動(dòng)詞,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),主謂,致

1、動(dòng)詞1、 中考對(duì)動(dòng)詞的知識(shí)要求：中考對(duì)動(dòng)詞的考查主要集中在：1、掌握動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞四種形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則；2、掌握動(dòng)詞六種時(shí)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，主要用法及區(qū)別（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）3、掌握系動(dòng)詞be, look, feel, smell, get, become, turn, keep等的基本用法；4、了解過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的基本用法；5、掌握助動(dòng)詞be, do, have, shall, will的基本用法；6、掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can, must, need, may等基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)及主要用法；7、了解一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

2、、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)三種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及其基本用法；8、了解含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式及其基本用法；9、掌握句子主謂一致的基本原則；10、掌握動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)的基本用法；11、了解動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)的基本用法。一， 動(dòng)詞的分類1. 英語(yǔ)中表示動(dòng)作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為行為動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞四類，有些動(dòng)詞是兼類詞。1. We have lunch at ten to twelve. 我們十一點(diǎn)五十分吃午飯。(have是行為動(dòng)詞)2. I have ever been to Hong Kong. 我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)香港。(have

3、是助動(dòng)詞) 3. I am very hungry. 我非常餓。(am是連系動(dòng)詞) 4. She was knocked down on the way home. 她在回家的路上被撞倒了。(was是助動(dòng)詞) 5. He neednt take an umbrella. 他不需要帶傘。(need是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)6. He needs to stop to have a rest.他需要休息一下。 (need是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)1-行為(實(shí)義)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞意義完整，能夠獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。根據(jù)其在句中是否需要賓語(yǔ)，又可細(xì)分為：及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。(1)及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)要求跟賓語(yǔ)。I learn_English_

4、every day.(English是learn的賓語(yǔ))我每天都學(xué)英語(yǔ)。(2)及物動(dòng)詞可以跟 “雙賓語(yǔ)”(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ))，也可跟“復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”(賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))。People give me their money. 人們給我錢。In England，people usually call me Jim for short.在英國(guó)，人們通常簡(jiǎn)稱我Jim。I found a small boy cry in the corner yesterday.昨天我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)小男孩在角落里哭。注：帶省略to的不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：make，let，have，see，watch，notice，

5、hear等。帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, teach, tell, write, read, return等?！岸陶Z(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”相當(dāng)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，主要有下列五種形式：動(dòng)詞介詞：相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞。如：look after“照顧”，look for“尋找”。動(dòng)詞副詞：這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有的作及物動(dòng)詞，有的作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：ring up“打電話”(用作及物動(dòng)詞)，look out“小心”(用作不及物動(dòng)詞)。動(dòng)詞副詞介詞：這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一律用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：do away with“去掉”，go back to“回到

6、(某處)去”，go on with“與(某人)相處”。動(dòng)詞名詞介詞：這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也只能用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：take care of“照顧”，take part in“參加”。be形容詞介詞：這類形容詞包括起形容詞作用的分詞，這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞。如：be ready for“做準(zhǔn)備”， be full of“充滿”， be interested in“感興趣”。(3) 不及物動(dòng)詞后無(wú)須賓語(yǔ)，其本身就能表達(dá)完整的意思。不及物動(dòng)詞后需要接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要在其后加上一個(gè)合適的介詞。2.-系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞亦稱連系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb）。系動(dòng)詞一般分為兩類1）表“狀態(tài)” be, look, smell,

7、 taste, sound, feel, keep, stay, remain等2） 表“變化” become, turn, get, grow等注意-系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。有些系動(dòng)詞（如feel, look和sound等）同時(shí)又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，該動(dòng)詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí)，有詞義，可單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)， 。Look, there is a colorful snake near the river bank。James looks a little sad。Whats wrong with him?系動(dòng)詞鞏固練習(xí) 1.-Do you like the s

8、ong You and Me?-Of course. It _ very great.A. smells B. tastes C. sings D. sounds2. I want this blouse, because it _ more comfortable.A. feels B. sounds C. smells D. Tastes3. I will go for a bike riding if it _ fine tomorrow.A. Will be B. was C. is D. isnt3-助動(dòng)詞 協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）。

