2019人教版高中英語-必修第二冊全冊各單元語法

1、Unit 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE定語從句(3)一、限制性定語從句【觀察】This is the computer that/which/(省略)he bought for his son yesterday.這是他昨天為兒子 買的電腦。The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy's English teacher.在地震中幸存的那 個女人是埃米的英語老師。He's a man whose opinion I respect.他是我尊重其意見的人。This is the same pen as I bough

2、t yesterday.這支筆和我昨天買的筆一樣。(同樣的但不是同 一個)That was a time when the two countries were at war.那是兩國交戰(zhàn)的時期。This is the reason why he was late yesterday.這就是他昨天遲到的原因。This is the farm where we worked when we were young.這就是我們年輕時在此干活的農(nóng) 場?！練w納】限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的佳g，用于修飾和限定先行詞。 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整O這種從句和主句的關系十分密切,兩者之間不用

3、逗號 分開。關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略。引導限制性定語從句的關系代 詞有 who、whom、whose> that、which、as,關系副詞有 where、when、why。二、限制性定語從句需要注意的問題1. 在限制性定語從句中，關系代詞指物時只能用that而不用which的情況：【觀察】Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?李老師講的所有東西你都記下來了嗎？ All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了?！練w納】(1)先行詞為 all、everything> little

4、、few、none、nothing、anything、much 等 不定代 詞_時?！居^察】When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.半人們談 及杭州時，第一個想到的就是西湖?！練w納】(2) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞 或被序數(shù)詞修飾時?！居^察】This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.這是我吃過的最美味的食物?！練w納】(3) 先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時?！居^察】The only thing that she c

5、ould do was go to the police station for help.她唯一能做的事就是 去警察局求助。This is the very book that Mother has been looking for.這就是媽媽一直在找的那本書?！練w納】(4) 先行詞被 all、every、no、the only、the very、the last 等 修飾 時?！居^察】Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in Britain?你能告訴我你在英國見到的 人和事嗎？【歸納】(5) 當 先行詞 既有人乂有物時。【觀

6、察】Which is the car that killed the man?哪輛車撞死了 那個人？【歸納】(6) 主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時常用that 。2.當先行詞是表示時間的time、day等或表示地點的place、house等時，一定要注意分析 從句的結構?！居^察】I still remember the day that/which/（省略）we spent together in the city.我仍然記得我們在 那個城市一起度過的那一天。This is the room where Lau Shaw once lived.這是老舍曾經(jīng)居住過的房間?！練w納】根據(jù)從句結

7、構，如果缺少主語、賓語或表語，關系詞應用which或that（作賓語或 表語時可省略）,缺少時間狀語或地點狀語時才能用when或where 。3 “介詞+關系代詞”引導的限制性定語從句【觀察】Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?你還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那 一天嗎？We are looking for the person to whom the book belongs.我們正在尋找這本書的主人?！練w納】“介詞+關系代詞”結構中的關系代詞只可用whom或which,不可用who或that。如果 先行詞指“”,用“介詞+wh

8、om”;如果先行詞指“物”,用“介詞+which”； 關系代詞有時也用whose（作定語）。（2）“介詞+關系代詞”結構中的介詞的確定【觀察】This is the house in which I lived two years ago.這是我兩年前住過的房子?！練w納】 根據(jù)與先行詞搭配的意:義。【觀察】In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help 在漆黑的大 街上,沒有一個她可以求助的人。Trading leather shoes is the career to w

9、hich the Greens are devoted.做皮鞋生意是格林一家 非常投入的事業(yè)?！練w納】 根據(jù)從句中動詞或形容詞的固定搭配O【名師點津】在定語從句中，有一些含介詞的動詞短語不可拆開使用，如look after、look foi listen to、 pay attention to、take care of 等不能把介詞移至 which 或 whom 之前。The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.（誤）【觀察】The colorless gas without which we cannot li

