動(dòng)物學(xué)24-兩棲綱分類

1、動(dòng)物學(xué)動(dòng)物學(xué)24-24-兩棲綱分類兩棲綱分類綜述2002年全世界的兩棲類：5504 sp.2021年5月全世界的兩棲類：6771 sp.， +2617，47.5% Anura Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 (5966 sp.) Caudata Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 (619 sp.) Gymnophiona Mller, 1832 (186 sp.)2021年5月全世界的兩棲類：7044 sp. ，+273 Anura Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 (6200 sp.，+234) Caudata Fischer v

2、on Waldheim, 1813 (652 sp.，+33) Gymnophiona Mller, 1832 (192 sp.，+6)2021年5月全世界的兩棲類：7233 sp. ，+189 Anura Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 (6359 sp.，+159) Caudata Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 (674 sp.，+22) Gymnophiona Mller, 1832 (200 sp.，+8)一、測量方法和各部位名稱一、測量方法和各部位名稱1. 無無尾兩棲動(dòng)物尾兩棲動(dòng)物2. 有尾兩棲動(dòng)物的測量和各部位名稱有尾兩棲動(dòng)物的測量和各

3、部位名稱二、兩棲綱目的特征二、兩棲綱目的特征現(xiàn)存種類分為三目：現(xiàn)存種類分為三目：1. 蚓螈目無足目蚓螈目無足目Gymnophiona Mller, 1832 ：蠕蟲：蠕蟲狀，四肢退化。生活在土中，幼時(shí)用鰓呼吸，成體用肺狀，四肢退化。生活在土中，幼時(shí)用鰓呼吸，成體用肺呼吸。呼吸。2.無尾目無尾目 Anura Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 ：皮膚裸露：皮膚裸露無鱗，四肢完備，成長后尾消失。無鱗，四肢完備，成長后尾消失。3.有尾有尾Caudata Fischer von Waldheim, 1813 ：皮膚裸露無：皮膚裸露無鱗，四肢完備，或僅有前肢。尾存在，興旺。鱗，四肢完備

4、，或僅有前肢。尾存在，興旺。無足目：我國僅一種，版納魚螈 Ichthyophis bannanicus Yang, 1984 三、我國有尾目各科特征：三、我國有尾目各科特征：1.隱鰓鯢科隱鰓鯢科 Cryptobranchidae Fitzinger, 1826 (4 sp.)：本目中體形最大的種類。：本目中體形最大的種類。頭形平扁，體兩側(cè)有縱走膚褶。犁骨齒單列弧形。頭形平扁，體兩側(cè)有縱走膚褶。犁骨齒單列弧形。2.小鯢科小鯢科 Hynobiidae Cope, 1859 (61 sp.)：小形有尾兩棲動(dòng)物。皮膚光滑，體兩：小形有尾兩棲動(dòng)物。皮膚光滑，體兩側(cè)有肋溝，頸部有頸褶，頭部有唇褶。犁骨齒兩

5、種，側(cè)有肋溝，頸部有頸褶，頭部有唇褶。犁骨齒兩種，“八或倒八或倒“八字形。八字形。3.蠑螈科蠑螈科 Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (110 sp.)：大小與小鯢差不多，體光滑：大小與小鯢差不多，體光滑或有些疣粒、瘰粒、痣。犁骨齒為較長兩縱行，或有些疣粒、瘰粒、痣。犁骨齒為較長兩縱行，“八形。八形。4.洞螈科洞螈科 Proteidae Gray, 1825 (7 sp.)：體細(xì)長呈鰻形，體無任何顆粒，有肋溝，：體細(xì)長呈鰻形，體無任何顆粒，有肋溝，終生有外鰓。終生有外鰓。瘰粒：如瘡疤，顆粒較大。瘰粒：如瘡疤，顆粒較大。疣粒：稍小。疣粒：稍小。痣：更小，如雀斑。痣：更小，

