定語從句及練習(xí)

1、定語從句.定語從句及相關(guān)概念定語：可以由形容詞、代詞、量詞、名詞、副詞、不定代詞、介詞短語等來擔(dān)任。 如果是一個句子擔(dān)任定語，那這個句子就是定語從句。 The girl who is standing there is Mary. 定語從句1. 概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。 The girl who is standing there is Mary.2. 先行詞：被定從所修飾的詞。 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞。3.關(guān)系詞：（見下表） 關(guān)系詞先行詞所指關(guān)系詞在句中作用 關(guān) 系 代 詞that人/物主、賓、表which物主、賓、表、定（偶）who人主、賓whom人賓who

2、se人/物定as人/物/事情主、賓、表 關(guān) 系 副 詞when時間時間狀語where地點地點狀語why原因原因狀語4.定語從句的分類：1）限定性定語從句：與先行詞關(guān)系密切，如果沒有定語從句，主句含混不清，不完整，限定性定語從句與先行詞之間無逗號。如The man who/that came first is Mike.Ill never forget the day when we first met each other.2）非限定性定語從句：是先行詞的一個附加語，對先行詞起進(jìn)一步說明作用，如果刪掉它，主句的意義仍然是完整的，非限定性定語從句與先行詞之間有句號。 His mother doe

3、s morning exercises every day, which is good for her health. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. 先行詞和關(guān)系代詞的種類先行詞主格賓格所有格人who, thatwhom (who), thatwhose物which, thatwhich, thatwhose, of which2. 關(guān)系代詞的使用取決于先行詞，在定語從句中代替主句中的先行詞，所以它在一般情況下都跟在先行詞之后，而且它的人稱、數(shù)必須和先行詞一致The woman is my mother. She is speaking at the meeting. The woman th

4、at/who is speaking at the meeting is my mother.判斷步驟：（1）判斷出先行詞（2）確定關(guān)系代詞在從句中所擔(dān)任的成分（3）確定關(guān)系代詞的人稱和數(shù)定從的時態(tài)不受主句的限制The woman who/that was spoken to yesterday is my mother.3. 定語從句的辨認(rèn)與使用 （1）找出先行詞 a.確定關(guān)系代詞的人稱、數(shù)和性 b.確定從句位置（一般在先行詞之后） （2）確定關(guān)系代詞在從句中所擔(dān)任的成分以確定關(guān)系代詞的格 （3）確定從句時態(tài)4. 各關(guān)系代詞的使用方法（1）who（whom） who代人，在從句擔(dān)任主語，也可

5、代替在從句中做賓語的whom，前面不能有介詞。如有介詞則必用whom（結(jié)構(gòu)：介詞+whom）。The girl who is in red is Mary. She is the girl who/whom I met that day. The doctor to whom she sent her friend is very famous. 注意：以下情況，用who不用thata. 先行詞為one(s)，anyone those時,用who.b. 先行詞有較長定語時用who I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask m

6、e questions in Chinese. c. 一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是 that另一個用who. The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. d. 在there be 開頭的句中用who(2) whose 是代詞的所有格，即可代人，又可代物。 I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the bag whose cover is red.(3) that 既指人又指物，只用于限定性定語從句中

7、，介詞后不能跟that，而跟which. His mother does morning exercises every day, which is good for her health. 在限定性定語從句中，which和that都指物時，可通用。 The picture that/which was drawn by Tom was nice. 有些情況下，只能用that，而不能用which.a.先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高 級形容詞時.b.先行詞是序數(shù)詞,或它前面有一個序數(shù)詞時.c.主句有疑問詞who或which時d.先行詞既有人又有物時e.先行詞是all, much, litt

8、le, the one, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等時f.先行詞only, any, few , little, no, all, one of, the same , the very等詞修飾時g.有兩個定語從句,其中一個關(guān)系代詞用which, 另一個用that（4）which 指物。在非限定性定語從句中，只用which，不用that. 在限定性定語從句中，只用which，而不用that的情況：a.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時 This is the hotel in which you will stay.b.如有兩個定從，其中一句

9、的 關(guān)系詞是that，另一句用which.Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.（5）關(guān)系代詞與介詞 a. 當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前時，介詞賓語只能用which代物，whom代人。且關(guān)系代詞一律不能省略。例如： I want to find the pen with which I wrote that letter.b.介詞在末尾時，可用that/ which（代物）that/ whom/ who（代人）做介詞的賓語，作這個介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞往往省略。例如： The

