定語從句(2)2

1、定語從句（2）1. 定語從句是歷年高考的熱點，是必考的語法點。 2. 本講主要梳理以下知識點：1) 非限制性定語從句，特別是先行詞為整個句子的情況；2) 非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞as 和which的區(qū)別；3) 定語從句與其他句式的區(qū)別。一、知識精講（一）非限制性定語從句1. 非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系不緊密，只是作附加說明，不起限制作用。2. 非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞只能用which或who，不能用that，作賓語時，不可以省略。3. 有時非限制性定語從句所修飾的不是前面的某個詞，而是代表整個主句所講的內(nèi)容。4. 非限制性定語從句的主、從句之間往往用逗號隔開，譯成漢語時可單獨譯成一句。

2、【例句】 The old man has a son, who is in the army. 那位老人有一個兒子，他在部隊工作。She comes from Shanghai, which can be told from her accent. 她是上海人，這一點從她的口音就可以判斷出來。例題1Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. A. that B. which C. who D. where 答案：B思路分析：本句的先行詞是Chans restau

3、rant，在定語從句中作主語，非限制性定語從句不能用that來引導(dǎo)，故選A。本題同學(xué)們看到on Baker Street，可能會誤選D，主要是沒有判斷好先行詞在定語從句中作什么成分。例題2(安徽卷) All the neighbors admire this family, _the parents are treating their child like a friend. A. why B. where C. which D. that答案：B思路分析：先行詞是family, 在從句中作地點狀語，要說in the family, 故要選B。（二）限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別1.

4、 形式上，非限制性定語從句往往用逗號隔開。2. 語法上，非限制性定語從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。3. 語義上，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個定語從句，整個句子就不完整或會改變意思；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對先行詞起補充說明或描述的作用?！纠洹?I was the only person in our office who was invited.我是辦公室里唯一被邀請的人。（去掉定語從句，意思就不完整）Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. 湯姆的父親，已經(jīng)六十

5、多歲了，仍然日夜努力地工作著。（who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，整個句子可分成兩句來翻譯）4. 翻譯時，限制性定語從句可譯為一句（較短的一般譯為“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)）；而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。【例句】This is the book (that / which) I like best. 這就是我最喜歡的那本書。Beijing, which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中國八百年之久的古都，它有著豐富的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。例題1（江蘇）The S

6、cience Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where答案：A思路分析：從句中的謂語動詞visit是及物動詞，先行詞The Science Museum是visit的賓語，非限制性定語從句不能用that來引導(dǎo)，故選A。例題2（重慶）They will fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days.A. where B

7、. there C. which D. when 答案：A思路分析：先行詞是Washington，在從句中作地點狀語，故選A項。（三）as引導(dǎo)定語從句時的用法1. 關(guān)系代詞as是一種特殊的連接詞，它還可以引導(dǎo)定語從句。as既可以作關(guān)系代詞，又可以作關(guān)系副詞，一般與such或the same連用，即：suchas 像一樣，the sameas和一樣?！纠洹縃ave you bought the same dictionary as I referred to yesterday？你有買我昨天提到的一樣的詞典嗎？Such machines as are used in our workshop

8、are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機器是中國制造的。例題Tom did not take away the camera although it was just the same camera _ he lost last week.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. as答案：D思路分析：句意：湯姆沒有拿走那架照相機，盡管它跟他上星期丟的那架一樣。先行詞前有the same修飾，故用as 引導(dǎo)定語從句。2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is s

9、aid, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等?！纠洹緼s I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。China has the largest population in the world, as is known to all. 眾所周知，中國擁有世界上最多的人口。例題（浙江卷）_ I explained on the phone, your re

10、quest will be considered at the next meeting. A. When B. After C. As D. Since答案：C思路分析：當(dāng)定語從句放在句首時必須用as引導(dǎo)。3. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別1) 位置的不同：which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的句子后；as 位置較靈活，也就是說as可置于所限制的句子前面、插在句子中或放在句子后?！纠洹縃e was late again, which made his teacher very angry. 他遲到了，這讓老師非常生氣。Jack, as you know, is an h

