名詞及名詞性從句

1、3. 名詞性從句概念：主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)還有同位語(yǔ)這幾個(gè)部分終極復(fù)雜的變化就是變成一個(gè)從句來(lái)承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的部分。名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可作主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此，名詞性從句可分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞主要有以下三類：1. 從屬連接詞：在從句中不作語(yǔ)法成分。that：本身無(wú)詞義（引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句及帶有形式主語(yǔ)it 的主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以省略）；一般不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句（但是有時(shí)把固定詞組in that和except that中的that看成是引導(dǎo)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句）。whether：有詞義，意為“是否”（注意與whether引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示“

2、無(wú)論”的情況區(qū)分開(kāi)）。if：有詞義，意為“是否”（主要用于口語(yǔ)和科普文章中，常見(jiàn)于引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，偶爾出現(xiàn)在帶有形式主語(yǔ)it的主語(yǔ)從句中。注意與if引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表示“如果”的情況區(qū)分開(kāi)）。要注意的是：（1）從句中若有or not時(shí)一般不用if，而應(yīng)該使用whether；（2）在discuss、decide等一些及物動(dòng)詞后面不能用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句；（3）if一般不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)特殊的同位語(yǔ)從句，也不能用在名詞性不定式中。2. 連接代詞：都有詞義，并且在句子中作某一成分（一般為主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)）。what：“什么；。的（內(nèi)容）”which：“哪個(gè)，哪些”who/whom: “誰(shuí)”who

3、se：“誰(shuí)的”3. 連接副詞：都有詞義，在從句中一般作狀語(yǔ)。how：“如何”或“。的方式、原理”why：“為什么”或“。的理由、原因”where：“在哪里”或“。的地方”when：“何時(shí)”或“。的時(shí)間”分類：名詞性從句共分為四類：主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。1. 主語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句：它位于主句謂語(yǔ)前，這時(shí)主句的謂語(yǔ)必定為單數(shù)第三人稱形式。The reasons are clear now.Why he murdered his wife is clear now.1. That English is very important is an undoubted fact.2

4、. Whether he will come to the party makes no difference to me.3. Why dinosaurs become extinct is still a mystery.用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把主語(yǔ)從句放在句尾。(2005Text 2) But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously.It is a fact that It is generally believed that A. 由從屬連

5、詞（that，whether/if）引導(dǎo)That the plates are moving is beyond dispute.不能這樣表達(dá)：The plates are moving is beyond dispute.盡管that并沒(méi)有實(shí)際含義，但是它起到引導(dǎo)主句的功能，在這里不可或缺，否則句子結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)出現(xiàn)混亂。That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Whether the re

6、sults will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.下列表達(dá)是錯(cuò)誤的：If the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. 因?yàn)楫?dāng)whether引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí)，whether不能由if替代，但可以說(shuō) It

7、 depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user if the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading.B. 由連接代詞引導(dǎo)Who is going to the energy conference is not important.What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.C. 由連接副詞引導(dǎo)How he manages to finish the job

8、is of interest to us all.Why he failed the English exam wasnt clear.When he will leave for Beijing is not yet decided.D. 用it作形式主語(yǔ)由于主語(yǔ)從句位于句首會(huì)使句子顯得頭重腳輕，因此常把它移至句子后部，句首用引導(dǎo)詞it來(lái)作形式主語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的有以下四種句型（第一種出現(xiàn)得最頻繁）：（1）It+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)（形容詞，名詞，個(gè)別介詞短語(yǔ)）+主語(yǔ)從句其中，表語(yǔ)以形容詞為最常見(jiàn)，而介詞短語(yǔ)主要是等效于形容詞的of短語(yǔ)。It is possible that we use a comput

9、er to solve these complicated problems.It is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.It is of interest that every function can be approximated by simple functions.這一句型中有一些常用表達(dá)方式的翻譯方法應(yīng)熟記，如：It is necessary/essential/imperative that 必須。，有必要。It is important that 重要的是。It is possible that 能夠。，

10、。是可能的It is impossible that 不能夠。，。是不可能的It is likely that 很可能。It is clear/evident/obvious/apparent that 顯然。，很清楚。（2） It+被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（be、get等+過(guò)去分詞）+主語(yǔ)從句It is said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences.It may be questioned whether this approach is the best for the physicist.這一句型中有一些常用表達(dá)方式的翻譯方法應(yīng)熟記，如：

11、It is known that 我們（大家）知道。It is well known that 眾所周知。It is said that 人們說(shuō)。，據(jù)說(shuō)。It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道。It is believed that 據(jù)信。It can be seen that 可以看出。It has been shown that 已經(jīng)表明。It has been found that 人們已發(fā)現(xiàn)。It must be remembered that 必須記住。It must be pointed out that 必須指出。It should be noted that 應(yīng)當(dāng)注意。

