認(rèn)知語言學(xué)第三章隱喻與轉(zhuǎn)喻

1、chapter3 conceptual metaphor and metonymiespresented by 肖麗紅01metaphors and metonymies: from figures of speech to cognitive models02metaphors and metonymies: as cognitive instruments03 metaphors as a way of thinking: examples from science and politics04pragmatic applications of metaphors and metonymi

2、esoutlineall the worlds a stage and all the man and women merely players;they have their exits and their entrance,and one man in his time plays many parts,his acts being seven ages.問君能有幾多愁?恰似一江春水向東流 .下館子/上飯店do metaphors or metonymies only exist in literature?what kind of roles that metaphors and met

3、onymies do in our daily life?three stages of metaphors studiesinitial stage(300bc-1920s): during this stage, metaphors and metonymies are studied as kinds of rhetoric devices. aristotle, who first began to study the properties and functions of metaphor, defined metaphor as the transference of meanin

4、g between concepts in her book rehetoric and poetry. representatives of this stages are aristotle, quintilian second stage(1930-1960): focus on the structure and meaning of metaphor. this is a period of time that regard as the transitory stage between the study of metaphor as rhetoric devices and th

5、e study of metaphor as a cognitive model. main representatives of this stage are r. jakobson, e. benveniste and m. black.third stage( 1970-now): metaphors and metonymies are regarded as cognitive models and been studied within multidisciplinary fields. 相似原則（principle of similarity）人們?nèi)菀讓⑾嗤蛳嗨频臇|西看做是一個(gè)

6、單位。這人們?nèi)菀讓⑾嗤蛳嗨频臇|西看做是一個(gè)單位。這一原則在概念和語言的形成中是最重要的原則。一原則在概念和語言的形成中是最重要的原則。順接原則（principle of good continuation）在識(shí)別和記憶事物時(shí)，人們傾向于尋找有規(guī)律、變化小的整體。接近原則（principle of proximity）在認(rèn)知上，距離相近的事物容易被看做是一個(gè)單位。突顯原則（突顯原則（principle of prominence）人們的注意力更容易觀察和記憶事物比較突顯的方面。相似原則&順接原則是隱喻的認(rèn)知原則。接近原則&凸顯原則是轉(zhuǎn)喻的認(rèn)知原則。好的語言是一種圓滿的實(shí)現(xiàn)，能表達(dá)人的感知本身所

7、不能表現(xiàn)的事情。查理 語言學(xué)上，把由于兩個(gè)事物的特征上所存在的某一類似之處，而用指一個(gè)事物的詞來指代另一個(gè)事物的演變方式叫做隱喻（metaphor）。metaphor involves using words from one domain to talk about the other. the domain from which words been selected is called the source domain, and the domain been described is regarded as the target domain.隱喻的抽象認(rèn)知能力來源于對(duì)兩個(gè)概念的“相

8、似（similarity）”的認(rèn)知。 映射域即人腦中兩個(gè)概念建立相似性的地方。three major components of mapping scopes：image schemas: firmly grounded in our bodily experiences, are the most probably shared by all human beings. in-outbasic correlations: guide us in understanding the events and actions in the world around us. causeeffect,

9、action/changemotionculture-dependent evaluations: restricted to the members of a specific culture. 映射（映射（mapping）隱喻不僅是根據(jù)對(duì)具體事物的認(rèn)知模式來認(rèn)識(shí)和構(gòu)造對(duì)其他事物的認(rèn)知模式，而是將整個(gè)認(rèn)知模式的結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)部關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)移，這種轉(zhuǎn)移被稱為源模式向目標(biāo)模式結(jié)構(gòu)的映射。隱喻本質(zhì)上是一種認(rèn)知現(xiàn)象，是思維相互作用的產(chǎn)物。它以已知喻未知、以熟悉喻不熟悉，以簡(jiǎn)單喻復(fù)雜、以具體喻抽象，以通俗喻科學(xué)。metaphor not only used for poetic effect, also enab

10、les human beings to understanding and describing abstract things. and the source domains tend very often to be concrete, things that we can experience directly. while the target domains tend to be abstract.常規(guī)隱喻（conventional or dead metaphors）“通過長(zhǎng)期建立的常規(guī)關(guān)系而無意識(shí)進(jìn)入語言的隱喻才是最重要的?！保╱ngerer & schmid 1996: 117

11、）萊考夫（1980）把隱喻看做是人們思維、行為和表達(dá)思想的一種系統(tǒng)的方式，即隱喻概念（metaphorical concept or conceptual metaphor）。結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻（structural metaphor）以一種概念的結(jié)構(gòu)來構(gòu)造另一種概念，使兩種概念相疊加，將談?wù)撘环N概念的各方面的詞語用于談?wù)摿硪桓拍?。time is moneyi dont have the time to give you.how do you spend your time these days?一寸光陰一寸金我們何不省點(diǎn)時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在就吃飯呢？ideas (or meanings) are objects

12、linguistic expressions are containerscommunication is sending its hard to get that idea across to him.its difficult to put my ideas into words.argument is warhe attacked every week point in my argument.方位隱喻（orientational metaphor）參照空間方位而組建的一系列隱喻概念。high status is up; low status is downrational is up;

13、 emotional is downconscious is up; unconcious is downa meeting has been planed for next wednesday. now, lets move the meeting forward two days.when does the meeting take place?實(shí)體隱喻（ontological metaphor）將抽象概念具體化my fear of insects is driving my wife crazy.it will take a lot of patience to finish this

