專升本英語時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詳講

1、專升本英語時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詳講第一講 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)詳講一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。 2.主句是一般將來時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。如： Ill go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there. 3.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,come等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車來了。Here sh

2、e comes.她來了。二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 2.表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來看我。 3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。例如：The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉

3、冉升起。 4.大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，但也有些動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。常見的有：exist,live,understand,mean,owe,belong to ,know,doubt,suppose,remember,forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1.表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，或說話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作。例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room. 2.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀

4、態(tài)，往往和“for”, “since”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college. 3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別： 1）用兩種時(shí)態(tài)來表述發(fā)生在過去的某一動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一過去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，而一般過去時(shí)只表達(dá)過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大。例如：She has cleaned the room.Its very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改為cleaned.一是因?yàn)閏leaned與現(xiàn)狀無關(guān)

5、，二是因?yàn)橐话氵^去時(shí)不可突然跳到Its這樣的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) 2）漢語中的“了”、“過”、“曾”等詞常用完成表達(dá)，如：I have seen that film.（我看過那部電影了。）但是如果是在特定的過去時(shí)間“看了”、“做過”，就不可用完成時(shí)而必須用一般過去進(jìn)來表達(dá)。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么時(shí)候看了那部電影？我昨天看的。)不能說：When have you seen that film?I have seen it yesterday. 4.表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”

6、,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has gone to”.例如：Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there. 5.短暫動(dòng)詞（即瞬間動(dòng)詞），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。例如不能說：He has finished the wor

7、k for three hours.要翻譯“他已完成工作三小時(shí)了。”可采用1）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延續(xù)法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.用來表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（或今后還要繼續(xù)一去）的動(dòng)作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8

8、:00./ It has been raining for two days. 2.凡是不能用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。五、一般過去時(shí) 表達(dá)特定的過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為。六、過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這一過去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示動(dòng)作在另一過去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行。例如：They were still working when I left. 3.用在兩個(gè)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

9、例如：I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示過去將來動(dòng)作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.七、過去完成時(shí) 1.表示在過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：At the age of ten,he had lear

10、ned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)來表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the match.八、一般將來時(shí) 一般將來時(shí)表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況。有下列一些形式： 1.will/shall do （側(cè)重將來行為，不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事） 2.be going to do (主觀上打算或

11、客觀上可能發(fā)生) 3.be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來時(shí)間連用) 4.be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)九、將來完成時(shí) 用來表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.十、時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)分析1Can I join your club,dad? You can when you_a bit older. A.get B.will get C.are getting D.will have go

12、t析：“You can”是將來意，when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來所以此題答案為A.2Oh,its you!I_you. Ive just had my hair cut and Im wearing new glasses. A.didnt recognize B.hadnt recognized C.havent recognized D.dont recongnize 析：從“Oh,its you!”可知說話時(shí)已認(rèn)出對(duì)方。“沒有認(rèn)出”是在此之前為過去情況，所以應(yīng)選A.3.I dont think Jim saw me;he_into space. A.just stared

13、 B.was just staring C.has just stared D.had just stared析：在空白處應(yīng)選一個(gè)與“saw”相配，能解釋Jim didnt see me 這一原因的選項(xiàng)，只有著眼于A、B。若選A不能體觀他“當(dāng)時(shí)正在做”某事，故排除A而選B。這樣因?yàn)椤八谕钪嫣炜铡彼浴拔纯吹轿摇薄?._my glasses? Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago. A.Do you see B.Had you seen C.Would you see D.Have you seen析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表過去發(fā)生的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或

14、結(jié)果，問話人以這樣的時(shí)態(tài)發(fā)問可作現(xiàn)焦急的心情。故答案為D。5.You dont need to describe her.I_her several times. A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet析：答案B。道理同4。6.Do you know our town at all? No,this is the first time I_here. A.was B.have been C.came D.am going析：根據(jù)this/it is the first/second/time sb.has done sth.句型，可定答案為B。又如：This is

15、the second time he has visited the Great Wall.7.I dont really work here.I_until the new secretary arrives. A.just help out B.have just helped out C.am just helping out D.will just help out 析：根據(jù)I dont really work here.以及until the new secretary arrives,可知說話人所要做的事是計(jì)劃安排行為，C、D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都表將來動(dòng)作，但D非計(jì)劃安排，C則體現(xiàn)按計(jì)劃去做