12、（3）It+不及物動(dòng)詞（follow，happen，appear，seem，matter，occur）+主語(yǔ)從句It doesnt matter whether Mary comes to the party or not.當(dāng)whether引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句位于句尾時(shí)，whether可以由if替代，但if通常不能與or not搭配，如本句也可以表達(dá)為 It doesnt matter if Mary comes to the party.It follows from Maxwells hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electri

13、c field, a magnetic field is produced.In 1831, it occurred to Michael Faraday that a converse effect should also be observable.(4) It+個(gè)別及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)從句這一句型在多數(shù)情況下是以“it makes no/little difference +主語(yǔ)從句”的形式出現(xiàn)的，意為“。是沒(méi)有（沒(méi)有什么）區(qū)別/關(guān)系的”。It makes no difference what you read or study if you cant remember it.E. 兩個(gè)

14、從句共同作主語(yǔ)Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.這種公平意識(shí)是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自發(fā)展起來(lái)的，還是起源于兩個(gè)物種在3500萬(wàn)年前的共同祖先，迄今為止仍然是個(gè)懸而未決的問(wèn)題。（注：因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)主語(yǔ)從句是選擇關(guān)系，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形

15、式。）It is imagined by many that the operation of the common mind can be by no means compared with those of the scientists minds, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.許多人認(rèn)為，普通人的思維方式根本無(wú)法和科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程相比；科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程必須經(jīng)過(guò)某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。2. 賓語(yǔ)以及賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句是指在復(fù)合句中作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)的從句，也可以作介詞和某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)從句一

16、般位于及物動(dòng)詞之后，或用于介詞之后。He has made clear the facts.He has made clear what they had done yesterday.主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)，賓語(yǔ)A. 及物動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句(1) 由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)I think (that) watching TV too much is bad for peoples health.Recent court decisions have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.I

17、dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.（2）由連接代詞引導(dǎo)This test is intended to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks.You may never find out who dealt with the complaint later.It is your task to find out into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit.（3）由連接副詞引導(dǎo)There are still

18、forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available.We cant understand why he avoided speaking to us.They know exactly where they are going.We need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. (how 表示方式)We do not know how far mankind will be able to solve these problems. (how 表示程度注意：

19、如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think，believe，suppose，imagine等，賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定意義通常在主句中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，稱為“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”，如：I dont think this is the best way.當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用if引導(dǎo)，而只能使用whether。Our basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved.B. 介詞和某些形容詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句（1）介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句He only laughed at what

20、I said.I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.注意：有時(shí)候賓語(yǔ)從句以介詞開(kāi)頭，而不是以引導(dǎo)詞開(kāi)頭，這類賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后，充當(dāng)該及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，不要把這類從句誤認(rèn)為是介詞賓語(yǔ)從句。這時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞一般在從句中作了介詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)。如：You must determine for what values of X the following series is convergent.We are ready to see in what ways the tissues are combined to for

21、m the actual body structures.The beginning of each section tells you for whom the information is intended, so that you can determine what material is important to you.(2) 某些形容詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句少數(shù)形容詞（如：certain，sure，aware，unaware，confident，afraid等）后跟有that從句（that也可以省去）時(shí)，從邏輯概念上看此that從句類似于一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，因此可以稱為“形容詞賓語(yǔ)從句”。如：I

22、 am afraid that I cant go with you.I am sure that they will make greater progress in English through hard work.(3) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing.On being asked whether he had had any good food in Germany, he answered “Terrible”.C

23、. 用it作形式賓語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句（1）常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)包括：have it that（說(shuō)），insist on（upon）it that（堅(jiān)決主張，堅(jiān)決要求），see to it that（確保），take it that（認(rèn)為）等等。I insist upon it that we should be honest.I take it that you dont want to do it, but you have to do it.Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism and evolution are in the publis

24、hers pipeline. (in the pipeline表示在進(jìn)行中，在生產(chǎn)中。)（2）當(dāng)主句帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，與動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)相同，一定要用形式賓語(yǔ)it，并把賓語(yǔ)從句置于賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后，如：make it clear that（表明）。The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting.There are those who consider it questionable tha

25、t these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.D. 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn)賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)主要取決于主句的時(shí)態(tài)（1）主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)（一般或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），從句允許使用任何時(shí)態(tài)。從句時(shí)態(tài)可與主句一致，也可由從句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)決定。如：I think they are right.I think you were wrong at tha

