商務英語翻譯(第二講)

1、第二講 翻譯技巧一. 英漢句子結構差異英語：形合型（hypotaxis)語言，以主謂結構為主干，通過大量反映形式關系的動詞不定式、分詞、介詞、連詞、關系代詞、關系副詞等把句子其他成分架起來，呈現(xiàn)出由中心向外擴展的空間圖式。漢語：意合型 (parataxis)語言，通過多個動詞的連用或“流水句”，按時間順序，一件一件事情敘述，呈現(xiàn)的是一個時間順序的流水圖式。 英語句子結構是語法的，漢語句子結構是語義的。1. 英語重形合，漢語重意合。It was quite late when the sales representatives got back, nearly eleven oclock in

2、the evening. 銷售人員回來時已經很晚，將近晚上十一點了。 Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear?（既然）他們不愿意聽，何必對其白費口舌呢？例： Monetarists, led by University of Chicago Professor Emeritus Friedman armed themselves with evidence showing that free markets on their own produce as much growth and employment

3、 as an economy can sustain. 以芝加哥大學榮譽教授弗里德曼為首的貨幣學派找出證據(jù)，支持自己的論點。他們的證據(jù)是：自由市場本身就能創(chuàng)造經濟增長和就業(yè)機會，其高低多寡則視國民經濟所能承受的幅度而定。 （分析：帶有明顯聚合特點的英語長句，漢語譯文理清各層意思的脈絡，將“evidence”（證據(jù)）重復翻譯兩遍，從而把各從句分離出去獨立成句，用多個離散句清晰地表達原文意思，符合漢語的表達方式。） 英語句子結構：主語突出、常用虛主語、敘述呈靜態(tài)、句式成樹式結構、思維重邏輯、句式嚴謹規(guī)范。 漢語句子結構： 主題突出、常用實主語、敘述呈動態(tài)、句式成竹式結構、思維重語感、句式靈活多變。

4、 It is not difficult to ensure high-speed growth of the national economy through expanded investment on a large scale, but it is difficult to realize effective economic growth and raise the enterprises capital profit rate and productivity. It is better to change investment structure and orient the i

5、nvestment to infrastructure industries of the national economy such as agriculture, energy, and communications than to blindly channel capital into real estate and securities；however, investment in the infrastructure industry will not (at least in the short term) bring high economic benefits. It is

6、imperative to orient the investment to enterprises with better economic benefits, but in China, enterprises with better economic benefits, State-owned enterprises in particular, have been concentrated on the highly monopolized industries such as tobacco, petrochemicals and telecommunications, and th

7、e high speed development of these enterprises will play a limited role in promoting the whole of society.譯文：要通過大規(guī)模地擴大投資來保證國民經濟的高速增長并不難，難就難在要實現(xiàn)經濟的有效增長以及提高企業(yè)的資本利潤率和生產力。最好是改變投資結構，將投資轉向國民經濟中諸如農業(yè)、能源、通信等基礎結構工業(yè)，而不是盲目地將資本投資到房地產和有價證券中。然而，對基礎結構工業(yè)的投資不會（至少在短期內）帶來較高的經濟效益，因此，有必要將投資轉向具有較好經濟效益的企業(yè)中。 但是在中國，具有較好經濟效益的企

8、業(yè)，尤其是國有企業(yè)，一直只集中于如煙草、石化、通訊等高度壟斷的行業(yè)，而這些企業(yè)的高速發(fā)展在促進整個國家經濟的發(fā)展方面只起著非常有限的作用。 1. 拆句法 漢語強調意合，簡單句較多；英語強調形合，長句較多。英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系較為松散時，如果按原文翻譯，會使譯文結構松散，意義不明確。這時可以按照漢語多短句的習慣，把英語長句中的從句或短語轉化成短句分開來敘述。為了使語義連貫，有時需將句子結構打亂，重新組合，甚至在譯文中適當增加表示邏輯關系的詞語，以此順應現(xiàn)代漢語中長短句交替、單復句相間的句法修辭原則。 可以拆分的句子通常帶有從句、較多短語或較多并列成分。有時意義比較復雜的形容詞或副詞

9、也可被譯為短句，甚至拆分成獨立的句子。例：If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Article 18.1, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify the other Party and the company against any losses, dama

10、ges, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach. 如果一方違反任何其根據(jù)第18.1條所作的陳述或擔保，則另一方除根據(jù)本合同或使用法律尋求任何可能的其他救濟之外，違約方應當賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違約行為而招致的任何損失、損害、費用、開支、責任或索賠。（分析：英語合同文本中的長句首先要仔細分析句子的內部結構，判斷句子是簡單句、并列句、復合句，還是并列復合句。其次是找出句中的主要成分，即主語和謂語動詞。）例： And

11、confidence is growing in the debt-restructuring process, the infuriatingly slow and untidy effort that puts debtor nations on the International Monetary Funds stringent diet of hard-nosed monetary policy, curtailed government spending, and fewer imports. 人們對一下諸方面的信心正在增加：重新確定債務償還期限的進程；債務國在執(zhí)行國際貨幣基金組織嚴

