初二英語-(形容詞-副詞-動詞種類

1、Step 1 形容詞，副詞分類及用法辨析考點歸納1形容詞 形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補，有時還可作狀語。如：He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting.(1) 有些形容詞只能作表語。如：alone，alive，afraid，asleep，ill，interested，excited, surprised等。 如：That old man feels alone because his children are out. Im afraid he cant come 而以ly結尾的形容詞有fr

2、iendly，lively，lovely，likely等。(2) 形容詞與不定代詞something，anything，nothing，everything等連用時，要放在這些詞后面。如：Is there anything interesting in todays newspaper?(3) 某些形容詞可以和定冠詞連用，表示一類人或事物，其作用相當于一個名詞，如：the young（年輕人），the poor（窮人），the rich（富人）。當其作主語時，謂語通常用復數(shù)形式。如：The rich and the poor live in different parts of the cit

3、y.(4) 如果有兩個以上的形容詞修飾同一個名詞時，其前后排列順序一般如下： 限定詞(a/the，thissomeher)+數(shù)量詞（先序數(shù)詞后基數(shù)詞）+觀點+大小+形狀+新舊+顏色+產(chǎn)地+材料+名詞。如：a dirty old black shirt 一件又臟又舊的黑色襯衣2形容詞比較級和最高級的構成形容詞的比較級和最高級形式是在形容詞的原級形式的基礎上變化而成的。(1) 單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級形式是在詞尾加-er和-est構成。(2) 以-e結尾的單音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加-r和-st構成。(3) 少數(shù)以-y，-er，-ow，-ble結尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞

4、尾加-er和-est構成。如：clever - cleverer-cleverest(4) 以-y結尾，但-y前是輔音字母的形容詞的比較級和最高級是把-y去掉，加上-ier和-est構成。如：happy - happier（比較級）-happiest（最高級）(5) 以一個輔音字母結尾其前面的元音字母發(fā)短元音的形容詞的比較級和最高級是雙寫該輔音字母然后再加-er和-est。如：big - bigger - biggest(6) 某些雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞的比較級和最高級需用more和most加在形容詞前面構成。如：difficult - more difficult - most difficu

5、lt 形容詞前若加上less和least則表示“較不”和“最不”。如：important重要less important較不重要least important最不重要3副詞 副詞是用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其他副詞或整個句子，有時也能修飾名詞，表示時間、地點、方式、程度、動作、頻度等，在句中主要用作狀語。 如：we should listen to our teachers carefully我們應該認真聽老師講課。(1) 副詞表示頻度修飾動詞時，位于連系動詞和助動詞之后，行為動詞之前， 如：Mr. Smith usually comes to school by car.(2) already和

6、yet的區(qū)別：already用于陳述句，一般用于句中，但不能和時間狀語放在一起，譯為“已經(jīng)”；yet用來表達某事在預料之中，在疑問句中譯為“已經(jīng)”，但用在否定句中則譯為“尚未，還沒有”，一般都放于句末。 如：I have already finished the homework. Have you found your English book yet?(3) ever用于疑問句或帶if的肯定句中或含hardly等否定意義的肯定句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”一般要放在動詞前面；它不用于現(xiàn)在完成時的簡略回答，而要用Yes，I have或No，never 表示。 如：The old woman hardly

7、 ever goes out（hardly ever可譯為：幾乎從不） “Have you ever been to New York?“No, never”4形容詞變副詞的規(guī)律(1) 一般的形容詞在結尾加ly變?yōu)楦痹~。如：careful - carefully(2) 以元音加e結尾的單詞要去e再加ly。如：true-truly；以le結尾的單詞直接將e變?yōu)閥。如：terrible - terribly(3) 輔音加y結尾的單詞去y變i再加ly。例如：angry - angrily(4) 單音節(jié)y結尾直接加ly。例如：shy-shyly 要特別注意形容詞、副詞同形：hard，fast，late

8、，early，long，far，right，straight，daily等。其中很多單詞加ly之后就變成其他意思的單詞了。例如：hardly就變成“幾乎不”的意思，是初中階段五大隱形否定詞( few，little，seldom，hardly，rarely)之一。5形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級 大多數(shù)的形容詞和副詞都有三個等級：原級、比較級和最高級。1) 比較級的范圍： 一般為兩者或兩個部分進行比較。常見的使用情況有如下三種：(1) as+形容詞或副詞原形+as 為“像一樣”。(2) not as (so)+形容詞或副詞原形+as和不一樣。not as/soas=less than不及，不如(3