10、ve is called oxygen.這種無色的、沒有它我們 就無法生存的氣體被稱為氧氣?！練w納】 根據(jù)句子的意思O【觀察】I have about 10 books, half of which were written by Lu Xun.我有大約 10 本書，其中一半是 魯迅寫的?！練w納】 表示“所有”關系或嚏體中的一部分”時，通常用介詞 _oC。單句語法填空1. They were well trained by 什wir masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals.解析考查定語從句。句意:它

11、們被主人訓練得很好，這些主人在照顧這些動物方面 經(jīng)驗豐富。分析句子結構可知設空處引導定語從句，修飾先行詞masters,指人，故填 who/that o2. Their child is at the stage whew she can say individual words but not full sentences解析 考查定語從句。句意:他們的孩子正處于只會說單個的詞不會說完整的句子的 階段。先行詞為stage,關系詞在定語從句中作狀語，故用whereo3. The students benefiting most from college are those who are to

12、tally engaged（參 與）in academic life.解析考查定語從句。句意:從大學中獲益最多的學生是那些全力參與學術生活的學 生。those作先行詞時，關系代詞一般用whoo4. We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.解析考查定語從句。句意:我們已經(jīng)進入一個夢想最有可能實現(xiàn)的時代。先行詞為 an age（個時代），關系詞在從句中作時間狀語,故用關系副詞when。5. Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the

13、 musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, about a Broadway producer who/that tries to win a movie star's love during a cross-country train journey.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:克里斯汀肯諾恩斯和彼得蓋勒在貝蒂康登和阿 道夫格林編寫的音樂喜劇中擔任主角，這部喜劇是關于一個在穿越全國的火車旅行中試 圖贏得一位電影明星喜愛的白老匯制片人。設空處引導定語從句，先行詞為Broadway producer,關系詞在定語從句中作主語，指人

14、。故用關系詞who/thato6. Publishers already in business, people who/that were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:已經(jīng)開始營業(yè)的出版商，即那些擁有成功報紙的 人，并不想改變這一傳統(tǒng)。設空處引導定語從句，修飾先行詞people,指人，關系詞在從句中 作主語。故填who/thato7. The mirrors are controlled by a computer that/which direct

15、s them to turn along with the sun throughout the day and to close during windy weather.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:鏡子是山一臺電腦控制的,這臺電腦指示它們?nèi)?天隨太陽轉動，在刮風的天氣里關閉。設空處引導定語從句，修飾先行詞a computer,指物, 關系詞在從句中作主語,故填關系代詞that/which。8. In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment that/which is created f

16、or them.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:在咖啡館里,顧客將在為他們創(chuàng)造的歷史環(huán)境中 盡情享受。設空處引導定語從句，修飾指物的先行詞environment,且關系詞在從句中作主 語,故填關系代詞that/whicho9. No sooner did she leave my doorstep than I had emails from two women whose kids go to my son's nursery and who/that recognized my face解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:她一離開我家的門階，我就收到兩位女士的郵件, 她們的孩子和我兒子上一

17、個幼兒園，并且她們認出了我。第一空引導定語從句，先行詞為 women,關系詞在從句中作定語，用關系詞whose;笫:空引導定語從句，先行詞為women, 關系詞在從句中作主語，用關系詞who/thato10. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:當一種獵物變得稀缺時，如果掠食動物會轉向捕 食更容易找

18、到的另一物種，這種轉變會使最初的那種獵物恢復。設空處引導定語從句，先 行詞species被不定代詞another修飾。故用關系詞thato11. It also doesn't require a new type of technology that/which people aren't already familiar with.解析 考查限制性定語從句。句意:它也不需要一種人們還不熟悉的新型技術。設空 處引導定語從句，先行詞為technology,關系詞在定語從句中作介詞with的賓語，指物，故填 關系詞 that/whicho12. Researchers from

19、Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（裝置） that/which gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:來自佐治亞理工學院的研究人員說，他們已經(jīng)想 出了一種低成本的、能解決這個問題的裝置:智能鍵盤。設空處引導定語從句，先行詞為 device,關系詞在定語從句中作主語，指物，故填關系詞that/which。13. Then there's the kind of popularity that/which appears

