最新英文科技寫作表達總結(jié)

1、精品文檔一. 寫作時態(tài)以前的研究：過去時，自己研究中做過的事：過去時，其他都用：現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的可能解釋理由用助動詞：can, may, might,it seems that, could,研究結(jié)果的評論不確定語氣：appear, seem, it islikely that,二. 詞匯和常用表達結(jié)構(gòu)1圖表所示、發(fā)現(xiàn)、揭示等as illustrated（seen, shown, observed） in Fig.1, as is evident from, from Fig.2, from the results,by observi ng Fig.2, based on the abo

2、ve an alysis,Fig shows that, the results show,It is （can be） revealed （proved, suggested, observed, found, concluded, noticed, seen, believed） that, it is clear to see/observe that, it indicates（shows, imply） that, find out， it is evident that , it is assumed that , As described below, as see n from

3、, as expla ined above, as evide nt from, exhibitit follows that由此斷定，由此得出結(jié)論 point outcast doubt on ：對產(chǎn)生懷疑2.得到、獲得、obta in, get, atta in, capture, acquire, achieve, gain, 完成，實現(xiàn) ：complete, accomplish, realize, 通過什么方式去做，利用/使用through/via/by/with doing sth, using sth,by use of, by means of, make use of, wi

4、th the aid of use, employ, utilize, adopt, put to use, put into use, apply,影響Affect, i nflue nee, impact on, have an effect on,發(fā)生，開始，occur, take place, happe n, comme nee, begi n, start, to start with, to begi n with, at the beg inning,顯然、明顯，Obviously, distinctly, clearly, significantly, apparently,

5、 remarkable, as see n, con spicuous,striking, dramatically解釋，說明，考慮Explain, account for, allow for , take account for/of, be indicative of （表明，說明）Con sideri ng, take into acco unt, with/without/i n 精品文檔con sideratio n of, regard ing, concerning,描述、提出、說明：Illustrate, manifest, present, show, indicate,

6、cite, describe, summarize, depict, anno tate, appear, take on, plot, dem on strate, propose, put forward, put forth, 比較大小、多少Less tha n, greater, more, larger, comparable（可比較 的，相當(dāng)?shù)模┙?jīng)驗的Empirical, experime ntal,做，執(zhí)行等，Carry out, con duct, perform, do, impleme nt,一致性：Have a good agreement, in good agreem

7、ent with, match very well with, agree well with, show good agreeme nt, i n full agreeme nt with, in line withcorresponding to/with, consistent with, in good accorda nce with, coin cide with, con cord with, fit well with研究，調(diào)查Study, in vestigate, explore, exploratory exam ine, make an in vestigati on

8、on/of/in to, carry out a research 達至U, To reach this objectiveReach, approach, up to, add up to, come to, arrive, bey ond, out of reach,驗證，假設(shè)Validate, verify, justify , hypothesizeAssume, suppose, assumpti on, hypothesis, assume to be, it is assumed that postulate 公設(shè)增加、上升、減少、下降In crease, decrease, r

9、educe, reduce to, in crease by（增 加了多少）,increase up to（增加到）,rise to, give rise to, sth arise, increase with （隨增長 /增加） 完全地，基本地，詳細地，具體地，深入的，類似地， Completely, entirely, adequately, mostly, extremely, truly, in deed, really, actually, mainly, primarily, detailed, in detail, in great detail, in more detail

10、, for more details,Deeper, deeply, better, in depth,similarly, in adequately, no tably, overly（ 過度地、極度 地）,Experime ntally,改善、提高：improve, promote, boost, enhance, facilitate,相關(guān)，包括，大約大概：concerned with, relate to, with regard to,精品文檔Be involved in/with, with respect to, be concerned with, as for,Around

11、, about, approximately,決定：determ ine, decide, depe nd on ,rely on目的、試圖：an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to, the objective is, in order to, the aim of is tothe aim of this research is to do the purpose is , be aimed at,經(jīng)歷，保持 ：hold, keep, undergo, experienee, remain, retai n,導(dǎo)致：cause, in duce, lea

12、d to, result in, origi nate from, arise from,根據(jù)，基于： accord ing to, in terms of, i n the light of, judge by, on the basis of, i n view of, based on,On behalf of, in the form of, referring to, with refere nee to, i n refere nee to除了： other than, apart from, with the exception of, except for/that, besi

13、des, in additi on, additi on ally, 理論上，事實上：in principle, in practice, in fact, inreality, in theory, theoretically,從某種程度上：|To some exte nt, to a large/certa in exte nt, i n a way, in a sen se, to some degree, in some sen se,from the viewpo ints of , from the perspective of, 得出結(jié)論：draw a conclusion, c

14、ome to/reach a con clusi on,推斷,猜測：Infer， derive from, deduce, speculate,認為，當(dāng)作Con sider as, regard as, refer to as,建立模型establish, create， build，run/do the simulatio nin the case of : 在 情況下遵循趨勢：obey, follow trend, tendency ,組成con sist of , contain, be composed of, i nclude,強調(diào)： highlight, emphasize, la