6、如雀斑。香港瘰螈Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871)Hynobius chinensis Gnther, 1889Hypselotriton orphicus (Risch, 1983)Hypselotriton orientalis (David, 1873)Paramesotriton hongkongensis (Myers and Leviton, 1962)Paramesotriton caudopunctatus (Liu and Hu, 1973) Pachytriton brevipes (Sauvage, 1876)Pachytriton

7、inexpectatus Nishikawa, Jiang, Matsui, and Mo, 2021Tylototriton asperrimus Unterstein, 1930四、我國無尾目各科特征：四、我國無尾目各科特征：1.鈴蟾科鈴蟾科 Bombinatoridae (7 sp.) ：舌四周附著在口底，中間游離。：舌四周附著在口底，中間游離。2.蟾蜍科蟾蜍科 Bufonidae (576 sp.) ：有耳后腺。上頜無齒。趾間具蹼，趾端不膨大。體表多：有耳后腺。上頜無齒。趾間具蹼，趾端不膨大。體表多疣粒疣粒 。3.角蟾科角蟾科 Megophryidae (185 sp.) ：上頜一般具

8、齒。瞳孔直立。趾有蹼或僅有蹼跡。：上頜一般具齒。瞳孔直立。趾有蹼或僅有蹼跡。4.雨蛙科雨蛙科 Hylidae (941 sp.)：體表光滑。趾端具吸盤；吻部短而高。：體表光滑。趾端具吸盤；吻部短而高。5.蛙科蛙科 Ranidae (358 sp.) ：包括林蛙、側(cè)褶蛙、水蛙、臭蛙和湍蛙等類群。體多修長或：包括林蛙、側(cè)褶蛙、水蛙、臭蛙和湍蛙等類群。體多修長或平扁，體常具線狀縱膚棱或膚褶。大多指趾端無吸盤或興旺吸盤。僅趾有蹼。平扁，體常具線狀縱膚棱或膚褶。大多指趾端無吸盤或興旺吸盤。僅趾有蹼。6.叉舌蛙科叉舌蛙科 Dicroglossidae (182 sp.) ：包括水蛙、陸蛙、大頭蛙、棘蛙、棘

9、肛蛙、隆肛：包括水蛙、陸蛙、大頭蛙、棘蛙、棘肛蛙、隆肛蛙、棘肛蛙、倭蛙和浮蛙。體短粗渾圓，四肢短，趾指末端尖或略膨大。蛙、棘肛蛙、倭蛙和浮蛙。體短粗渾圓，四肢短，趾指末端尖或略膨大。7.樹蛙科樹蛙科 Rhacophoridae (370 sp.) ：體表光滑。趾端具吸盤；吻部薄而尖，末端趾骨：體表光滑。趾端具吸盤；吻部薄而尖，末端趾骨Y形。大多樹棲。形。大多樹棲。8.姬蛙科姬蛙科 Microhylidae (544 sp.) ：頭小，體粗肥，整體呈三角形。皮膚多粘液，光滑或：頭小，體粗肥，整體呈三角形。皮膚多粘液，光滑或有小粒。上頜多無齒，有齒時(shí)，第有小粒。上頜多無齒，有齒時(shí)，第4指特短細(xì)。指

10、特短細(xì)。東方鈴蟾 Bombina orientalis (Boulenger, 1890) Brachytarsophrys chuannanensis Fei, Ye, and Huang, 2001Oreolalax rhodostigmatus Hu and Fei, 1979 福建掌突蟾Leptolalax liui Fei and Ye, 1990Xenophrys boettgeri (Boulenger, 1899)Xenophrys huangshanensis (Fei and Ye, 2005)Xenophrys brachykolos (Inger and Romer,

11、1961)Xenophrys kuatunensis (Pope, 1929)Megophrys acuta Wang, Li and Jin, 2021Megophrys obesa Wang, Li and Zhao, 2021Xenophrys jinggangensisXenophrys lini Wang and Yang, 2021Xenophrys cheni Wang and Liu, 2021Xenophrys mangshanensis Fei and Ye, 1990Brachytarsophrys popei Wang, Yang and Zhao sp. novBra

