通用學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)1電子教案u17unit4psychology

1、1Unit Four Psychology (1) EGAPSlide to start2Unit Four PsychologyAcademic focusl Explanationl How to explain a notionHow-to questionUnit Four Psychology3Unit Four PsychologyCritical ThinkingReadingListening & SpeakingWritingLearning ObjectivesVocabulary & Structurep Reading explanations of notionsp

2、Reading for analogical explanationsp Taking notes of explanations and analogiesp Explaining analogically based on your notesp Writing to explain a notional meaningp Writing to explain analogicallyp Knowing academic vocabulary and using nominalisationp Identify relationships of notionsp Critically ev

3、aluating analogies and their appropriateness4Unit Four PsychologyAssignmentsA check on SPOCReadingCritical thinkingContents(Week 9)5Unit Four PsychologyA Check on SPOC1 a causal relationship an inclusive relationship an opposite relationship a parallel relationshipWhat are the possible relationships

4、 between two notions?6Unit Four PsychologyA Check on SPOC2They provide a clear outline for writers to present a notion and a clear structure for readers to obtain information from the explanation. How do the different relationships function in explaining a notion?7Unit Four PsychologyA Check on SPOC

5、3An analogy is a comparison between two things, usually for the purpose of explanation or clarification. It aims to explain one thing by comparing it to something familiar. What is an analogy?8Unit Four PsychologyA Check on SPOC4 On the basis of an exact or similar idea Simplicity Clear embodiment o

6、f a concept or relationship between thingsWhat are the features of an effective analogy?9Unit Four Psychology5What effective tools can be used to draw an analogy?Metaphors and similes are tools used to draw an analogy. However, analogy is more extensive and elaborate than a simile or a metaphor. A C

7、heck on SPOC10Unit Four Psychology6Just as the targeted audience should be considered when you define new concepts or ideas, you should also consider contexts and situations.A Check on SPOCWhat should be taken into consideration when explanations are given?11Unit Four Psychology7n In daily life, exp

8、lanations appear simply with short phrases, simple words, common examples, which aim to facilitate effective understanding. n In academic settings, we may need logical thinking, deep understanding and professional language to express a notional meaning. A Check on SPOCWhat are the differences betwee

9、n explanations in daily life and those in academic settings?12Unit Four Psychology8Clarify your thinking by writing down all the necessary and important details. Structure those details logically by deciding which should be explained first and which later.A Check on SPOCWhat are the suggested steps

10、to achieve a logical structure of explanation?13Unit Four PsychologyCritical Thinking Identify relationships of notions Critically evaluating analogies and their appropriateness14Unit Four PsychologyExplanationp The skill of effective explanation is of great importance to show ones profound understa

11、nding of things, or ideas, both abstract and concrete. Effective explanation of notions, concepts or ideas helps familiarize the audience with new notions or ideas better.15Unit Four PsychologyExplaining notional meaningsp In academic contexts, you will frequently encounter many notional meanings, s

12、uch as abstract ideas, concepts or beliefs. For example, in psychology, you may have social psychology, halo effect, memory, and etc. p Explaining an abstract concept, or notion is not as easy as explaining a real and physical object. When we explain a notional meaning, apart from providing definiti

13、ons or giving examples, we can also make use of the relations between notions. 16Unit Four PsychologyRelations between notionsinclusive relationship opposite relationship causal relationship parallel relationship_ one notion leads to another notion _ two notions that are distinct but mimic each othe

14、r_ two notions that are in contradiction_ one notion is a part of a broader notion17Unit Four PsychologyThe Effect of Music on the Human Stress ResponseWe included a non-music acoustic control condition, i.e. listening to sound of rippling water, in our study. This control condition has been chosen

15、to control for effects on psychological and physiological parameters, which might be caused by mere acoustic stimulation alone. The sound of rippling water is missing the typical characteristics of music, such as a structured melody and rhythm. Still, it is an acoustic stimulus with a certain percep

16、tual quality for the listener. What is more, in comparison to artificially produced sounds (such as white or pink noise white or pink noise or single tones), the sound of rippling water may be presented for longer periods of time without exerting stress or boredom in the listener. The sound of rippl

17、ing water was equally preferred and perceived as relaxing as music by our participants. Work out the relations between notionsnotionsrelationspsychologyphysiologystimulusresponsestressboredom stressrelaxationparallelinclusiveparalleloppositepsychologystresscausal18Unit Four PsychologyExplanatory tec

18、hniquesp An appropriate explanation should never be a mess. We are supposed to organize it in a systematic way. A notion can be related to many other ideas. So after finding out these relationships, some common techniques will be employed to explain a notion. They include:DefinitionExemplificationCl