9、) than比（用比較級）在than的句式中有一點需要同學們特別注意：Im taller than any other student in my class這句話中用than連接的是I和any other student in my class兩個部分，其實表示的是最高級的概念，譯為“我比我們班其他同學都要高”，其中any other是固定搭配，譯為“任何其他的”，同時在比較級中為了避免重復，在than后常用one，that，those等詞來替代前面提到過的名詞。而a little，much，a lot，even，still可用來專門修飾比較級，但不能在比較級前加so，too，very，qu

10、ite等。2) 最高級的范圍：最高級用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之間的比較，表示在眾多人或事物中，其中一個“最”。最高級在結構上和比較級有兩個明顯的區(qū)別標志：(1)一般用the限定最高級的范圍，也可以說，現(xiàn)階段the就是最高級的主要標志。但是，當形容詞最高級前有序數(shù)詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、名詞所有格等限定詞修飾時，最高級前不加the，副詞最高級前的the通常也是省略的。(2) 最高級后面往往用of，in，among或用從句修飾表示形容詞的最高級的比較范圍， 如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.在表示“第二、第三”時，可在最高級前加“sec

11、ond, third”6還有如下的固定結構也要多加注意(1) 比較級十a(chǎn)nd+比較級意為“越來越”如：hotter and hotter，more and more important(2) The+比較級，the+比較級“越就越”如：The bigger, the better.越大越好。(3) 表示“是幾倍”時用“twice；three times等+asas”，如：He has four times as many books as I have.(4)“the 比較級of+兩者”“兩者中較的一個”，如：Lucy is the younger of the twins(5) 表示兩者相差

12、多少用“具體數(shù)量+比較級”，如：My brother is two years older than me7. 形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的不規(guī)則變化原 級比 較 級最 高 級good（好的）well（健康的）betterbestbad（壞的）ill（有病的）worseworstold（老的）older/ elderoldest / eldestmuchmany（多的）moremostlittle（少的）lessleastfar（遠的）farther/ furtherfarthest / furthest考題精講【例1】 We are glad to see our hometown is

13、developing _ these years than ever before. A. much more quickly B. quickly C. very quickly D. most quickly【解析】本題考查副詞比較級的用法，是一句帶有than的比較級的句子，將these years和even before相比較，而通常副詞的比較級用more構成，同時a little，much，a lot，even, still等可用來專門修飾比較級。因此正確答案為A?！纠?】Why does he look so_？Did he sleep well last night? A. int

14、erested B. frightened C. tired D. surprised【解析】look意為“看上去”，是連系動詞。連系動詞后接形容詞作表語，表示人的情緒特征或狀態(tài)。從整句的意思來看，是想表達昨晚沒睡好所表現(xiàn)出的疲倦，因此C為正確答案?！纠?】Everything weve seen and heard in Beijing is _in the history of the Olympic Games. A. the most exciting B. more exciting C. more exciting than D. most exciting【解析】這主要是掌握對最

15、高級的用法。本題目中everything和in Beijing都可以提示句子想表達的是最高級。因此正確答案是A。【例4】“Would you like me to show you the way?”the volunteer said_to the tourist A. lovely B. likely C. kindly D. friendly【解析】在英語中并不是以ly結尾的就都是副詞，如本題中的friendly，lovely，likely就是以ly結尾的形容詞。而從本題結構可以清晰看出這里所要的是對said這個動詞的修飾。因此答案只能選kindly這個副詞了。考點精練I. Choose

16、 the best answer1.Thanks to Elaine. With her help, we finished the work an hour_. A. earlyB. earlierC. earliestD. the earliest2. Jack, how are you feeling today?Much. I think I can go to school tomorrow. A. goodB. betterC. wellD. best3.A survey showed that Jingjing and Huanhuan wereamong the five Ol

17、ympic mascots. A. popularB. more popularC. most popularD. the most popular4.We feel that we can sing asas the pop stars when we are singing Karaoke.A. wellB. betterC. bestD. good5. Talking is easier than doing.Yes. Wed betterand. Doing should go first.A. to talk less; do moreB. talk less; do moreC.

18、talking less; do moreD. talk more; do less6.When the music started, everyone in the hall began to keep_. A. noisyB. quietC. quietlyD. slowly7.The Yellow River isthan any other river in northern China. A. longB. longerC. the longestD. longest8.Mary lost her key. She cant find itnow. A. somewhereB. an

19、ywhereC. everywhereD. any way9.Tell meyoure getting on with your friends at school.A. whatB. whyC. whereD. how10.Chusovitian felt like an 18-year-old girl when she won the silver medal on the vault (跳馬銀牌). She felt_at that time. A. interestingB. excitedC. excitingD. beautiful11.Every student likes M

20、iss Green because she always talks to them. A. politelyB. lovelyC. friendlyD. luckily12.We couldbelieve that Bill had worked soin the countryside.A. hardly; hardly B. hard; hardC. hard; hardly D. hardly; hard13.George wasnt used to telling lies. His face turned.A. redB. cleanC. sadlyD. happily14.Sha

