翻譯課--翻譯中的詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)、搭配與詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

1、Lesson Three詞匯方面（詞匯方面（I）詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)與詞性轉(zhuǎn)）詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)與詞性轉(zhuǎn)換換詞匯結(jié)構(gòu)差異 英語詞匯形態(tài)變化豐富： 1、詞綴，如un-, non-, in-等； 2、語法變化，如名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)和主賓格；動(dòng)詞的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、情態(tài)、語氣、非謂語形式等；形容詞和副詞的級(jí)。 漢語詞匯沒有形態(tài)變化，依靠詞語、詞序及內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系表達(dá)意義。 英譯漢時(shí)，一般要加詞或者變換說法來體現(xiàn)英語的形態(tài)變化。漢譯英時(shí)，用英語的各種形態(tài)變化體現(xiàn)漢語的語氣和情態(tài)等。 例1、In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis e

2、xhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之后，他還要起草最后公報(bào)。（添加動(dòng)詞）詞性轉(zhuǎn)換 英語和漢語有著大致相同的詞類，實(shí)詞中都有名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、數(shù)詞，虛詞中都有介詞和連詞。兩種語言中也都有象聲詞，所不同的是英語中有冠詞，而漢語中有量詞和語氣詞。不同的詞類在句中充當(dāng)不同的句子成分或起著不同的語法作用。在翻譯過程中，英漢詞類（詞性）并非一一對(duì)應(yīng)，而是經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)換。 一般來說，英語中名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)；漢語動(dòng)詞、短句表現(xiàn)力強(qiáng)。例如，英語

3、名詞常常譯成漢語動(dòng)詞，英語介詞常常需要譯為漢語動(dòng)詞。 （例2） He is a teacher of Chinese 他教漢語。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞）（例3） I wish to express our thanks for the warmth of the reception we have received since landing in your country 我謹(jǐn)對(duì)我們抵達(dá)貴國(guó)以來所受到的熱情接待表示感謝。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞）（例4） It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure 它的主要特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。（副詞和

4、動(dòng)詞分別轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞和名詞）（例5） One evening I looked out the window of my secluded cabin ，and there were soft languid flakes falling in the golden lamp-light 一天晚上，我從隱居的小木屋朝窗外望去，但見柔軟的雪花正慢悠悠地飄進(jìn)金色的燈光之中。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞）（例6） His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人的冷遇使得他更加不舒服。（v-n；n-v）（例7） The human syste

5、m can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking ， damped-down coal stove ， but soon often after unconsciousness comes death 煤氣若是從封上火的煤爐里漏出來，人體可以忍受一會(huì)兒，可是人要是昏迷了，常常很快就會(huì)死亡。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞）（例8） Excessive headline-phrase condemnation is ， of course ， a possibility 當(dāng)然，過分指責(zé)使用標(biāo)題式短語是一種可能性。（名詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)賓詞組） （例9

6、） There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country 目前，我國(guó)各地對(duì)各種消費(fèi)品的需求量已大大增加。（名詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞詞組） （例10） This kind of computer is cheap and fine 這種電腦價(jià)廉物美。（形容詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)成主謂詞組）試譯 例11、The thought that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous jour

7、ney saddened her. 例12、“Coming！”Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. 一想到丈夫要踏上那漫長(zhǎng)而危險(xiǎn)的旅途，而自己又不能跟他一起去，布朗太太（心里）不禁感到難過。 “來啦！”她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著跑了，越過草地，跨上小徑，躍上臺(tái)階，穿過涼臺(tái)，進(jìn)了門廊。 詞語的轉(zhuǎn)換有時(shí)還會(huì)超越同一語言層次，與其他語言層次進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換： （13） The Warsaw Pact should not have the luxury of t

8、hinking that attack is its monopoly 不應(yīng)該讓華約組織洋洋自得地以為只有它才享有發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻的權(quán)利。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞詞組） （14） Iraq is now the most identifiable trouble spot in the Persian Gulf 伊拉克是波斯灣的麻煩之地，這是大家最容易看得出來的。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成分句）試譯 例15. “ Thrushcross Grange is my own ，sir ，” he interrupted ， wincing “畫眉田莊是我自己的，先生?！彼鸰，閃避著。 例16. Now with the en