12、chytarsophrys platyparietus Rao and Yang, 1993Ophryophryne pachyproctus Kou, 1985中華蟾蜍Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842頭盔蟾蜍Ingerophrynus ledongensis (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 2021)黑眶蟾蜍Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799)Hyla chinensis Gnther, 1858Hyla sanchiangensis Pope, 1929Hyla simplex Boettger, 19

13、01鎮(zhèn)海林蛙Rana zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei, and Matsui, 1995長肢林蛙Rana longicrus Stejneger, 1898Rana hanluica Shen, Jiang, and Yang, 2007黑斑側(cè)褶蛙Pelophylax nigromaculatus (Hallowell, 1861)沼水蛙Hylarana guentheri (Boulenger, 1882)Babina daunchina (Chang, 1933)Hylarana latouchii (Boulenger, 1899)Hylarana taipehensis (V

14、an Denburgh, 1909)Hylarana maosonensis Bourret, 1937Odorrana tormota (Wu, 1977)Odorrana versabilis (Liu and Hu, 1962)Odorrana bacboensis (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov, and Ho, 2003)Odorrana hainanensis Fei, Ye, and Li, 2001Odorrana fengkaiensis nov. sp.Odorrana yizhangensis Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2007O

15、dorrana wuchuanensis (Xu, 1983) Odorrana huanggangensis Chen, Zhou, and Zheng, 2021 )Odorrana schmackeri (Boettger, 1892)Odorrana margaretae (Liu, 1950) Odorrana graminea (Boulenger, 1899)華南湍蛙Amolops ricketti (Boulenger, 1899)Amolops wuyiensis (Liu and Hu, 1975)Amolops hongkongensis (Pope and Romer,

16、 1951)Amolops hainanensis (Boulenger, 1900)Amolops torrentis (Smith, 1923)Amolops chunganensis (Pope, 1929)Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Wiegmann, 1834)澤蛙Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829)Fejervarya cancrivora (Gravenhorst, 1829) 福建大頭蛙Limnonectes fujianensis Ye and Fei, 1994棘胸蛙Quasipaa spinosa (

17、David, 1875)棘胸蛙Quasipaa jiulongensis (Huang and Liu, 1985)小棘蛙Quasipaa exilispinosa (Liu and Hu, 1975)尖舌浮蛙Occidozyga lima (Gravenhorst, 1829)圓舌浮蛙Occidozyga martensii (Peters, 1867)大樹蛙Rhacophorus dennysi Blanford, 1881Rhacophorus reinwardtii (Schlegel, 1840)Polypedates megacephalus Hallowell, 1861Liui

18、xalus romeri (Smith, 1953)Liuixalus ocellatus (Liu and Hu, 1973)Liuixalus sp. From HeishidingLiuixalus sp. from Shiwanshan, Guangxi黑石頂、十萬山和海南眼斑小樹蛙聲波比較Theloderma rhododiscus (Liu and Hu, 1962)鋸?fù)刃渫躃urixalus odontotarsus (Ye and Fei, 1993)Chiromantis doriae (Boulenger, 1893)Chiromantis vittatus (Boule

19、nger, 1887)花狹口蛙Kalophrynus pleurostigma Tschudi, 1838花狹口蛙Kalophrynus interlineatus (Blyth, 1855)飾紋姬蛙Microhyla ornata (Dumril and Bibron, 1841)小弧斑姬蛙Microhyla heymonsi Vogt, 1911粗皮姬蛙Microhyla butleri Boulenger, 1900花姬蛙Microhyla pulchra (Hallowell, 1861)兩棲綱系統(tǒng)演化及生理生態(tài) 兩棲綱的起源與進(jìn)化 種群遺傳學(xué)和遺傳地理學(xué) 區(qū)系或多樣性形成和演化起源進(jìn)化魚石螈：現(xiàn)今發(fā)現(xiàn)最早的能在陸上運(yùn)動(dòng)的脊椎動(dòng)物，出現(xiàn)在3億6千7百萬至3億6千2百5十萬年前的上泥盆紀(jì)具有魚類和爬行動(dòng)物特征