10、 man （whom/who/that） he is searching for is in Shanghai.（6）關(guān)系代詞的省略. 條件：只在限定性定從中可省. 情況：a.關(guān)系代詞在從句中擔(dān)任動詞賓語時; b.在從句中做介詞的賓語，且介詞在句尾,例如： Here is the man you have been searching for.c.關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語時, Shanghai is no longer the city it used to be. d.在there be句型中，先行詞是way時，關(guān)系代詞省略。 I dont like the way (that) you ta

11、lk to me. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.作用：1）在定從中替代先行詞 2）在從句中擔(dān)任狀語，起副詞和介詞短語的作用 3）起連接作用，把兩個句子連接主從復(fù)合句2.關(guān)系副詞：where，when，why3.各關(guān)系副詞的用法：1）where：表的地方，修飾場所、方位名詞。 This is the house. I was born in the house. =This is the house where I was born. =This is the house which I was born in. =This is the house in which I was born.2）

12、when：表的時候，修飾日子年代等名詞。 We will never forget the day when join the party.3） why：表的原因 的理由。 The reason why I called is to invite you to a party. 區(qū)分與關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別：只要在定語從句中擔(dān)任狀語的，就是關(guān)系副詞。. 由as引導(dǎo)的定語從句as可作為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句。1. such as“像一樣的”，“像之類” the sameas “和同樣的 在這兩個句型中，as是關(guān)系代詞，其中such和same做定語，修飾主句的名詞、代詞，這個名詞是這個定語從句的

13、先行詞，as在從句中擔(dān)任主、賓、表。This is the same thing as we are in need of. Such people as you say are short now.2. such as such為代詞，意思為”這樣的人/物“，as修飾先行詞such。例如： This book is not such as I hope.3. the sameas “同一類” the same that “同一個” as that都引導(dǎo)定語從句，意思不同。但從句中省去謂語時必須用as.例如：She is the same age as you that you are.4.

14、, as “有些” 在這里，as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，相當(dāng)于which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，有時可互換。 He is from Beijing, as/ which they know from the way he speaks.注意事項1. what不引導(dǎo)定語從句 I want to give you what I have. (賓語從句）2. 先行詞被the same 修飾時，關(guān)系代詞既可用that, 也可用as.但意義不同，前者表示“同一的”，后者表示“同樣的”。3. 關(guān)系副詞when，where why其含義相當(dāng)于on which, in which, for which等可交替使

15、用。 The day when / on which I met him first was May 1st.4. 當(dāng)先行詞為專有名詞或整個句子是世界上獨(dú)一無二的名詞時，一般用非限定性定語從句修飾。 The sun, which gives us light, is very big.5. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。6. 定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別(1)定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。T

16、he plane that has just taken off is for Paris. The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (2)定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)?？墒÷?。同位語從句主要由連詞that引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分；有時也由where, when, how, who, whether, what等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult t

17、o solve. The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (3)同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動詞 be 發(fā)展成一個完整的句子, 而定語從句則不能。 A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is know

18、n to all. The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.7.as引起非限定性定語從句時與which 的區(qū)別：Which : 可用于句中可代指前文的先行詞， 也可代指前文的一句話的內(nèi)容。 當(dāng)非限定性定語從句是否定或表示否定時用which引起。當(dāng)非限定性定語從句中的謂語是一個復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時用which引起。

19、As: 可用于句首或句中，只代指前文的一句話的內(nèi)容，可譯為“正如、象 一樣” 常用于as anybody can see, as is well known, as we had expected, as is often the case, as is mentioned above等句式中。8. 定語從句中缺狀語，如果先行詞為situation, case, point,stage等詞時用where引起從句；如先行詞為occasion則用when引起從句。Compare： A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.I know a place

20、 which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. C. This is the reason why he was dismissed.This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not atten

21、ding the meeting非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句起補(bǔ)充說明作用，缺少也不會影響全句的理解，在非限定性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開，如若將非限定性定語從句放在句子中間，起前后都需要用逗號隔開。一.關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞指代對象指代人指代物主格whowhich, as賓格whomwhich, as所有格of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系副詞主要有：when, where。不能用that作為關(guān)系代詞的兩種情況：非限定性定語從句；介詞+關(guān)系代詞As和which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句區(qū)別1、as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以