9、助動(dòng)詞是語(yǔ)法功能詞，本身沒(méi)有意義，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣等動(dòng)詞形式。助動(dòng)詞幫助句子中的主要?jiǎng)釉~形成否定，疑問(wèn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)等。助動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)的漢譯，例如： 他不喜歡英語(yǔ)。 He doesnt like English. （doesnt是助動(dòng)詞，無(wú)詞義；like是主要?jiǎng)釉~，有詞義)最常用的助動(dòng)詞及其用法1. do(does,did)用于一般時(shí)態(tài)你通常早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床嗎？(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般疑問(wèn)句 )Do you usually get up at six oclock in the morning？湯姆昨天和誰(shuí)去了圖書館？(一般過(guò)去時(shí)，特殊疑問(wèn)句 )Who did Tom go to t

10、he library with you yesterday？我不知道湯姆的電話號(hào)碼。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，否定句 )I dont know Toms telephone number.湯姆的確很熟悉這個(gè)地方。Tom does know the place well.(“助動(dòng)詞do（doesdid）動(dòng)詞原形”表示強(qiáng)調(diào) )2. be (am, is, are ,was, were, been)用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1） be+現(xiàn)在分詞，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)Some children are boating in the park.2）be + 過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The glass was broken by J

11、im.3. have(has,had)用于完成時(shí)態(tài)I have seen this movie twice/two times.The film had already begun when we got to the cinema.4.用于將來(lái)時(shí)shall (should) / will (would)will/shall動(dòng)詞原形表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)存在的狀態(tài)Shall we go to visit No.1 Middle School tomorrow?Your dreams will come true some day。4，-情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本特征情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，表示說(shuō)話的

12、語(yǔ)氣或情態(tài)，但不能單獨(dú)在句中作謂語(yǔ)，只能同動(dòng)詞原形一道構(gòu)成句子謂語(yǔ)，它們沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。 常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can/could/be able tomay/mightmust/have toneed/not have toshall/shouldwill/would1.-can 的用法1、表示“會(huì)，能夠”。 他的爺爺會(huì)講一點(diǎn)法語(yǔ)。 His grandfather can speak a little French.2、表示許可或請(qǐng)求，此時(shí)可等于may。 你可以用這支鋼筆。 You can use this pen. 我可以借你的字典嗎？ Can I borrow your dictionar

13、y?3、表示懷疑、不確定或猜想的情況,多用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中。 1.它可能是真的嗎？ 2.杰克不可能在教室，因?yàn)槲覄倓傇趫D書館看見(jiàn)他。 3.他不大可能是壞人。 He couldnt be a bad man.2-may的用法1、表示許可或請(qǐng)求,其否定回答用cant或 mustnt。 May I go home now? Yes, you may. No, you cant.2、表示可能性或猜測(cè)。 You may be right.3、當(dāng)表示請(qǐng)求時(shí), might比may 語(yǔ)氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)。 當(dāng)表示猜測(cè)時(shí)，might比may 更不確定。3. -must的用法1、表示必須，一定要或禁止。 你必須馬上完成你

14、的作業(yè)。 You must do your homework right now. 你們千萬(wàn)不要在街上踢足球。 You mustnt play football in the street.2、以must開頭的疑問(wèn)句，其否定回答要用neednt. 我必須現(xiàn)在就打掃教室嗎？ Must I clean the classroom now? Yes, you must. No, you neednt.4，-比較have to和must 兩詞都是 “必須、一定”的意思，但是have to 表示客觀的需要， 而must 則表示說(shuō)話人主觀上的看法。 Toms father was badly ill, s

15、o he had to call up the doctor in the middle of the night. 湯姆的父親病得很厲害，他只得半夜里給醫(yī)生打電話。(客觀上需要做這件事) He always says that they must study hard. 他總是說(shuō)他們必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。（主觀上要做這件事） 在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中dont have to 表示“不必或沒(méi)有必要”但是mustnt則表示“禁止、千萬(wàn)不要”的意思。你沒(méi)有必要把此事告訴他。You dont have to tell him about this thing.你千萬(wàn)不要把這消息告訴他。 You mustnt tell

16、him this news.中考演練(1) He had to give up the plan, _he? A. did B. didnt C. does D. doesnt(2) May I take this book out? No, you_. A. cant B. may not C. neednt D. arent(3)Could I borrow your bike?Yes, of course you_. A. might B. will C. canD. should(4). I think Jack come here tomorrow. A. need not B. d

17、oesnt need C. neednt to D. dont need(5) Its raining hard outside for the whole morning, I _stay at home. A. must B. can C. may D. have toBacad動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)1動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者。A talk on science will be given in our school next Monday.下周一在我們學(xué)校將會(huì)有一場(chǎng)關(guān)于科學(xué)的演講。2被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞b