11、onest man. = Jack is an honest man, as you know. = As you know, Jack is an honest man. 你知道杰克是個誠實的人。2) 先行詞的不同：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其先行詞多為一個句子；which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，其先行詞可以是一個詞，一個短語或一個句子?！纠洹縏he library, which was built in the 1930s,needs repairing.（先行詞是一個詞）He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行詞是一個句子）He was

12、a foreigner, as I know from his accent.（先行詞是一個句子）3) as 一般譯為“正如”，“就像”，“這一點”。【例句】He is an honest man, as is known to all. 正如大家所知，他是個誠實的人。He made a long speech, as we expected. 就像我們希望的一樣，他做了長時間的報告。As is known to all , the compass was first made in China. 眾所周知，指南針是首先在中國制造的。二、難點聚焦1. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞用

13、單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定?！纠洹縏he man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在樓下的那個男人英語說得很流利。The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow. 三年級的學(xué)生明天打算去爬山。注意這兩個句子：He is the only one of the persons who speaks French fluently here.(此句的先行詞為the only one 而不是the persons, 是單數(shù)，所以定語從句中

14、的謂語動詞也要用單數(shù)。)He was one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday.（此句中的先行詞是the students, 是復(fù)數(shù)，所以定語從句中的謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。）2. 定語從句有時不直接緊靠先行詞，中間有一個定語、狀語或謂語隔開，叫分隔定語從句?！纠洹縏here is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand. 在他眼里，有一種我看不懂的神情。3. 當(dāng)定語從句中的謂語動詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動詞時，短語動詞的各固定部分不要拆開。【例句】The

15、sick man whom she is looking after is her father. 她正在照顧的那個病人是她的父親。4. 不定代詞 / 數(shù)詞 + of which / whom【例句】Mrs. Green has three sons, none of whom works in the city. 格林夫人有3個兒子，他們都沒有在城里工作。The boys discovered many pictures on the walls of the cave, most of which dates back to 15，000 years ago. 這些男孩子在這個洞的墻上發(fā)現(xiàn)

16、了很多畫，其中很多都可追溯到15000年前。例題（湖南卷）The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ are beyond our control.A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that 答案：B思路分析：句意：植物生長的速度受到很多因素的影響，大多數(shù)因素都不為我們所控制。先行詞為a number of factors, 即most of the factors, 故選B。5. whose既可指人也可指物，指物時

17、whose + 名詞 = of which + the + 名詞 / the +名詞 + of which 【例句】The plastic bottle, whose top / of which the top / the top of which is cut off, can be used as a container to grow plants in. 這個塑料瓶子，它的頂部被切開了，可以被用做種植物的容器。6. 非地點名詞作先行詞時用where 引導(dǎo)定語從句的特例，有時先行詞是非地點名詞時，也須用where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，表示抽象意義的一種狀態(tài)，此類詞包括point, situa

18、tion, case 等?！纠洹縏he treatment will continue till the patient reach the point where he can walk correctly and safely. （point意為“程度”）治療會一直持續(xù)到病人達到能正確、安全走路的程度。Can you think of a situation where this idiom can be used？ （situation意為“情景”）你能想出使用這個成語的情景嗎？例題（江西）Later in this chapter cases will be introduced t

19、o readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.A. where B. when C. who D. which答案：A思路分析：在這個句子中先行詞是cases, 它在從句中應(yīng)作地點狀語，應(yīng)為in the cases,故選A。7. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句時，確定介詞的方法：（1）根據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配【例句】Theyll never forget July 1st on which Hong Kong returned to its motherland. 他們永遠不會忘記7月1日，在這一天香港回到了

20、祖國母親的懷抱。1992 is the year in which you were born. 1992年是你出生的年份。（2）根據(jù)定語從句中動詞所需的搭配【例句】The school to which I was sent was very large. 我被送去上學(xué)的學(xué)校非常大。Hong Kong is the city from which he comes. 他來自于香港。例題“用介詞 +which/whom”填空1. At the top of the mountain there is a small house_ we can see the beautiful scenery