22、放在句首、句中和句尾，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句中或句尾。2、當(dāng)as后面有“is或was+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)時，be動詞is或was可省略。3、 as有時也可用作關(guān)系代詞 。若as在從句中作主語，其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首或句中。但which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放句中。4、as有正如一樣、按照、正像、因為的意思，所以常用于肯定句，而which則用于肯定，否定都可以5、在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中使用as 例如：the same as 、as as例句：1 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which , of

23、 course, made the others unhappy.（從句部分的意思為：這當(dāng)然使別人不高興；而不能譯為正如使別人不高興。故用which。）2 Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places.二. 注意事項1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句是用來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分。2. as有時也可用作關(guān)系代詞 。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，若as在從句中作主語，其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。但which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放句中。例句：As is reported in the

24、newspaper ，some artistic treasures(藝術(shù)珍品） will be on show at the exhibition （展覽品）on the weekend.3. 在非限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞不能用that,和those。三. 限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句區(qū)別1. 限定性定語從句: 從句不能省略,如果省略整個句子意思不完整。非限定性定語從句: 從句可以省略,如果省略整個句子意思仍然完整 。2. 限定性定語從句:先行詞可以用that 引導(dǎo)。非限定性定語從句: 先行詞不可以用that 引導(dǎo)。3. 限定性定語從句:引導(dǎo)詞有時可以省略。非限定性定語從句:引導(dǎo)詞不可以

25、省略。4. 限定性定語從句:主句與從句不需要用逗號隔開。非限定性定語從句:主句與從句需要用逗號隔開。5. 限定性定語從句: 從句只修飾先行詞。非限定性定語從句:從句既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個句子或句子的一部分。四功能用途限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊湊，對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會影響句子意思的完整性；有時甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如：1. Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations

26、in which they are located .為了加速他們各自所在國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，熱帶雨林作為有價值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。2. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。3. They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個逗點，隔開；它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、

27、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句或句中某個成分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外，非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolem

28、y .更早之前，巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，但是他們把它繪制成平盤狀而不是托勒密所采用的球體狀。（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先行詞a sphere進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。）The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .衛(wèi)星能傳輸信

29、息，計算機(jī)能儲存信息，電視能顯示信息，把這些手段結(jié)合起來可以使每個家庭都成為教育娛樂的中心。（此句中，三個非限定性定語從句分別對三個先行詞：satellites ，computers和television進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。如果去掉這三個非限定性定語從句，那么句子可簡化為：The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）The sun heats the earth , which makes it

30、 possible for plants to grow .太陽給予大地?zé)?，這就使植物的生長成為可能。（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明,將全句表達(dá)的意思看成一件事情）。 The old man has a son , who is in the army .那位老人有一個兒子，他在部隊工作。（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先行詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。但本句所傳達(dá)的信息是：這位老人只有一個兒子 。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個在部隊工作的兒子。那么，限定性定語從句就要對先行詞son

31、進(jìn)行限定、修飾。這樣一來，句子所傳達(dá)的信息就變成了：這位老人有一個兒子在部隊工作，也就是說可能老人還有其他的兒子在干別的工作）定語從句中關(guān)系詞省略的6種情形關(guān)系詞有時可以省略，但這只限于限制性定語從句中，在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系詞則不可省略。 一、關(guān)系代詞作賓語時的省略 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞who, whom, which和that在定語從句中用作動詞賓語或介詞位于句末時的介詞賓語時，可以省略。如： Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么東西嗎? Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to?

32、 剛才和你講話的人是誰? 二、關(guān)系代詞作表語時的省略 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作表語時，可以省略。如： China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。(that作表語) 三、關(guān)系代詞作賓補(bǔ)時的省略 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語補(bǔ)足時，可以省略。如： Im not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所認(rèn)為的那個瘋子。(that作賓語補(bǔ)語) 四、關(guān)系副詞when的省略 用作時間狀語的關(guān)系副詞when通常不能省略，但有一種特殊情況，即用于day, year, time等少數(shù)幾個詞后