18、e及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。其后的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞必須為及物動(dòng)詞，或“動(dòng)詞介詞”構(gòu)成的及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)以及物動(dòng)詞ask為例，其各種時(shí)態(tài)形式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)如下表所示。構(gòu)成-be + Vp.p(動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞）1)be 動(dòng)詞可以隨時(shí)態(tài)人稱的變化而變化am/ is / are + V(過(guò)去分詞）was/ were+ V(過(guò)去分詞）will be + V(過(guò)去分詞）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + V (過(guò)去分詞）過(guò)去分詞-1.規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞：1)一般情況在動(dòng)詞原形后加-ed2)以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾的加-d3)以輔音加y結(jié)尾的，去y變i加-ed4)以重讀閉音

19、節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母， 先雙寫該輔音字母，再加-ed2.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞：am，is，are-been have，has-had do-done 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)口訣：賓語(yǔ)提前主語(yǔ)變，原主變賓by后見(jiàn)，時(shí)態(tài)人稱be關(guān)鍵。各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成 1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：You are invited to do this.2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)：The story was told by her.3）一般將來(lái)時(shí)：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over the

20、re. 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) V(原形)/ V(e)s am/is/are +Vpp一般過(guò)去時(shí)V-ed/ made /were +Vpp一般將來(lái)時(shí)will +V(原形) will+ be +Vpp含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ V(原形)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +Vpp現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： am，is，are+doing S+ am/is/are + being + P.P. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have，has+Vpp S+ have/has + been+ P.P.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： was，were+ Vpp S+ was/were+being+ P.P.何時(shí)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)呢？ 一、行為主體不明確，不必說(shuō)出或者無(wú)

21、法說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如： Football is played all over the world 二、不易找到或根本就不可能找到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如： My bike was stolen我的自行車被盜了三、漢語(yǔ)中含有“據(jù)說(shuō)”、“據(jù)悉”、“有人說(shuō)”、“大家說(shuō)”等時(shí)。例如： It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and It was reported that her mother died of SARS.眾所周知 It is well known that 據(jù)推測(cè)說(shuō) It is supposed that 四

22、、漢語(yǔ)中含有“被”、“由”等詞時(shí)。例如： Tina is asked to come by PaulTina是被Paul叫來(lái)的。五、某些句子習(xí)慣上用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如： He was born in October，1989 主謂一致“主謂一致”解題指導(dǎo)一、主謂一致 主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來(lái)不外乎三種一致原則，即語(yǔ)法形式一致，概念一致（語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致），毗鄰一致（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語(yǔ)一致）。 1. 語(yǔ)法形式一致 （1）單數(shù)主語(yǔ)、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及句子作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)，用and或bothand連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)，

23、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 1) The performance was very funny. 2) Serving the people is my great happiness. 3) Whether well go depends on the weather. 4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce. 5) Both you and I are students. 6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. （2）由as well

24、 as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語(yǔ)后面，不能看作是并列主語(yǔ)，該主語(yǔ)不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語(yǔ)的影響，主語(yǔ)如是單數(shù)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如： 1) My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office. 2) The man together with his wif

25、e and children sits there watching TV. 3) His sister no less than you is wrong. 4) The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students. (3)有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們?cè)诰渥又凶髦髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something,

26、anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如： 1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (兩人都不喜歡對(duì)方的朋友。) 2) Everything around us is matter. (我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。) (4)在neither of與either of的結(jié)構(gòu)里，一般語(yǔ)法書都認(rèn)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但在美國(guó)的TOEFL考試內(nèi)要求用單數(shù)形式。例如： 1) Neither of them wa

27、s in good health, but both worked very hard. 2) Has either of them been seen recently? (5)當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。) 2)The bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黃油和面包。) （6）當(dāng)one of結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要

28、用單數(shù)形式。例如： 1)One of those students has passed the examination. 2)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use. （7）plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of等 + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如： 1）Half of this building is to be completed by spring. 2）Half of t

29、he buildings have been painted completely. 3）There is plenty of water in the pail. 4）There are plenty of eggs in the box. （8）如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 名詞”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 1）Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed. 2）Two-thirds of the people present are against the p

30、lan. （9）定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如： 1）He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. 2）“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident. 注：當(dāng)one之前有the only等限定詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment

31、. 2.概念一致（語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致） （1）有些集合名詞如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個(gè)集體單位時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，如就其中的各個(gè)成員來(lái)說(shuō)，則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 1）His family is going to move. 2）His family are very well. 3）The public is / are requested

32、not to leave litter in the park. 注：如這類詞后跟有定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用who; 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用which。例如： 1）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. 2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution. (2)有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如： 1）Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common. 2）The police are