16、，所以此題答案為C。8.Is this raincoat yours? No,mine_there behind the door. A.is hanging B.has hung C.hangs D.hung析：此題的“懸掛”是指現(xiàn)狀而言，故表過去“掛”的B、D項(xiàng)可排除。C項(xiàng)雖指“現(xiàn)在掛”，但側(cè)重在常規(guī)，習(xí)慣。為了突出“你所指的那件雨衣不是我的，我的正掛在門后”這一意思，選A是極為合情理的。第二講 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)詳講一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句型 1.常見句式是：主語（受動(dòng)者）be過去分詞（by施動(dòng)者） 例如：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主語get過去分

17、詞其它成分例如：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意：使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by施動(dòng)者” 3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。例如：She lent me a bike.被動(dòng)：1）I was lent a bike(by her).2）A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過去分詞例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.雙重

18、被動(dòng)式：主語被動(dòng)式謂語不定式的被動(dòng)式其它成分例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.二、主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的幾種情況 1.不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見動(dòng)詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。These books sell well.這些書好賣。The pen writes

19、 smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長(zhǎng)久。The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。 2.一些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式形容詞。常見動(dòng)look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注：prove也可用于被動(dòng)式，如：His answer(w

20、as) proved right. 3.不定式在某些形容詞之后，且與主語有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。常見形容詞有：hard,defficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。例如：The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比較：The problem is to be done./The quest

21、ion is to be answered.沒有形容詞時(shí)，雖然不定式與主語是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但必須用被動(dòng)式。三、容易誤用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況： 1.I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)镸yself is taught French.因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語。 2.We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語。 3.He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.因?yàn)橄髄ose heart,make a face,keep silen

22、ce,lose in thought這類動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門he sports meet was taken part in by her.因?yàn)橄髏ake part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。四、被動(dòng)語態(tài)考點(diǎn)分析 1.I need one more stamp before my collection_. A.has completed B.completes C.has been completed D.

23、is completed析：complete是及物動(dòng)詞，“郵集”是被人完成的，須從表被動(dòng)意的C、D中選擇。又因before等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中謂語要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來，所以此題答案為D。 2.Do you like the material? Yes,it_very soft. A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt析：觀察題干，空白線后無賓語，可知feel是不及物動(dòng)詞，表“（某物）摸起來”意思,是連系動(dòng)詞，不能用于被動(dòng)式，也不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。根據(jù)此題對(duì)話情景，是指某種材料的常規(guī)特性，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不能用過去時(shí)，故答案為C。feel作“感覺”、“認(rèn)為”、“摸”

24、等意時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞，可帶賓語，有時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)等變化。3Great changes_in the city,and a lot of factories_. A.have been taken placehave been set up B.have taken placehave been set up C.have taken placehave set up D.were taken placewere set up析：take place（發(fā)生）是不及物動(dòng)詞，不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，于是可排除A、D，又因set up(建造)是及物動(dòng)詞，在此題中應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)式，故排除C，答案為B。 4.Most of

25、 the artists_to the party were from South Africa. A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited析：首先可排除B。因?yàn)樗槐硎尽氨谎?qǐng)”。又因D項(xiàng)少引導(dǎo)詞who，也應(yīng)排除。A項(xiàng)who were invited,C項(xiàng)who were being invited,由象invite這類短暫動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式不可作后置定語，故也應(yīng)排除。因而可定答案為A。 5.I dont know the restaurant,but its_to be quite a good one. A.sai

26、d B.told C.spoken D.talked析：根據(jù)“某人/某物據(jù)說”英文句式為“sb/sth.is said”可定答案為A。又如：He is said to be a clever boy.據(jù)說他是一個(gè)聰明的男孩。 6.The police found that the house_and a lot of things_. A.has broken intohas been stolen B.has broken intohad been stolen C.has been broken intostolen D.had been broken intostolen析：“房屋被人闖

27、入”，“東西被偷”都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故可排除A、B。因C項(xiàng)中的has been broken into不能置于found之后，則答案只能是D。 7.I promise that the matter will_. A.be taden care B.be taken care of C.take care D.take care of析：take care of是固定短語，若無of則不可帶賓語，只能跟that從句。所以此題答案為B。 8.If city noises_from increasing,people_shout to be heard even at the dinner table