19、assification ComparisonAnalogy 19Unit Four PsychologyContextualizationDescriptionClassificationComparisonContrastDefinitionExplanationU2U3U1U4SystemBehaviorEducationPsychologyAcademic skillsTo effectively explain notions in academic contexts, you can _. Give examplesexemplification Make an analogy20

20、Unit Four PsychologyIdentify the explanatory techniquesWhy people do the things they do is an age-old question. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It is a multifaceted discipline and this field of study can be divided into such areas as human development, personality, thoug

21、hts, feelings, emotion, motivations, and social behaviors. Theres a lot of confusion out there about psychology. According to some popular television programs and movies, psychologists are super-sleuths that can use their understanding of the human mind to solve crimes and predict a criminals next m

22、ove. So what is psychology really all about? There is a lot more to psychology than you might initially think. Sure, there are psychologists who help solve crimes and there are plenty of professionals who help people deal with mental health issues. However, there are also psychologists who contribut

23、e to creating healthier workplaces. There are psychologists that design and implement public health programs. Other psychologists investigate topics such as airplane safety, computer design, and military life. No matter where psychologists work, their primary goals are to help describe, explain, pre

24、dict, and influence human behavior. The three levels of mind presented by Freud often represented as an iceberg. Everything above the water represents conscious awareness, while everything below the water represents the preconscious and unconsciousness.DefinitionExemplificationClassification Compari

25、sonAnalogy21Unit Four PsychologyAnalogyp Analogies help explain notions in both daily and academic communication. They are used to explain new notions or concepts by applying the parallels across different situations or domains. p For example, domains (target domains) such as electricity or molecula

26、r motion, which cannot be directly perceived, are often explained by analogy with familiar concrete domains (source domains) such as water flow or billiard-ball collisions. electricitywater flowmolecular motionbilliard-ball collisionAnalogies22Unit Four PsychologyAnalogyp An analogy is a comparison

27、between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification.p An analogy can explain something that is difficult to understand by comparing it with something that is easier to understand.p It can also be used to explain something that is abstract

28、 by comparing it with something concrete.p For an analogy to be effective, the unfamiliar must be compared to the familiar.p Therefore, it is important to consider the audience.23Unit Four PsychologyRelationship between Analogy, Simile, and Metaphorp Simile and metaphor are types of analogy. In a si

29、mile, the comparison between two things are made using words such as like and as. In a metaphor, one thing is personified as the other (not literally) to make a comparison. p Analogy is a comparison used to present a point in an otherwise complicated or difficult-to-understand scenario. It bridges a

30、 commonness between two different subjects and thus, through example(s), helps in putting across a point. Simile: Life is like a garden.Metaphor: Life is a garden.Analogy: Life is just like a gardenit is ever growing and changing, needing care and dedication, and always filled with beautiful surpris

31、es.24Unit Four PsychologyAnalogyTarget domainSource domainSimilaritiesSample analogyLife is like a box of chocolates you never know what you are going to get. LifeA box of chocolateUnknown futureStructure of an atom is like a solar system. Nucleus is the sun and electrons are the planets revolving a

32、round their sun.Structure of an atomA solar systemRevolving featureSome basic facts about memory are clear. Your short-term memory is like the RAM on a computer: it records the information in front of you right now. Some of what you experience seems to evaporatelike words that go missing when you tu

33、rn off your computer without hitting SAVE. But other short-term memories go through a molecular process called consolidation: theyre downloaded onto the hard drive. These long-term memories, filled with past loves and losses and fears, stay dormant until you call them up.Short-term memoryRAM on a co

34、mputertemporarily recordedlong-term memorydata downloaded in the hard drivestored permanently25Unit Four Psychologythe block of waxrummaging houses for a lost objectthe RAM on a computersearching in our memories for a forgotten ideacultivating oysterinternal combustionSource domainFigurative domain

35、Experienced physically More concrete Better understoodTarget domainThe topic Abstract Subjectively experienced Less well-understoodAnalogyteaching pupilsmindmemoryshort-term memory26Unit Four PsychologyMake an analogy!1. Form a group of four with student of the same major. 2. Choose a notion in your

36、 major. 3. Make an analogy to explain your notion clearly. Group workAnalogy27Unit Four PsychologyReading Reading explanations of notions Reading for analogical explanations28Unit Four PsychologyTask 1.2 Read the adapted extract of an article entitled Memory from a textbook in psychology and judge t

37、he relationship between the notions. Reading Explanations of notionsmemorysensory memoryshort-term memorylong-term memoryparalleloppositeinclusiveiconic memoryechoic memoryparallel29Unit Four PsychologyMake an explanation!1. Work with your group members to explain the notions concerning memory. 2. Y

38、ou should use the information in the text and add some new information. 3. Explanatory techniques are helpful for you to make a clear presentation. Group workExplanation for memory encodingstorageretrievalSensory memoryshort-term memoryLong-term memory30Unit Four PsychologyExplanatory techniques 1.When you think back on