20、in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:然后在青春期出現(xiàn)了這種流行:權力和甚至不光 彩的行為所產(chǎn)生的地位。先行詞為popularity,關系詞在定語從句中作主語，指物。故填that 或 which o14. The reason why I love western music is that the piece of music named Fate Symphony by Beethoven has inspired me a lot to move on when

21、 I am in difficulty.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:我喜歡西方音樂的原因是山貝多芬創(chuàng)作的名為 命運交響曲的這首曲子在我困難的時候給了我很大的鼓舞，讓我繼續(xù)前進。先行詞表 示原因，關系詞在定語從句中作原因狀語。故填why。15. For football and basketball,adding talented players to a team proves a good me什iod,but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent.解析考查限制性定語從句。句意:對于足球和籃球來說，在一個球

22、隊中增加有天賦 的球員證明是一個好方法，但只有達到70%的球員是頂級人才的情況。先行詞point表示 "情況”為抽象地點。故用關系詞whereo16. On a regular day,students at the school sometimes come up to him to say they're not feeling well or other times to tell him about something that happened at break.解析 考查限制性定語從句。句意:在一個正常的日子里，學校的學生有時會來找他 說他們感覺不舒服，或者其他時

23、候告訴他課間休息時發(fā)生的事悄。設空處引導定語從句， 關系詞在從句中作主語,先行詞something為不定代詞，引導限制性定語從句的關系詞只 能用thato17. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million

24、 tons.解析 考查定語從句。句意:中國農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)現(xiàn)，從2005年到2011年，化肥使用量下降 7 770萬噸，在2005年政府啟動土壤檢測項LI,此項LI向農(nóng)民提供特定的化肥建議。分析 句子可知設空處引導定語從句，先行詞表示物,關系詞在定語從句中作主語，故用that或者 which o18. Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析考查定語從句。句意:許多來到中國的西方

25、人一旦意識到在外面吃飯是多么便 宜，他們自己做飯的次數(shù)就會比在自己的國家少得多。先行詞指人,關系詞在定語從句中 作主語，故用who或thato19. Self-driving is an area where China and the rest of the world are on the same startine line.解析考查定語從句。句意:無人駕駛是一個中國和世界其他國家處在同一起跑線上 的領域。設空處引導定語從句，指代先行詞area,在從句中作地點狀語。故填where。20. The little problems that/which we meet in our dail

26、y lives may be inspirations for great inventions解析 考查定語從句。句意:我們在日常生活中遇到的小問題可能就是偉大發(fā)明的靈 感。分析句子結構可知，先行詞為problems,指物,關系詞在定語從句中作賓語，故用 that/whicho21 I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise解析考查定語從句。句意:我住在一對夫妻隔壁，他們的孩子總是制造很多噪音。 根據(jù)句意和結構可知，設空處引導定語從句,關系詞在定語從句中作定語，故使用關系代詞 whose o22.

27、 Some experts think reading is Hie fundamental skill upon which school education depends解析 考查定語從句。句意:一些專家認為閱讀是學校教育依靠的基本技能。depend upon二depend on依幕，依賴。結合句意及句子結構可知，此處為“介詞+關系代詞”結構，先行 詞the fundamental skill指物,故用關系代詞which=23. Creating an atmosphere in which employees feel part of a team is a big challenge

28、.解析考查定語從句。句意:創(chuàng)造一種使員工感到是團隊的一部分的氛圍是一個很大 的挑戰(zhàn)。分析句子可知此處為“介詞+關系代詞”結構,先行詞an atmosphere指物，故填 which o24. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere where his employees enjoy their work.解析考查定語從句。句意:這家公司的老板正在努力創(chuàng)造一種舒適的氛圍,在這種 氛圍中他的員工能夠享受工作。分析句子可知，從句不缺主語、賓語和表語，故應選擇關 系副詞，先行詞是atmosphere,是抽象的地點，故