28、20 years from now. A.are not keptwill have to B.are not kepthave to C.do not keepwill have to D.do not keephave to析：觀察題干，第一處必須用被動(dòng)式，答案只能在A、B中選一。條件句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句應(yīng)為一般將來時(shí)，故答案為A。 9.The Olympic Games,_in 776 BC,did not include women players until 1912. A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to

29、be first playing析；要表達(dá)“被舉行”，只能在B、C中選。B意“將要首次舉行”。顯然不合in 776 BC這一過去時(shí)間，只有C，first played(which was first played)才合用。故答案為C。 10.This sentence needs_. A.a improvement B.improve C.improving D.improved析：初看此題似手A、C皆可，但improvement是元音開頭詞，其前要用an,故排除。need作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，和require,want一樣，后面可跟doing或to be done 表“需要被”意。如：The door

30、 needs/wants/requires painting/to be painted.(這扇門需要漆一下。) 11.I should very much like to have gone to the party,but I_invited. A.am not B.havent been C.was not D.will not be析：should/would like to have done sth.意“本想做某事”，例如：I should like to have seen the film,but it wasnt possible.由于這種句式表示“過去想”，所以but后的句

31、子也應(yīng)該是過去時(shí)態(tài)與之相配合，故此題答案是C。 12._the note_to Mr Smith? No,It is still in my pocket. A.Isbeing given B.Wasgiven C.Hasbeen given D.Hasntbeen given析：根據(jù)問句與答句，問話人顯然是注重結(jié)果，故要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。似乎D作為反詰句“難道條還沒給史密斯先生嗎？”也成立，但若是這種口氣發(fā)問，答話人就應(yīng)答“Sorry.It is still in my pocket.”,所以此題答案應(yīng)為C。 13.We heard it_that he had gone to New York

32、. A.say B.said C.to say D.be said析：It was said that可以改為We heard it said that(都表示“據(jù)說”之意)。前一種說法中It 是形式主語，后一種說法中it是形式賓語。故此題答案為B。第三講 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詳講情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can（能），may（可以），must（必須），have to（不得不），ought to（應(yīng)該），dare（敢），used to（過去經(jīng)常），had better（最好），would rather（寧愿）。在肯定句中它們后邊都要接動(dòng)詞原形。在否定句中，can，may，must和dare后邊加not；have to和o

33、ught to分別在have和ought后加not；used to的否定式可用used not to，也可用didnt use to，但后者用得較多；had better和would rather的否定式分別是had better not和would rather not。這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用在某種意義上有一定的虛擬性。一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在式在肯定句中的比較1. can表示體力或腦力方面的“能力”、“技能”或根據(jù)客觀條件能做某種動(dòng)作的“可能性”，但表示人體力或智力的具體動(dòng)作時(shí)須用be able to。Mild forms of execrise can some of the loss

34、of flexibility that accompanies aging.A stopB to stopC stoppingD be stopped正確答案為A。由于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can要求跟動(dòng)詞原形，所以B和C都不對(duì)，can后雖然有被動(dòng)形式，但在意義上和語法上與橫線后部分都無法銜接，所以D也錯(cuò)。He was able to do that without any help.他不需要任何幫助就能完成這項(xiàng)工作。2. may表示“允許，可以”，相當(dāng)于be allowed toIf there is social or political change in a region A where a sta

35、ndard language B is spoken，local varieties C of the language may developing D .D錯(cuò)。改為develop。may后要求跟動(dòng)詞原形，而developing是現(xiàn)在分詞，顯然不符合要求，所以應(yīng)改為develop。may或might可和as well連用，表示“建議”，譯為“還是的為好”You may as well keep a certain distance from that mad man. 你們還是離那瘋子遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)為好。You might as well go home now.你還是現(xiàn)在回家為好。3. must表示

36、“必須”或“應(yīng)當(dāng)”、“一定”The formation of snow must be occurring A slowly B ，in calm air，and at a temperature near C the freezing point D .A錯(cuò)。改用 must occur，此處敘說的是客觀現(xiàn)象，而非強(qiáng)調(diào)正在發(fā)生的事，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。4. have to 加動(dòng)詞原形，表示“不得不”，“必須”，它比must更強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀Tom had to work into the deep night everyday to earn a living. 湯姆為了生計(jì)每天都得工作到深夜。5. sh