21、. 2. Whos the man _you shook hands just now? 3. I will remember the time _I first became a high school student. 4. He didnt give the reason _he was late.三、定語從句和易混句型（一）定語從句與并列句注意用標(biāo)點符號和連接詞and, but等來區(qū)別。例題1. Mr Li has three daughters, none of_ is an engineer.2. Mr Li has three daughters, but none of_ is

22、 a dancer.3. Mr Li has three daughters; _ are doctors.答案：1. whom 2. them 3. none/they（二）定語從句與地點狀語從句：看是否有先行詞,如果有,就是定語從句；如果沒有,就是地點狀語從句。例題1. Rice doesnt grow well _ there is not enough water. 2 I still remember the farm_ my parents worked ten years ago.答案：1. where 2. where/on which（三）定語從句與強調(diào)句強調(diào)句可還原成正常語

23、序的句子，也就是說，強調(diào)句中去掉It be that后，句子仍然通順，意義也依然完整，只是沒那么強調(diào)突出了。而定語從句去掉了It be that后，句子就不完整了。例題1. It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport.It is the morning of May 1st _ I met John at the airport.2. It is in the factory _John works.It is the factory _John works.答案：1. that, when 2.that, where

24、 （四）定語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句在定語從句中,若先行詞被such 修飾時,關(guān)系詞要用as, 組成suchas結(jié)構(gòu)。這個結(jié)構(gòu)與結(jié)果狀語從句suchthat（如此以致）很相似,要注意區(qū)別。若從句中的及物動詞后無賓語，就是定語從句，用suchas；否則就是結(jié)果狀語從句，用suchthat。例題1. I have such a computer _you have. 2. She is such a kind girl _all of us like to make friends with her. 答案：1. as 2. that（五）定語從句與習(xí)慣句型固定句型：It is the first/se

25、cond/third time that+ 從句（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時）例題1. It is the first time _she has been in Shanghai.2. It was the time _Chinese people had a hard life.答案：1. that 2. when（六）定語從句與單句注意標(biāo)點符號。兩個單句間用句號，而定語從句的兩個句子間用逗號。例題1. The mother told the lazy boy to work, _didnt help.2. The mother told the lazy boy to work. _didnt h

26、elp.3. There are 56 students in our class, most of _are girls.答案：1. which 2. It 3. whom 1. （山東）Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that答案：B思路分析：不管我何時遇見她，她都用甜甜的微笑迎接我，這是常事。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前面的句子。2. （全國II）My friend showed me round the t

27、own, _ was very kind of him. A. which B. that C. where D. it答案：A思路分析：考查非限制性定語從句，這兒的which指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容。3. （天津）I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, _ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.A. as B. which C. when D. though答案：A思路分析：考查as的非限制性定語從句。后句句意：我的做法正如/正像生活在天津鬧市區(qū)的商人一樣。

28、本句為避免頭重腳輕，結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過了調(diào)整，主語和謂語顛倒，這點要注意。which代替的是上句部分或整體的內(nèi)容，此處沒有這個的意思，排除B；C，D句意、結(jié)構(gòu)均不適合，as“正如，正像”符合句意，故選A。4. （陜西）Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which 答案：C思路分析：考查定語從句，先行詞是Gun control，指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中作介詞的賓語，介詞前置，介詞與從句動詞構(gòu)成搭配argue abou

29、t sth.，選C。5. （遼寧）Theyve won their last three matches，_I find a bit surprising. A. that B. when C. what D. which 答案：D思路分析：考查對非限制性定語從句關(guān)系詞的辨析。句意“我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們已經(jīng)贏得了最后的三場比賽，這一點有點令人吃驚”，which代替上句的“Theyve won their last three matches”，作find的賓語，選D。A項不能用于非限制性定語從句中。B,C兩項結(jié)構(gòu)、語意均不合適。6. （浙江）The settlement is home to nearl