29、填whereo25. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.解析考查定語從句。句意:作為家里最小的孩子，亞歷克斯總是盼著自己能獨立的 時刻。分析句子可知，設空處引導定語從句，從句中不缺主語、賓語和表語，山此判斷用關 系副詞，而先行詞the time表示的是時間，故用關系副詞when。同義句轉換26. There was a time when people may have felt awkward abo

30、ut asking for a table for one,but those days are over.-Tliere was a time at which people may have felt awkwaid about asking for a table for one,but those days are over.27. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper who he's on a first-name basis with if he wan

31、ts to have a little interaction（交流）.He likes that he can sit and check liis phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction（交流）.UNIT 2 WILDLIFE PROTECTION現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)一、現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)的含義現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進行或發(fā)生的被動動作，強調(diào)主語是 動作的承受者。二、現(xiàn)

32、在進行時的被動語態(tài)的構成【觀察】Some trees in the park are being cut down.公園里的一些樹正在被砍倒。The engineer is not being treated fairly. U前這位工程師沒有被公平地對待。Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse?這些嬰兒正在被這個護士照顧嗎？Who is being trained for the coming English speech contest?為了 即將到來的英語演講比賽, 誰正在被培訓？【歸納】1 肯定式:主語+am/is/are+be

33、ing done ;2. 否定式:主語+am/is/are+not being done ;3. 一般疑問式: Am/Is/Are+上語+being done ;4. 特殊疑問式: 特殊疑問詞+am/is/are（+主語）+being done 。三、現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)的用法【觀察】He is being treated in China now.他現(xiàn)在正在中國接受治療。Preparations are being made for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games in Zhangjiakou. 在張家 口,（人們）正在為2022年冬季奧運會做準備。10Tom i

34、s always being praised by the teacher.湯姆總是被這位老師表揚。He may be being interviewed by reporters at the moment.他此刻可能正在被記者們采訪?！練w納】1表示說話時 正在進行 的被動動作，句中常用now. at the moment等時間狀語；2. 表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的被動動作（說話時不一定在進行）；3. 表示一種 習慣的 被動行為，常與always> constantlyforever等詞連用，表示贊賞、 羨慕、厭惡等感情色彩；4. 與某些情態(tài)動詞連用，表示對正在發(fā)生的動作的。四、使用現(xiàn)在進行

35、時的被動語態(tài)應注意的問題【觀察】Look!The children are being taken care of by their aunt.瞧!孩子們正山他們的姨媽照看著。 The telephone is in use （=is being used） now.這部電話正在使用中。The book belongs to him.這本書屬于他?！練w納】1 動詞短語用于現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)時，其中的如L不可省略；2. “be （am/is.如©）“111（1曲111+11.”結構有時可相當于 現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài);3. 些表示狀態(tài)、心理活動、擁有等的動詞（短語）如stay、love

36、> have> want、belong to 等不用于現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。單句語法填空1. My washing machine is being repaired （repair） this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.解析考查現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。句意:本周我的洗衣機正在維修中，因此我不得不 用手洗我的衣服。根據(jù)時間狀語this week和后半句可知，洗衣機正在維修中，本空應用現(xiàn) 在進行時;且主語My washing machine和動詞repair之間為被動關系，故本空應用現(xiàn)在進 行時的被動語態(tài)。2. Now sim

37、ilar concerns are being raised （raise） by the giants（巨頭）解析 考查現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。句意:現(xiàn)在，巨頭們正提出類似的擔憂.。根據(jù) 時間狀語Now可知，本空應用現(xiàn)在進行時,且主語concerns和動詞raise之間為被動關系, 故本空應用現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。I3. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt （rebuild）.解析考查現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。句意:他們此刻正和他們的父母住在一起，因為他