33、時可以省略(也可換成that)。如： That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出國了。 Ill never forget the day (that) we met. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們見面的那一天。 五、關(guān)系副詞where的省略 用作地點狀語的關(guān)系副詞where通常不能省略，但有一種特殊情況，即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少數(shù)幾個詞后時可以省略(也可換成that)。如： This is the place (where) they met yesterd

34、ay. 這就是他們昨天碰頭的地方。 Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有沒有一個什么地方可以讓我躺一個小時？ 六、關(guān)系副詞why的省略 關(guān)系副詞why通常只用于the reason后引導(dǎo)定語從句，且通常可換成that或for which，均可省略。如： Thats the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 這就是他來的原因。 Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 給我舉出一個我們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助你的理由 定語從句練習(xí)做題思路 定語從

35、句：應(yīng)放于名詞或代詞之后，且從句中缺少句子成分（1）從句中少主語，從which, that, who, as中選擇（2）從句中少賓語，從which, that, who, whom, as中選擇（3）從句中少狀語，從where, when, why中選擇(可換為介詞+which)（4）從句中少定語，從whose, of which中選擇1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course, _ made the others unhappy.A. which B. who C. this D. what

36、2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. when C. that D. where3. The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom4. Please take any seat _ is free.A. which B. where C. in which D. th

37、at5. The old man has two sons, _ is a soldier.A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them6. This is the ship _ we crossed the Pacific(太平洋).A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which7. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大樓)_ has more than 100 storeys.A. the higher of them B.

38、 the highest of which C. the highest of them D. some of which8. My home village is no longer the same _ it used to be.A. which B. as C. where D. when9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have gone home.A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time10. Th

39、e boy _ composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.A. who B. whose C. that D. which11. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it12. Mr. Wang is a boss, _ factory Li Ping worked.A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which1

40、3. I dont like the way_ you speak to her.A. / B. that C. in which D. All A, B, and C14. I shall never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, has a good effect on my life.A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who15. _ is known to all, China will be an advanced and

41、 powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A. What B. That C. As D. It16. Is this book _ you want to borrow from the library?A. that B. which C. the one D. /17. Such a book _ you showed me is difficult to understand.A. that B. which C. as D. like18. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books _ w

42、ere popular then.A. / B. that C. which D. who19. This is the store _ we visited the famous shop assistants.A. where B. there C. that D. which20. Im going to spend my holiday in Beijing, _ live my old parents.A. which B. that C. where D. there21. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women

43、 will spend more time in the shop.A. that B. which C. when D. where22.why does she always ask you for help? there is no one else _, is there?A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn23. The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traff

44、ic is the heaviest.A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which24. Can you tell me the reason_ you often miss classes?A. why B. when C. whether D. which25 . Next month, _I will be in my hometown, is coming.A. which B. that C. when D. as26. Is this the school_ you studied

45、last month?A. what B. which C. where D. /27.Is this the school_ you visited last Friday?A. what B. / C. where D. in which28. Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, ended up staying at Rachels place. A. when B. where C. what D. which29. After 10 years of hard time, the young lady has

46、turned movie star, _ she dreamed of becoming in her childhood. A. who B. which C. that D. what30. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained31. The days are gone forever _ we didnt have enough to

47、eat. A. since B. that C. where D. when32. - Do you have anything in mind _ youd like for supper? -Well, _ is okay with me. A. that, anything B. which, everything C. what, whatever D. where, something33. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _ effects the people are still suff

48、ering. A. that B. whose C. those D. what34. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ sailing time was 226 days. A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which35. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. to whom B. who C. from whom D

49、. that36. He came here very late, _ was unexpected/not expected. A. that B. it C. which D. as37. I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. A. why B. which C. as D. where38. Wedding is an occasion _ bride is the most bea

50、utiful. A. where B. when C. which D. what39. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 40. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D

51、. whose41 Did you find the notebook _ Jim had given me for my birthday? A. who B. whom C . which D. whose 42. Thats all _ I have seen and heard. A. which B. that C. where D. what 43. Have you seen the man _ plan we were talking about _ yesterday ? A. who, them B. its, them C. whose,/ D. whose, them

52、44. The Oscar is one of the film prizes _ offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far. A. which are not B. that have not been C. that has not D. that has not been 45. He never reads anything _ is not worth reading. A. that B. as C. who D. which 46. The man _ coat is black is waiting at the gate. A. whos B. whose C. that D. of which 47. _ cleans the classroom can go home first. A. Anyone B. those who