37、ould 表示“勸告”，“建議”或“義務(wù)”時(shí)，譯作“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，或表示“預(yù)測(cè)”和“可能”He should take care of his parents as they are old enough not to live on themselves. 由于父母親老了，不能自理，他應(yīng)當(dāng)照顧他們。He should be there now. 他可能到了。should have done在虛擬語氣中表示“責(zé)備或后悔”6. ought ，只有一種形式，即ought后必須加to，然后跟接動(dòng)詞原形表示“有義務(wù)”或“必要”做某事，譯為“應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該”The traditional goal of scie

38、nce is to discover how things are，not how they ought .A toB to beC beD have beenB為正確答案。You are quite right；I am inferring in my comments A that McGraw had not ought to B have broken C in the room without his permission D .B錯(cuò)。改為ought not to。7. dare 可以用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后面跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，這主要用于否定句中，它本身可有現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)，詞尾加s

39、，它還可以有ing分詞形式（daring）和過去式及ed分詞形式（dared）Although Oriental ideas of womans subordination to man prevailed in those days，she meet with men on an equal basis.B為正確答案。A did not dared B dared not C dared not to D did dare not to二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在一般時(shí)否定句中的用法cant（can not，cannot） 表示“不可能”，may not 表示“不可以”，mustnt（must not）表

40、示“一定不要”，“不許可”，neednt （need not）表示“不必”，dare not +動(dòng)詞原形 表示“不敢”He cant finish his essay by this time. 現(xiàn)在他不可能寫完論文。He may not sleep now. 他或許現(xiàn)在沒在睡覺。You mustnt criticize her in that way. 你不應(yīng)那樣批評(píng)她。You neednt come tomorrow. 你明天沒必要來了。He dared not meet his fiance. 他不敢見女朋友。三、must+have+ed分詞：用于肯定句，表示對(duì)過去情況的一種肯定推測(cè)，表

41、示“肯定，一定”1）It around nine oclock when I drove back home because it was already dark.A had to be B must have been C was to be D must beB為正確答案。2）Johns score on the test is the highest in the class.A he should study last nightB he should have studied last nightC he must have studied last nightD he must

42、had to study last night C為正確答案。3）After searching A for evidence in the house，the police concluded B that the thief must have come in C through the window and stole D the silver while the family was asleep.D錯(cuò)。改為stolen。這里C處和D處是并列的謂語，D處相當(dāng)于must have stolen。四、may （might）+have+ ed分詞：用于肯定句和否定句，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生事情的不肯定

43、的推測(cè)，相當(dāng)于“可能，大概，”其中might較may 語氣更弱，把握更小She might have gone to see her doctor last week，but I am not sure.上星期或許她去看醫(yī)生了，但我不敢肯定。Dont worry，your husband may not have been hurt seriously.別急，你丈夫也許傷得不厲害。五、should（ought to）+have+ ed分詞：肯定句表示過去本應(yīng)發(fā)生的事卻沒有發(fā)生；否定句表示已發(fā)生了本不該發(fā)生的事。前者可譯為“本應(yīng)，”后者為“本不該”You should have apologiz

44、ed to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本應(yīng)向她道歉，說明為什么沒能及時(shí)回信。（可你沒這么做）You yesterday if you were really serious about your work.A ought to comeB ought to be comingC ought to have comeD ought have comeC為正確答案。六、can（not）+have+ ed分詞He is an hour late He can have been delayed by fog. Of course，thats

45、a possibility.他遲到了1小時(shí)，可能因?yàn)榇箪F而耽擱了。當(dāng)然這只是可能性問題。The poem can not have been written by her since she was only five years old then.這詩不可能是她寫的，因?yàn)樗菚r(shí)才5歲。七、“could+have+ ed分詞”有時(shí)用于表示過去的時(shí)間，說明某事可能或不可能已發(fā)生；有時(shí)可表示過去本來可以做某事，但卻未做I simply cant understand how he could have made such a mistake. 我簡(jiǎn)直不明白他怎么會(huì)犯那樣的錯(cuò)誤。He walked there，but he coul