38、 們自己的房子正在重建中。根據(jù)for the moment可知，本空應用現(xiàn)在進行時,且動詞rebuild 與其邏輯主語their own house之間為被動關系，故本空應用現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。4. It is reported that many a new house is being built （build） at present in the disaster area 解析 考查現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。句意:據(jù)報道,LI前災區(qū)正在建造許多新房子。根據(jù)at present可知，本空應用現(xiàn)在進行時,且動詞build與其邏輯主語many a new house之 間為被動關系，故本空應用

39、現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)。注意:本空主語為-manya+可數(shù)名詞 單數(shù)”形式,故謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。完成句子5. 在亞洲的其他地方，正在釆取更令人震驚的行動。Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken 6. 據(jù)報紙報道,武漢正在建設兒條新的地鐵線路。It is reported in 什w newspaper that several new subway lines “re being built in Wuhan.句型轉換7. Many village communities feel their count

40、ryside is being ruined by the power-producing machines of wind farms.（改為主動語態(tài)）-Many village conmiunities feel the power-producing machines of wind farms aw ruining their coimtryside .8. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers are repairing one of the main pipes.（改為被動語態(tài)）tTIw

41、water supply has been cut off temporarily becauseone of the main pipes isbeing repaired by the workers 9. The old temple whose roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair（改為同 義句）tTIw old temple whose roof was damaged in a stonnis now being repaired 根據(jù)要求進行句式變化10. The education programme is under

42、discussion 將畫線部分改為現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)ItTIw education progi'aniine is being discussed 將句改為一般疑問句> Is the education programme being discussed? 對句中的The education programme進行提問t What is being discussed?UNIT 3 THE INTERNET現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)一、現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)的結構【觀察】He has been selected to take part in the sports meeting.M

43、ore than 100 famous films have been shown in the city since July.【歸納】現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)的結構為:have/has been+過去分詞二、現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)的用法【觀察】(1 )The house has been cleaned up by my elder brother.(2) The machine has been repaired for two hours(3) 1 will go to play football as soon as the homework has been finished(4) Yo

44、u will take over his job if he has been sent abroad【歸納】1例句(1)表示被動的動作在說話之前已經(jīng) 定成，強調(diào)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影 響。2 例句(2)表示一個被動的動作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)生，并且有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去, 常與帶for或since的時間狀語連用,或用于How long.?句型中。3. 例句表示在時間或條件等狀語從句中，表示將來某時已完成的動作,即用現(xiàn) 在完成時的被動語態(tài)代替將來完成時的被動語態(tài)。三、主動語態(tài)變成被動語態(tài)【觀察】(1) We have built many houses in the past ten years

45、.-Many houses have been built by us in the past ten yeai s.(2) We have given him the book>He has been given the book by us.>Tlie book lias been given to him by us.(3) 1 have made her work hardShe has been made to work hard by me.(4) He has thought of a way of doing it.tA way of doing it has be

46、en thought of by him.【歸納】l.lll(l)可知，只帶有一個賓語的動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,將原來的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞?主語。2.111(2)可知，可跟雙賓語的動詞，如 give, send, bring, take, teach, show, sing, write, read, sell, buy, tell, pay, lend, pass, promise等，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可將其中一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個保留。把直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z時，間接賓語前通常需加仙o 3.111(3)可知，帶有復合賓語的動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,要將原來的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞?，原來的賓語補足語改為 主

47、語補足語。原來省略to的不定式作賓語補足語的, 在被動語態(tài)中要還原to o4.111(4)可知，動詞短語是一個不可分割的整體，在被動語態(tài)中要保持其完整性，不可省略動 詞短語中的介詞或副詞o四、現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)需要注意的問題【觀察】誤:How long has this book been bought?IE:How long ago was this book bought?No books have been bought since last week【歸納】ill finish.buy,start,begin,postreturn,borrowjoinjnarry,open 等 非延

48、續(xù)性動詞 構成的現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)不能與表示一段時間的狀語 連用，如for four days>how long 等。I但這類動詞在否定句中也能與 也亠或for引出的表示一段時間的狀語連用。單句語法填空1. Wildlife has been threatened (threaten) greatly in the modern age. There are species (物種)that are disappearing every day.解析考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意:在現(xiàn)代，野生生物受到了極大的威脅。每天都有 物種在消失。根據(jù)句意可知野生生物在現(xiàn)代已經(jīng)受到了極大的威脅,導致物