21、nghais new landmark the World Financial Building is the first _building in Asia. A. the tallestB. tallestC. tallerD. tall15.In winter thethe snow is, the happier the children are. A. heavyB. heavierC. heavilyD. the heaviest1-5 BBDAB 6-10 BBBDB 11-15 ADABBStep 2動詞種類學習1、動詞的分類：類 別意 義例 句實義動詞含有實在的意義，表示動作

22、或狀態(tài)，在句子中能獨立作謂語。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他們常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.我現(xiàn)在正看一本英文書。連系動詞本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語，必須和表語一起構成謂語。His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。Twins usually look the same.雙胞胎通?？雌饋硪粯?。The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。助動詞本身沒有詞義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞，用來表

23、示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式，助動詞自身有人稱、單復數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。He doesnt speak English. 他不說英語。We are playing basketball. 我們在打籃球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的意義，不能獨立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞，表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和單復數(shù)的變化，有些情態(tài)動詞有過去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.這些書你可以借兩個星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？We must go now

24、. 我們現(xiàn)在得走了。重要注解：（1）關于實義動詞： 英語的實義動詞又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩大類：后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動詞；本身意義完整，后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動詞。 有些動詞通常只作不及物動詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些動詞通常用作及物動詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多數(shù)動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。如：study, sing等。 有些動詞作及物動詞與作不及物動詞時的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。 有些動詞常和介詞、副詞或其它詞類一起構成固定詞組，形成

25、短語動詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.（2）關于連系動詞：連系動詞用來連接主語和表語，連系動詞后面常為形容詞。常見的連系動詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。有些連系動詞來源于實義動詞，意思也跟著變化：look（看看起來）、feel（感覺、摸感到）、 smell（聞、嗅聞起來）、taste（嘗嘗起來）、turn（翻轉、轉動變得）、grow（生長變得）、get（得到、到達變得）、go（去變得），所不同的是，作為實義動詞時，后面不能跟形容詞。注

26、釋 become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區(qū)別：become表示“變成”，比較正式，通常不用將來時表示動作已經(jīng)完成。get也表示動作已經(jīng)完成，但是更加口語化，通常表示溫度、時間、歲數(shù)等變化。go表示“變得”，常見于某些短語中，后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當”，多用于將來時、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”，常指逐漸的變化，表示身高、歲數(shù)的增長。turn表示“變得”，指變?yōu)榕c原先不同的情況，通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill./ He has got rich

27、./ He will be a scientist in the future./ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year./ The sandwich has gone bad./ Her face turned red after her mother criticized（批評） her.（3）關于助動詞：常見的助動詞有：用于進行時和被動語態(tài)的be（am, is, are ,was, were, been, being） ；用于完成時的have（has, had, having）；用于將來時的shall（shoul

28、d）；will（would）和用于一般時的do（does, did） . 助動詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致，也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式，其中有些助動詞也可作情態(tài)動詞。如：shall, will, should, would.（4）關于情態(tài)動詞：常見的情態(tài)動詞有：can （could） ,may （might）, must ,shall （should）, will （would）, dare （dared） , need等，另外，have to、had better也當作情態(tài)動詞使用。情態(tài)動詞后面必須加動詞的原形。 can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性。口語中，在詢問或

29、說明一件事可不可以做時，常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動詞“can”的過去式是“could”，否定式是“cannot”通?？s寫成“cant”，“could”的否定式是“could not”，通常縮寫成“couldnt”。如：Can I help you?/ He can swim./ That cant be Mr Li. may表示允許、請求或可能性，用may提問時，肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes, you may。否定回答一般用cant或mustnt. 如：May I ask you a question?Certainly. / You may go now. / It m

30、ay be in your pocket. must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時否定形式是mustnt；表示“一定”時，否定形式是“cant” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road/ It must be Jack./ I havent seen Kate today. She cant be here. 注意用must（必須）進行提問時，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt；用must（一定）進行提問時，肯定回答仍用must，但是否定回答用cant.如：Must we clean the room before

31、 we leave? Yes，you must.或No, you neednt. / Must she be in the romm? Yes,she must.或No,she cant. “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。Well have to leave now for it is very late at night. have to的疑問形式是：助動詞have to,否定形式是：助動詞nothave to或者用neednt.如：Do you have to stay until 8 oclock? / You dont have to do so.（=You neednt

32、do so.） shall在問句中，可表示征求對方意見，與第一人稱連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?/ He shall bring his own book next time. should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely. will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思，一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?/ I will teach

33、you a lesson.would表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況，表達說話人向對方提出的要求，語氣比“will”婉轉、客氣。在日常會話中，“我想要”通常用“I would like to”或“I should（Id） like to”來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment? would還可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their ch