30、y 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whom B. which C. them D. those答案：A思路分析：先行詞為1000 people,從句的意思是：他們中的許多人是離開鄉(xiāng)下的家到城里尋求更好的生活。設(shè)空處還愿后為many of the 1000 people, 所以選A。7. （江蘇卷）The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light green, is really a peaceful pl

31、ace for us, specially after hard work. A. that B. it C. what D. which答案：D思路分析：句意：那座新建的咖啡廳，它的墻涂成淺綠色，對我們來說是個非常安靜的地方，尤其是在辛苦工作之后。先行詞為the newly built caf，所以應(yīng)該用whose wall，而whose wall=the walls of which, 故選D。8. （湖南）Julia was good at German, French and Russian, all of _ she spoke fluently.A. who B. whom C.

32、which D. that 答案：C思路分析：句意為茱莉亞擅長說德語、法語和俄語，以上語言她都能說得很流利。先行詞是German, French and Russian，all of后只能用which。（答題時間：40分鐘）*I. 用恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~關(guān)系代詞填空：1. The pen _ Im writing is broken.2. My mother gave me the dictionary _ she paid a lot of money.3. The girl _ I spoke just now is a friend of mine.4. The boy _ I went to t

33、he film enjoyed it very much.5. I have many books, the best _ was borrowed by Alice.6. This the tree _ I often read English.7. She bought a new pair of glasses, _ she can see clearly.8. Ill never forget the day _ I won the first prize in the 100-metre race in school.9. The speed _ this car travels i

34、s 120 kilometers an hour.10. Oxygen is a kind of gas, _ we couldnt live.II單項選擇1. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. than 2. Some of the roads were flooded, _ made our journey more difficult. A. which B. it C. what D. that 3. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen

35、 from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what 4. He has two sons, _ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 5. The buses, _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of that B. which most C. most of which D. that most 6. My glasses, _ I was

36、 like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A. which B. with which C. without which D. that 7. Mr. Wu, _ everybody likes, is going to give us a talk on chemistry. A. whom B. that C. which D. / 8. This is Mr. Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell us. A. who B. whom C. that D. / 9. H

37、e is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom 10. He lived in London for 3 months, during _ he picked up some English. A. this B. which C. that D. when 11. He has to work on Sundays, _ he does not like. A. and which B. which C. and when D. when 12.

38、I gave him a warning, _ he turned a deaf ear. A. of which B. for which C. to that D. to which 13. Can you think out a situation_ this idiom can be used?A. which B. hat C. where D. with which14. Mother bought me a new bike as my birthday present，_ made me very happy.A. hat B. which C. s D. it15. He a

39、rrived in New York，_ some time later，he became a writer.A. when B. where C. that D. which16. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whom B. who C. which D. that17. Last summer we visited the West Lake, _Hangzhou is famous in the world. A. for which B. for that C. in which D. wh

40、at18. I have bought two ballpens, _ writes well.A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which 19. On the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue.A. whose B. of which C. which D. its20. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A. for which

41、 B. at which C. in which D. on which21. I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A. how B. which C. where D. that 22. There are two buildings , _stands nearly a hundred feet high .A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 23. Miss Z

42、hang devoted herself to the development of education, _led to her final success.A. that B. which C. where D./*24. （陜西）The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds.A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands ofC. which the hands of D. the hands of which*25. (四川) For many cities in the wo

43、rld, there is no room to spread our further, _ New York is an example. A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which*26.（北京）Ill give you my friends home address, I can be reached most evenings. A. which B. when C. whom D. where*27. （四川）The school shop, customers are mainly students, is closed f

44、or the holidays.A. which B. whose C. when D. where *28. （陜西）I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A. which B. where C. who D. that*29. （安徽）Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _ it will keep for two or three weeks. A. when B. which C. where D. while*30. （江西） She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _had taken more than three years. CA. for which B. with whichC. of which D. to which*III. 翻譯句子1. 我不