14、book.the ugly side of his personality comes out under pressure.the pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown.容器隱喻（container metaphor）the ship is coming into view. visual fields as containersare you in the race on sunday? race as containerthere is a lot of land in kansas. areas as contain

15、ershow did you get into window-washing as a profession?the activity of washing as containerwe are out of trouble now.trouble as container創(chuàng)新隱喻來源于文學(xué)家個(gè)人獨(dú)特的感受和體驗(yàn)的文學(xué)隱喻the world is a stagetheories/arguments are buildingshis theory has thousands of little rooms and long winding corridors.出于表達(dá)新事物的需要科學(xué)中的隱喻一般

16、而言，隱喻的源域?yàn)榫唧w范疇，而目標(biāo)域是后認(rèn)知的具體范疇或抽象范疇，而不是相反。常規(guī)隱喻是一個(gè)語言集團(tuán)文化和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的沉淀。人們根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和文化傳統(tǒng)來選擇源域。源域與目標(biāo)域之間形成一定的隱喻結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)，同一源域可以隱喻多個(gè)目標(biāo)域，life is a journey, an argument is a journey同一目標(biāo)域也可以由多個(gè)源域隱喻。an argument is a journey, an argument is a battle,an argument is a container, an argument is a building常規(guī)隱喻創(chuàng)新隱喻結(jié)構(gòu)隱喻方位隱喻實(shí)體隱喻文學(xué)隱喻科學(xué)中的隱

17、喻轉(zhuǎn)喻定義轉(zhuǎn)喻定義1. lakoff & johnson ( 1980)metonymy has primarily a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another. it also serves the function of providing understanding. 轉(zhuǎn)喻主要具有一種指代功能，即，它允許我們用一種實(shí)體代替另一實(shí)體。同時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)喻也具有理解功能。轉(zhuǎn)喻定義轉(zhuǎn)喻定義2. william croft ( 1993)a target is accessed w

18、ithin a domain as a result of domain highlighting. from the perspective of encylopaedic semantics, metonymy functions by highlighting one domain within a concepts domain matrix.目標(biāo)在同一認(rèn)知域（矩陣）中由域凸顯域凸顯而被通達(dá)。從百科性語義角度來看，轉(zhuǎn)喻就是在 同一概念的認(rèn)知域矩陣中的某一域凸顯。轉(zhuǎn)喻定義轉(zhuǎn)喻定義3. kvecses and radden ( 1998)metonymy is a cognitive pr

19、ocess in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same domain, or icm.轉(zhuǎn)喻是在同一理想化認(rèn)知模式中，一個(gè)概念實(shí)體（轉(zhuǎn)喻喻體）為另一概念實(shí)體提供心理通達(dá)的認(rèn)知過程。轉(zhuǎn)喻定義轉(zhuǎn)喻定義4. barcelona ( 2002)metonymy is a mapping of a conceptual domain, the source, onto another domain,

20、the target. source and target are in the same functional domain and are linked by a pragmatic function, so that the target is mentally activated.轉(zhuǎn)喻是從一個(gè)概念域，即源域，向另一個(gè)概念域，即目標(biāo)域的映射。源域和目標(biāo)域?qū)儆谕还δ苡?，它們之間的語用功能聯(lián)系使目標(biāo)域在心理上被激活。轉(zhuǎn)喻模式轉(zhuǎn)喻模式peirsman & geeraerts 認(rèn)為轉(zhuǎn)喻依據(jù)接觸力度（strength of contact）、有界性(boundedness) 和認(rèn)知域(domai

21、n) 這三個(gè)層面向外擴(kuò)展，形成轉(zhuǎn)喻范疇。一、空間和物質(zhì)認(rèn)知域中的鄰近性 1) 空間部分與整體(spatial part & whole) 九州中國(guó)2) 容器與容納物 (container & contained) 壺?zé)_了3) 方位與所在 (location & located) 他上面有人。4) 一件衣物與人 (a piece of clothing & person) 5) 一件衣物與身體部分 (a piece of clothing & body part) 6) 物質(zhì)與客體 ( material & object) glass眼鏡二、 時(shí)間域中的鄰近性1) 時(shí)間部分與整體 (tempo

22、ral part & whole)2) 時(shí)間與實(shí)體 (time & entity)9-11 will never be forgotten.三、 行為、事件和過程中的鄰近性1) 次事件與復(fù)雜事件 (subevent & complex event)讓我以后照顧你吧！2) 行動(dòng)與參與者 (action & participant)這種洗衣粉把衣服洗得很白。3) 方位與產(chǎn)品 (location & product)watergate changed our politics.4) 生產(chǎn)者與產(chǎn)品 (producer & product)i like to read hemingway.5) 控制著與

23、被控制著 (controller & controlled)the piano is ill today. 6) 擁有者與被擁有者 (possessor & possessed)7) 原因與結(jié)果 (cause & effect)8) 先前與后果 (antecedent & consequent)9) 參與者與參與者 ( participant & participant)10) 潛在與實(shí)際 (potential & actual)mary can speak five languages.總成和堆攏認(rèn)知域中的鄰近性總成：各部分功能性結(jié)構(gòu)組合堆攏：同等成員的集合1) 特征與實(shí)體 ( characteristic & entit