12、厲的貨幣緊縮政策時所持的令人氣憤的拖拉疲沓作風有所改變削減政府開支；減少進口。 （翻譯技巧分析： 1， 句子主干： 2， 四個并列狀語 3， 定語從句 這個主從復合句如果照一般習慣先翻譯狀語“在方面”，重復四遍，則太啰嗦，反而忽略了原句意中的核心部分。不如將其拆分為一個總說加四個分說的短句進行翻譯，這樣意義更清晰。）2. 詞性轉換法。商務英語中最常見的是名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞及動詞間的轉換。 英語的名詞在詞匯中占絕對優(yōu)勢，常用名詞來表達漢語中動詞表達的概念（如抽象的行為名詞），而漢語中卻是動詞占優(yōu)勢，而且一個句子不限于用一個動詞，可以幾個動詞連用。因此，英譯漢時許多名詞可譯成漢語的動詞。英語

13、中具有抽象動作意義的名詞漢譯時常常譯成動詞。 英語中介詞短語作表語時，漢譯時常常可以轉換為動詞。 例1：An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation . 譯文：交易增加，要求流通的貨幣量也增加。 例2：And we would recommend subsidies, consistent with GATT, only for a demonstrably competitive industry whose products are us

14、ed in a variety of manufactured goods. 譯文：我們建議在進行補貼時，要符合關貿總協(xié)定的規(guī)定，并只限于明顯有競爭力的，其產品用于加工各種制成品的產業(yè)。 例3：We shall advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements. 建議你方與他們取得聯(lián)系，洽購所需商品。例4：Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 這些材料的特點是：絕緣性好，耐磨性強。 例5： Before

15、the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will be in the custody of the customs and storage charges are for the importers account. 交關稅前，進口貨物由海關保管，存儲費由進口商負擔。3. 肯定否定轉換譯法 漢語中否定的標志比較明顯，常用“無、非、莫、否”等否定詞； 而英語中的否定方式較多，否定詞、表示否定意義的特殊動詞、前綴、后綴、短語、結構等均可表示否定。 例1： Please withhold the Letter of Credit for th

16、e time being. 請暫時不要發(fā)這份信用證。 （withhold:扣下）例2： Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen come there by specific request. 在線文化贊賞這樣的主張：不經用戶特別請求，別把廣告發(fā)到用戶的屏幕上。例4： We should stop treating the sea as dump for human and industrial effluent. 我們不應當再（應當停止）把海洋當成人類排放生活

17、污水和工業(yè)污水的垃圾場了。 例5： The inflation distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift and crushes the struggling young and the fixed-income elderly alike. 通貨膨脹使我們在經濟方面的決定不能順利執(zhí)行，使節(jié)儉的人反而受到懲罰，并且使掙扎的年輕人和靠固定收入的老年人都受到嚴重打擊。 （distorts:扭曲、歪曲，“歪曲了我們的經濟決定”漢語不通順，晦澀難懂）4. 語序重組法英語語篇中，某些句子的主語常常可以省略，有些主語難以辨識，因而在英譯漢過程中需要

18、確定主語，調整語序。其次，英譯漢時為了突出信息焦點而重組語序。 英語前重心，漢語后重心。Anyone involved could not escape from the net. 任何有牽連的人都無法漏網(wǎng)。 揭穿這種老八股、老教條的丑態(tài)給人民看，號召人民起來反對老八股、老教條，這就是五四運動時期的一個極大功績。A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to th

19、e people to rise against them. 例1： I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我堅信，英國依然應該是歐共體中的一個積極的和充滿活力的成員，這是符合我國人民利益的。 例2： Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions

20、 only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet. 譯文： 為了限制風險，有些公司只跟向他們開發(fā)公司內部局域網(wǎng)的老交易伙伴在網(wǎng)上做生意。 （分析：原句中are limiting the risk 是謂語，by conducting是狀語，譯成漢語時，將原來的謂語譯成狀語，而將狀語譯成謂語）。例3：Until now the U.S. school bus market has been dominated by the reassuring shape o

21、f John Lloyds yellow buses which have been made familiar to many all over the world through appearances in countless Hollywood films and American T.V. series. 迄今為止，美國的校車市場一直由約翰.勞埃德公司一統(tǒng)天下，那黃顏色的汽車外形令人感到信賴可靠，通過不計其數(shù)的好萊塢電影和美國電視連續(xù)劇，已經為世界上很多人所熟知。 例4： Such is a human nature in the West that a great many peo

22、ple are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領工人的社會地位，這在西方倒是人之常情。 用拆句法翻譯下列句子。 1. The great difficulty of introducing radically new computer architectures which requires customers to rewrite most of their software excluded the po

23、ssibility these techniques to find their way to the commercial marketplace.2. The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party As plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the completion of Party As plant including the completion on inner part of the

24、plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible. 運用詞類轉換翻譯下列句子。 1. Extremely keen competition between American and German vehicle manufacturers in the European market has compelled us to change our investment plan. (動詞）2. The export trade is subject to many risks. Ships may sink or consignments be damaged in transit, excha