26、t time.I think that she will come on time.（2）主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句除表示真理可使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)外，一律用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。從句有一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；從句談?wù)撨^(guò)去發(fā)生的事實(shí)或含有完成時(shí)態(tài)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；從句有將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或談?wù)搶?lái)發(fā)生的事實(shí)，使用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。如：My father told me that the earth is round.I didnt think I was wrong yesterday.I didnt think I had been wrong.She hesitated whether she would ta

27、ke our advice.3. 表語(yǔ)以及表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句是指在復(fù)合句中作主句的表語(yǔ)的從句。表語(yǔ)從句和主語(yǔ)指同一內(nèi)容，它對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋，說(shuō)明，使主句的內(nèi)容具體化。It is a question.The discussion is whether the book is worth reading.(2005 Text2)One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil price is that, unlike the rise in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backgr

28、ound of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A. 由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.All indications are that the need for skilled people in the field of electronics will grow in this new decade.The reason I didnt go to France was that I g

29、ot a new job.下列表達(dá)是不規(guī)范的：The reason I didnt go to France was because I got a new job.This is becauseThis is because y is negative if this point is below the x-axis.The question is whether he works at all.下列表達(dá)是錯(cuò)誤的：The question is if he works at all. 因?yàn)閕f不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。B. 由連接代詞引導(dǎo)China is not what it used to b

30、e.Raw material is what we are badly in need of.C. 由連接副詞引導(dǎo)This is how a computer works.The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the annual report.Some people maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies.This is why I didnt pass the exam.D. A is to B what C is t

31、o D這是一種涉及表語(yǔ)從句的特殊形式的句型，所表達(dá)的基本意義為“A之于B正如C之于D”。前后進(jìn)行類比，通過(guò)說(shuō)明C對(duì)于D的重要性，目的在于突出A對(duì)于B的重要性。The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a soldier.Air is to us what water is to fish.Reading is to the mind what food is to body.4. 同位語(yǔ)以及同位語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)一個(gè)分句作其前面某個(gè)名詞（多為抽象名詞）的同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，即補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明前面那個(gè)名詞所含的具體內(nèi)容時(shí)，該分句就被稱為那個(gè)名詞的同位語(yǔ)從句。這些名詞有：agreem

32、ent 一致意見(jiàn)assumption 假定awareness 意識(shí)belief 看法conclusion 結(jié)論conviction 深信decision 決定delusion 錯(cuò)覺(jué)determination 決心discovery 發(fā)現(xiàn)doubt 懷疑dream 夢(mèng)想evidence 證據(jù)explanation 解釋fact 事實(shí)feeling 感覺(jué)guarantee 保證guess 猜測(cè)hope 希望idea 觀點(diǎn)knowledge 認(rèn)識(shí)likelihood 可能性message 信息mind 想法news 消息notion 觀念objection 反對(duì)opinion 觀點(diǎn)possibili

33、ty 可能性prediction 預(yù)測(cè)probability 可能性problem 問(wèn)題proof 證據(jù)proposal 建議proposition 論點(diǎn)，主張question 問(wèn)題realization 認(rèn)識(shí)rumor 傳聞sign 跡象truth 事實(shí)theory 理論thought 想法We found out the murderer, Tom.We found out the fact that he was killed.The idea that the recent massive earthquake is the prelude of the 2012 disaster f

34、rightens everyone. They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.翻譯辦法(1995翻譯) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and

35、appropriateness of the information.翻譯：這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量，可靠性和適宜性。A. 由that引導(dǎo)I have no doubt that he will overcome all these difficulties.A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前，佛洛伊德提出了自己突破性的理

36、論：夢(mèng)是我們無(wú)意識(shí)的愿望和恐懼的陰影。注意：同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略。B. 由whether引導(dǎo)The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been decided.They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.C. 在少數(shù)幾個(gè)名詞（常見(jiàn)的有question，problem，idea，doubt）的后面，可直接跟由what，when，how等詞引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句。At that time the scientist had

37、 no idea what steps he was to take to deal with that situation.I have not made up mind what elective subjects I am to take next term.When you are about halfway through the story, try to make a guess how the plot will develop.D. 同位語(yǔ)從句與被修飾名詞的分割有時(shí)為了保持句子平衡，將同位語(yǔ)從句與被修飾的名詞分割，其間出現(xiàn)其他成分。Concerns were raised t

38、hat witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.人們?nèi)找鎿?dān)心，證人可能會(huì)因此受到鼓勵(lì)，在法庭上夸大事實(shí)以保證對(duì)被告作出有罪的判決。Drear months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities.在獄中挨過(guò)數(shù)月苦悶的日子后，突然有一天傳來(lái)噩耗：她敬愛(ài)的哥哥在反法西斯活動(dòng)中被殺害。Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.有證據(jù)表明，六個(gè)月的嬰兒就能辨別出特定的說(shuō)話聲音。E. 同位語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法通常有以下三種