15、y emphasis on , the emphasis is layed on集中：focus on, concentrate on , be centered on 設(shè)定為 to set to be辨另U、區(qū)分：discern, differentiate , identify as,其他專業(yè)詞匯表達small batch product ion, small qua ntity product ion, high volume product ion, mass product ion, metal-formed product, micro-formed part, reproduci

16、bility: 再現(xiàn)性、重復(fù)性 experimental determination, in particular, especially,評估，評價： evaluate, assess,扮作：act as,分離，隔絕， separate from, isolate, set apart from 缺少：in the abse nee of by convention :按照傳統(tǒng)，慣例， 使成為：make sth sthno Ion ger （不再） but rather（相反的） be typical of （典型的） 成反比：in versely scale with 涉及，牽涉至 U:i

17、n volve, cover,拓展：exte nd into 最近，新近 more recently , 到目前為止，迄今 to date,解釋、提示原因或結(jié)果的轉(zhuǎn)接詞：attribute to, because, as a result of, therefore, thereby, in gen eral, con seque ntly, as predicted, in con clusi on, sin ce, as for, fin ally, hen ce, thus, as, for, due to, in summary, because of, when, cause, on

18、 account of, result in, owing to, con tribute to, tha nks to, lead to, the reas on is, that is because, devoted to, accord in gly, as a con seque nee of, arise from起邏輯演進作用的轉(zhuǎn)接詞：遞進關(guān)系，不但而且等Furthermore, in additi on, besides, first, sec ond, third, fin ally, lastly, moreover, i ncide ntally, in fact, i

19、n truth, as a matter of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for in sta nee, take an in sta nee of , likewise/as such（ 同 樣）,again（此外），at root, as well as, as follows, in the follow ing, below, based on, above, above-me nti on ed, aforementioned, as with（正如，與一樣，就來說 ）,as noted（正如前面所提到的），additi on a

20、lly,in parallel,as stated（如上所述） meanwhile :同時對比詞，表示邏輯演進方向即將改變?nèi)绲堑菳ut, however, in stead, n evertheless, despite, surprisingly, in spite of, nonetheless, in/by contrast to/with , for comparis on, whereas, while, even though,精品文檔although, compared with, regardless of, as compared to, with regard to, i

21、n relation to, by contrast, irrespective of, i n comparis on to與聯(lián)系，聯(lián)合：in associati on with同時, 同樣的， at the same time, in the same way, in the same time對應(yīng)關(guān)系A(chǔ) vs. B versus三. 英文研究論文中的表達句子substitute equation (1) into equation (2)把代入等式The scale in Fig (a) runs from black for low values to white for the hi

22、ghest Schmid factors.offers more in sight i nto,holds for all three materials，四. 英文科技論文中的語言技巧，不可不看a) 如何指出當(dāng)前研究的 不足以及有目的地引導(dǎo)出自 己的研究的重要性通常在敘述了前人成果之后，用However來引導(dǎo)不 足，比如However, little in formati on.little atte ntio n.little work.little datalittle researchor few studiesfew in vestigati on s.few researchers

23、.few attempts.or nonone of these studieshas (have) bee n lessdone on .focused onattempted tocon ductedin vestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to con siderignoredmisi nterpretedn eglected tooverestimated, un derestimatedmisleadedthus, these previous

24、results areincon clusive,misleadi ng,un satisfactory,questi on able, con troversial.Un certa in ties (discrepa ncies) still exist .這種引導(dǎo)一般提出一種新方法，或者一種新方向。 如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣，可以通過下 面的方式強調(diào)自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarce rareless accuratethere is still dearth ofWe n eed toaim tohave toprovide more d

25、ocume ntsdatarecordsstudiesin crease the datasetFurther studies are still n ecessary.esse ntial.為了強調(diào)自己研究的重要性，一般還要在 However之前介紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方 面等等.比如:1) 時間問題如果你研究的問題時間上比較新，你就可以大 量提及對時間較老的問題的研究及重要性，然后說 (However)，對時間 尺度比較新的 問題研究不足.2) 物性及研究手段問題如果你要應(yīng)用一種新手段或者研究方向，你可 以提出當(dāng)前比較流行的方法以及物質(zhì)性質(zhì)，然后說 對你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。

26、3) 研究區(qū)域問題首先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或者其它區(qū)域的研究，然后 強調(diào)這一區(qū)域研究不足.4) 不確定性雖然前人對這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩精品文檔種或者更多種的觀點，這種 un certa in ties, ambiguities，值得進一步澄清5)提出自己的假設(shè)來驗證如果自己的研究完全是新的，沒有前人的工作 進行對比，在這種情況下，你可以自信地說，根據(jù) 提出的過程，存在這種可能的結(jié)果，本文就是要證 實這種結(jié)果。We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the .It is hoped that the question will be re