49、種正在消失, 所以此處用現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，且Wildlife和threaten之間是 被動關系，故填 has been threatened 2. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly studied (study).解析 考查動詞的語態(tài)。句意:很難計算出全球北極熊的數(shù)LI,因為大部分的北極熊的 分布范圍沒有被充分地研究。從句的主語much of the range和study之間是被動關系，故 用被動語態(tài)

50、。3. Six years after its launch,Cuddle Buddies continues to expand. Now over 25,000 stuffed animals have been donated (donate) to agencies worldwide.解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意:Cuddle Buddies發(fā)起后六年,這個項訂不斷擴 大?，F(xiàn)在超過25,000毛絨玩具已經(jīng)被捐贈給世界各地的代理機構。stuffed animals和 donate之間是被動關系，且表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,故用現(xiàn)在完成時的被 動語態(tài)。4. The prob

51、lems of excessive(過度白勺)energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described (describe) in a book by the American writer Thomas L.Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意:過度的能源消耗、氣候變化、人口增長帶來的問 題在美國作家托馬斯L弗里德曼所寫的書中都有闡述。他擔心最壞的情況，但抱最好的 希望。句子的主語problems

52、和describe之間是被動關系，且根據(jù)句意可知,此處表示過去 發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響，故填have been describedo5. While much of the debate so far has been focused (focus) on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放)and o

53、ffer more convenient, affordable mobility options.解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)前文時間狀語so far可知，本空應該使用現(xiàn)在完成 時，乂因為主語much of the debate與focus之間是被動關系，故用被動語態(tài)。故填has been focusedo6. Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained (train) to do so.解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意:你只有已經(jīng)接受過培訓才能使用滅火器。在條件 狀語從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來完成時，且you和train之

54、間是被動關系,故用現(xiàn)在完成 時的被動語態(tài)，即have been trained o7. Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost (lose).解析考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。本句強調(diào)爵士樂變化對現(xiàn)在的影響，故用現(xiàn)在完成時， 乂因為從句的主語與lose之間是被動關系，故用被動語態(tài)。故填has been losto8. Sarah has been told/was told (tell) that she could be Bri

55、tain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知Sarah與tell之間為被動關系，故用被動 語態(tài)。此處既可以用一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作，也可以用現(xiàn)在完成時，表示過去發(fā) 生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響。故填has been told/was told。9. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported (report)in the US A,compared with 189 for all of las

56、t year.解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意:今年，美國已經(jīng)報道了 115例麻疹，相比去年整年 的189例。根據(jù)Already可知，應用現(xiàn)在完成時，且115 measles cases和report之間是被動 關系，故應用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。10. The dictionary is out of date: many words have been added (add) to the language since it was published.解析 考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意:這本詞典已經(jīng)過時了:自它出版以來，許多詞匯已 經(jīng)被添加進了這門語言中。根據(jù)since引導的時間狀語從句，可

57、知此處應用現(xiàn)在完成時， 且words和add之間是被動關系，故應用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。11. According to some developmental psychologists, the nature of babies* play has been thoroughly investigated (investigate).1解析 考查動詞的語態(tài)。句意:根據(jù)一些發(fā)展心理學家，嬰兒游戲的本質(zhì)已被徹底調(diào)查。nature和investigate之間是被動關系，故應用過去分詞。12. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of which have/hns been proved (prove).解析考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)及主謂一致。句意:就人類為什么哭，科學家提出了許多 理論，但沒有一項理論得到過證實。根據(jù)句意可知，這些理論到現(xiàn)在還沒有被證實,故用現(xiàn) 在完成時的被動語態(tài)。none作主語時，謂語動詞既可以用單數(shù)也可以用復數(shù)。13. Despite the previous roun