34、ildren about the boy who would save his people. need表示“需要”，用于疑問句或否定句?！皀eed”作實義動詞時，在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He neednt do it in such a hurry.（他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事）/ He needs some help.（他需要一些幫助）/ He doesnt need to bring his football socks then.（那么他就無須帶上足球襪了） dare是“敢”的意思，用法幾乎與“need”完全相同，即在疑問句和否定句中，可以作情態(tài)動詞，后面用不帶“to”的動

35、詞不定式。在肯定句中和實義動詞一樣，后面的動詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool? / He didnt dare to touch the red button. d better （do）（“最好是”）一般也當作情態(tài)動詞使用，否定式是：d better not （do）. 如：Youd better sit here and say nothing./ Youd better not speak because he is sleeping. 2、動詞詞形變化一覽表：（1）規(guī)則動詞變化表：規(guī)則變化原形動詞結尾情況現(xiàn)在時單三人稱現(xiàn) 在 分 詞過去式和

36、過去分詞一般情況singeds,x,ch,sh,o結尾esinged輔音字母y結尾yi,esingyi,ed重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結尾s雙寫輔音字母,ing雙寫輔音字母,ed不發(fā)音的e結尾s去掉e,ingdie結尾siey,ingd不規(guī)則變化havehas；beis（無）（見不規(guī)則動詞變化表）注意：在加ing或ed時動詞如果以“r”結尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動詞,“r”應雙寫。s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀s；在濁輔音后和元音后讀z；在 s 、 F、z、tF、dV后讀iz.ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀t；在濁輔音后和元音后讀d；在t、d后讀id.（2）不規(guī)則動詞變化表：（ 原形 過去式 過去分詞）be

37、（am,is）wasbeenloselostlostbe（are）werebeenmakemademadebeatbeatbeatenmaymightbecomebecamebecomemeanmeantmeantbeginbeganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldrideroderiddencatchc

38、aughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfel

39、tsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave

40、（has）hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedw

41、earworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain3、be動詞的各種時態(tài)變化一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時一 般 將 來 時現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.（I等各人稱） will be.I am He/She/It is going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.

42、一 般 過 去 時過 去 將 來 時過 去 完 成 時I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.（I等各人稱） would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注意：句型變化時，否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為nt （am后面not不可以

43、縮寫）；疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、其它謂語動詞（主動語態(tài)）的時態(tài)變化現(xiàn)在 時態(tài)一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時現(xiàn) 在 進 行 時一 般 將 來 時現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時謂語動詞構成動詞用原形（單三加s / es）（問句和否定句借用助詞do / does）amis 動詞-ingarewill 動詞原形amis going to動詞原形arehave 過去分詞has過去 時態(tài)一 般 過 去 時過 去 進 行 時過 去 將 來 時過 去 完 成 時謂語動詞構成動詞用過去式（問句和否定句借用助詞did）was 動詞-i

44、ngwerewould 動詞原形wasgoing to動詞原形werehad 過去分詞Step 3閱讀訓練興趣與愛好詞數(shù) 223 難度 建議用時 430 實際用時 _There are some people you just do not like on the first meeting, and you do not know why. Its not like you know the people well enough to dislike them. I suppose thats why people said first impression is very importan

45、t.Its either their behavior and way of speaking or their way of thinking that puts you off, but sometimes its a sixth sense thing. For example, you met a girl and you thought she was very nice but she wasnt the way you had thought she was. You found out that she was the biggest mouth ever and loved

46、to jump to conclusions without knowing much. She behaved like a 16-year-old kid when she was like 25. You didnt know why but every time you saw her, you didnt want to move close to her.I personally dont like to have prejudice about people. However, I always take a disliking to really rude people. I

47、must admit to disliking a certain few after Ive met a handful of people. Most of the time its because they are too proud, stupid, rude, arrogant and annoying. I feel it is okay to dislike someone for whatever reasons.A bad first impression is really terrible. Its just human nature, sometimes you dis

48、like them to begin with, but after you know them you like them.生詞速查impression 印象a sixth sense 第六感prejudice 偏見admit 承認( ) 1. You dislike some people on the first meeting because _.A.you know them very wellB.they dont want to be close to youC.you have prejudice about themD.you dont like the way of the

49、ir behavior or thinking( ) 2. The second paragraph mainly tells us _.A.what a sixth sense is likeB.how to have a good way of behavior or thinkingC.the reason why you put some people offD.the impression you had on the girl( ) 3. If you dont want to have a bad first impression, youd better _.A. be kind B. be annoyingC. be proudD. be shy( ) 4. The passage is mainly about _.A. some people you dislikeB. the sixth senseC. bad first impression D. human nature( )5. From the end of the passage, we know that