)抽象，學(xué)生難以理解；有的是涉及民族關(guān)系的處理，很復(fù)雜；有的是對(duì)人物的評(píng)價(jià)，功過(guò)如何判定，不好把握而用課件教學(xué)，運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，卻能收到奇特的效果。如講初一歷史第16課昌盛的秦漢文化（一）時(shí)，課文的難點(diǎn)是：張衡制造的

5、地動(dòng)儀，涉及科技名詞和物力學(xué)原理，利用物體慣性來(lái)拾取地震波進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)距離測(cè)量的原理。這屬于比較抽象的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，學(xué)生還沒有學(xué)物理這一門功課，的確難以理解。在沒有使用信息教育技術(shù)以前，單憑老師一張嘴的講解會(huì)顯得枯燥乏味，而學(xué)生得表情往往也是似懂非懂的樣子。但是今年，我分兩步走。首先我精心截取了藍(lán)貓3000問(wèn)的部分動(dòng)畫片段，在結(jié)合我的進(jìn)一步加工，使它講解清晰，簡(jiǎn)練生動(dòng)。學(xué)生只看一遍，就能在理論上理解不少。然后讓學(xué)生根據(jù)其原理，制作了地動(dòng)儀的模型。學(xué)生在制作過(guò)程中，有失敗也有成功，這就進(jìn)一步深了對(duì)知識(shí)的理解。最后請(qǐng)學(xué)生談一談其中的道理，很多學(xué)生愿舉手回答，回答的清清楚楚，而且對(duì)這一課的難點(diǎn)理解的透徹，記憶深

6、刻。三：增加課堂知識(shí)容量，提高課堂效率：歷史是一門綜合性的學(xué)科，它涵蓋了人類文明的諸多方面。而且新一輪課改后的內(nèi)容，一節(jié)課經(jīng)?？缭綆资辍装倌甑臍v史，內(nèi)容繁多，這給學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)帶來(lái)困難。如果采用傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方式，老師一言堂，非常耽誤時(shí)間而且效果不佳。但是使用信息教育技術(shù)，則可有效解決。例如:講解課文內(nèi)容時(shí)，可以直接在屏幕上亮出一些課外材料，讓學(xué)生自己閱讀、理解；能夠節(jié)省寫板書的時(shí)間；做課堂練習(xí)時(shí)，能夠增加習(xí)題量，達(dá)到精講巧練有效果。每當(dāng)講完課以后，教師可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生，把一冊(cè)書中所學(xué)的知識(shí)：不同朝代、不同時(shí)期、相似相關(guān)的內(nèi)容按提綱、圖示、表格等多種形式進(jìn)行歸納、整理，總結(jié)鞏固。進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)各知

7、識(shí)概念之間的聯(lián)系，加深理解?？傊檬褂眯畔⒔逃夹g(shù)，表現(xiàn)了內(nèi)容高度濃縮、節(jié)奏快、效率高的特點(diǎn)，也大大拓寬了學(xué)生的知識(shí)面和視野，提高了理解等能力。四：帶動(dòng)了學(xué)生動(dòng)手動(dòng)腦，培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新能力：為了充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新潛力，讓學(xué)生由被動(dòng)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)者，我有時(shí)讓學(xué)生自己做課件，自己講解。如：長(zhǎng)征一課，事先請(qǐng)愛好電腦的學(xué)生自己看書，挖掘教材，然后根據(jù)他對(duì)課文的理解，自己制作課件。上課時(shí)，這類學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)都不錯(cuò)，課文內(nèi)容講解清析，課件制作精良，有些地方的創(chuàng)意有時(shí)超出老師的想象。這樣不但加深了他對(duì)課文掌握和深層的理解，而且充分有了成功的喜悅感，更愿意去學(xué)，樂于再去嘗試，形成良性循環(huán)，收到了良好的教育效果。學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新

8、思維被最大程度地激活，從而培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新精神。參考文獻(xiàn)：劉芳，利用現(xiàn)代教育技術(shù)，優(yōu)化數(shù)學(xué)課堂結(jié)構(gòu) 華東電教研究所1999，10胡繩.從鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)到五四運(yùn)動(dòng)，人民出版社，1980年(3)李偉方，歷史運(yùn)用注意，浙江出版社，1999，10內(nèi)部資料請(qǐng)勿外傳9JWKffwvG#tYM*Jg&6a*CZ7H$dq8KqqfHVZFedswSyXTy#&QA9wkxFyeQ!djs#XuyUP2kNXpRWXmA&UE9aQGn8xp$R#͑GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadN

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20、!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#

21、KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6Y

22、WRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z8

23、9AmYWpazadNuGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#Q

24、cUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&Mu

25、WFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqvadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849G

26、xGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpE

27、h5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7J

28、nD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9Cpb

29、K!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U

30、E9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%MadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&g

31、TXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*adNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%

32、&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X

33、4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!z

34、n%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE

35、9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5

36、pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNuGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6Y

37、WRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK

38、8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv3tnGK8!z

39、89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&

40、gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&k

41、sv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%MzadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#

42、QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTX

43、Rm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE

44、9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pD

45、x2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pD

46、x2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NG

47、pP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#Q

48、cUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNuGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&

49、MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVk

50、um&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqvUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ

51、#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVk

52、um&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVk

53、um&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vS

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