9、emy at the gates , the Nazi leaders bestirred themselves 現(xiàn)在_，納粹頭目們這才著了慌。 例17. She would just smile back A really cute smile that just about broke my heart 她只會(huì)沖著我笑。她的微笑真是逗人喜愛，幾乎使我心碎。（名詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)換成分句） 例18. She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking 她為自己高超的烹調(diào)技藝而驕傲，_。 打斷了我的話（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)賓詞組） 敵人已經(jīng)打到了大門口（介詞短語轉(zhuǎn)

10、換成分句） 這是情由可原的。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成分句）搭配與詞匯意義 一詞多義造成英語和漢語詞匯在搭配中形成不同的用法和意義。 white：white clouds beard area face winter glass soul nun fury alloy coffee collar cow shoe； turn up the whites of ones eyes sophisticated 一詞在下面各例中傳達(dá)的意義： （1） sophisticated man 老于世故的人 （2） sophisticated woman 狡黠的女人 （3） sophisticated columnist

11、老練的專欄作家 （4） sophisticated electronic device 高度精密的電子裝置 （5） sophisticated weapon 尖端武器 對(duì)比：yellow pages & 黃書 英語搭配翻譯時(shí)要按照漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣來表述： 例19. Their journey left a lasting imprint on Mexican culture ， on the refinement of its arts and customs 這一航行在墨西哥的文化中，在其藝術(shù)和風(fēng)俗的改進(jìn)中，留下了不可磨滅的痕跡。（如譯成“持久的痕跡”就顯得與漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣十分不合）詞義的對(duì)應(yīng)

12、 Wife：妻子，愛人，婦人，太太，老婆，老伴，媳婦，堂客，內(nèi)人，賤內(nèi)，拙荊 Potato：馬鈴薯，洋芋，土豆，山藥蛋 Cousin：堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥 President：總統(tǒng)、主席、總裁、董事長(zhǎng)、議長(zhǎng)、會(huì)長(zhǎng)、校長(zhǎng) Carry：搬、運(yùn)、送、提、拎、挑、扛、背、摟、端、舉、夾、捧 討論：上述對(duì)應(yīng)有無差別？原因何在？課堂練習(xí) 1. There is a mix of confrontation and cooperation between them. 2. Evidently he had the first quality of an angler, which is not to

13、 measure the pleasure by the catch. 3. Happiness is like manna; it is to be gathered and enjoyed every day. 4. Nothing out of its place is good, nothing in its place is bad. 5. There is a bewildering variety of acoustics and vibration measurement equipment now available to the noise control engineer

14、 6. He crashed down on a protesting chair 7. For the last few months disturbing rumors had been coming to her ears 1. 他們之間既有對(duì)抗，又有合作。 2. 他顯然具備了垂釣者的首要品質(zhì)，即以釣為樂，釣多釣少無所謂。 3. 幸福猶如甘露，要天天采集才能日日享用。 4. 凡事不當(dāng)無一是好，凡事得當(dāng)無一是壞。 5. 現(xiàn)在可供噪聲控制工程師使用的聲學(xué)和振動(dòng)測(cè)量設(shè)備品種繁多，令人眼花繚亂。（形容詞分譯） 6. 他猛然坐到一把椅子上，椅子被壓得吱吱作響。（分詞轉(zhuǎn)成分句） 7. 在過去幾個(gè)月里

15、，她耳朵里不時(shí)傳來些謠言，這使得她越來越心煩意亂。（分詞轉(zhuǎn)成分句）Tasks 1、漢英詞匯形態(tài)有哪些差異？這些對(duì)翻譯有什么影響？ 2、嘗試對(duì)比漢英詞匯中的“紅色”（或“黃色”、“藍(lán)色”等）及其英漢翻譯。 3、嘗試對(duì)比漢英詞匯中的某種動(dòng)物詞匯（或植物、花卉或其他詞匯）及其英漢翻譯。作業(yè) 1. He who idles away the time is nothing but a living death. 2. No greater misfortune befalls a country than to be governed by a tyrant. 3. He had a disconce

16、rting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 4. The expectation of collision informed British frontier policy in this period. 5. Every day now, the suppression of truth and the organizing of public ignorance shame journalism. 6. I walked to the ticket counter. When the ticket-s

17、eller saw me, her otherwise attractive face turned sour, violently so. 7. Accident may put a decisive blunderer in the right, but eternal defeat and miscarriage must attend the man of the best parts, if cursed with indecision. 8. Hamlet poignantly represents the indecisions that plague us all 9. Ind

18、ependent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction 10. In autumn ， brown leaves ， still untorn by trampling feet ，cling to the wet pavements as the trees are slowly stripped of their leaves 11. Home-buying experts agree that with home prices stable and interest rates at their lowes