27、solved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).b) 提出自己的觀點We aim toThis paper reports onprovides resultsexte nds the method.focus onThe purpose of this paper is toFurthermore, Moreover, In addition” we will also discuss.c) 圈定自己的研究范圍前言的另外一個作用就是告訴讀者包括 (reviewer)你的文章主要 研究內(nèi)容。如果處理不好， reviewer會提出嚴厲

28、的建議，比如你沒有考慮某種 可能性，某種研究手段等等。為了減少這種爭論， 在前言的結(jié)尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍：1) 時間尺度問題如果你的問題涉及比較長的時序，你可以明確 地提出本文只關(guān)心這一時間范圍的問題。We prelimi narily focus on the older (youn ger).或者有兩種時間尺度的問 題(long-term and short term)，你可以說兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及 其中一種2) 研究區(qū)域的問題和時間問題一樣，明確提出你只關(guān)心這一地區(qū)d) 最后的原場在前言的最后，還可以 總結(jié)性地提出，這一研 究對其它研 究的幫助?；蛘哒f，further s

29、tudies on . will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討 論的問題上來。減少爭論(arguments).關(guān)于詞匯以及常用結(jié)構(gòu)，要經(jīng)?？偨Y(jié)，多讀多 模仿才能融會貫通。怎樣提出觀點在提出自己的觀點時，采取什么樣的策略很重要。 不合適的句子通常會遭到reviewer的置疑。1) 如果觀點不是這篇文章最新提出的，通常要用W e confirm that.2) 對于自己很自信的觀點，可用 We believe that.3) 在更通常的情況下，由數(shù)據(jù)推斷出一定的結(jié)論，用，Results indi

30、cate, infer, suggest,im ply that.4) 在及其特別的情況才可以用 We put forward(discover, observe.) . for t he first ti me.來 強調(diào)自己的創(chuàng)新。5) 如果自己對所提出的觀點不完全肯定，可用We ten tative ly put forward (in terrprete this to.) Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to rsulted from.Or This is probably a con seque nee ofIt

31、 seems that . can acco unt for (in terpret) this.Or It is pisible that it stem from.連接詞與邏輯寫英文論文最常見的一個毛病就是文章的邏輯不 清楚。解決的方法有：1)句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨立常見的連接詞語有，However, also, in additio n, con seque ntly, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortun ately, al

32、ter natively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore.用好這些連接詞，能夠使觀點表達得有層次，更加 明確。比如，如果敘述有時間順序的事件或者文獻， 最早的文獻可用 AA advocated it for the first time. 接下來，可用 Then BB further demonstrate d that. 再接下來，可用 Afte rward s, CC.如果還有，可用More recent studies by

33、 DD.如果敘述兩種觀點，要把它們截然分開AA pput forward that.In con trast, BB believeor Un like AA, BB suggestor On the co ntrary (表明前面的觀點錯誤，如果只是 表明兩種對立的觀點，用in contrast)， BB.如果兩種觀點相近，可用AA suggestSimilarily, alter natively, BB.Or Also, BBor BB allso does .表示因果或者前后關(guān)系，可用Con seque ntly, therefore, as a result,表明遞進關(guān)系，可用fur

34、thermore, further, moreover,精品文檔in additi on,當(dāng)寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應(yīng) 用了這些連接詞。2）段落的整體邏輯經(jīng)常我們要敘述一個問題的幾個方面。這種情 況下，一定要注意邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。首先第一段要明確 告訴讀者你要討論幾個部 份 .Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.The first question involves.The sec ond problem relates toThe third aspect deals with

35、.上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點逐層敘述。Or,可以直接用 First, Seco nd, Third.Fi nally, 當(dāng)然Furthermore, in addition等可以用來補充說明。3）討論部份的整體結(jié)構(gòu)小標(biāo)題是比較好的方法把要討論的問題分為幾 個片段。一般第一個片段指出文章最為重要的數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié) 論。補充說明的部份可以放在最后一個片段。一定 要明白文章的讀者會分為多個檔次。文章除了本專 業(yè)的專業(yè)人士讀懂以外，一定要想辦法能讓更多的 外專業(yè)人讀懂。所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份，一部份提出 觀點，另一部份詳細介紹過程以及論述的依據(jù)。這 樣專業(yè)外的人士可以了解文章的主要觀點，專業(yè)的 討論他可以把它當(dāng)成黑箱子，而這一部份本專業(yè)人 士可以進一步研究。為了使文章清楚，第一次提出 概念時，最好加以個括弧，給出較為詳細的解釋。如果文章用了很多的Abbreviatio n,兩種方法加以解決1）在文章最好加上個Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表2）在不同的頁面上，不時地給出Abbreciation的含義，用來提醒讀者。總之，寫文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂，讀得清 晰，并且采取各種措施方便于讀者。Their results could be better convinc