歐四歐五發(fā)動機排放培訓資料

1、Wulumqi, 26 June 2007Claudio OpertiManager R&D FPT ChinaHeavy Duty Engine emissions Euro 4/5重型車用發(fā)動機排放重型車用發(fā)動機排放 歐歐4/歐歐526 June 20072FPT=“FPT” isFIAT POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES FIAT動力總成技術(shù)動力總成技術(shù)=It is a company including in a single organization all the engine & driveline activities of the Fiat gr

2、oup worldwide是是FIAT集團全世界包括所有發(fā)動機和動力傳集團全世界包括所有發(fā)動機和動力傳動系統(tǒng)的獨立的機構(gòu)動系統(tǒng)的獨立的機構(gòu)Fiat automotive FIAT汽車汽車IVECOOthers其它其它=It is developing and producing 正在開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)正在開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)Diesel and gasoline engines 柴油和汽油發(fā)動機柴油和汽油發(fā)動機From 1,0 liters up to 40 liters 從從1.0L到到40LFor 用于用于 Cars轎車轎車 Trucks卡車卡車 Agricultural and earth moving農(nóng)

3、業(yè)和工程機械農(nóng)業(yè)和工程機械 Marine船用船用 Power generation發(fā)電發(fā)電 .等等等等26 June 20073Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 2006Euro 3 Registration Europe 歐洲歐歐洲歐3注冊注冊26 June 20074Euro 4 Registration step 1 Europe 歐洲歐歐洲歐4第第1階段注冊階段注冊Durability耐久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用車在用車Homologation class / weight認證認證 類別類別/質(zhì)量質(zhì)量Control Me

4、asurements測量控制測量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1階段階段Euro 4System Failure系統(tǒng)不完善系統(tǒng)不完善2006 2007Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 200626 June 20075Euro 4 Registration step 2 Europe歐洲歐歐洲歐4第第2階段注冊階段注冊Durability耐久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用車在用車Homologation class / weight認證認證Control Measurements測量控制測量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1

5、階段階段Euro 4System Failure系統(tǒng)不完善系統(tǒng)不完善2006 2007Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 2006NOx Control Torque reduction扭矩降低控制扭矩降低控制+2007 200926 June 20076Euro 5 Legislation Europe 歐洲歐歐洲歐5法規(guī)法規(guī)Euro 5OBD Stage 2DurabilityNEW ?20092007 2009Emission Limits排放限值排放限值NOxPMEuro 3Till 2006Euro 42006 2007Durability耐

6、久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用車在用車Homologation class / weight認證分類認證分類/質(zhì)量質(zhì)量Control Measurements測量控制測量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1階段階段System Failure系統(tǒng)不完善系統(tǒng)不完善+NOx Control Torque reduction26 June 20077EC 88/77 Comp. Euro 3Comp. Euro 5Emissions E4Emissions E4OBD Stage 1OBD Stage 2DurabilityEmissions E5Emissions E5In u

7、se complianceCompulsory Euro 4DurabilityNew in use compliance200520062007200920082010Emissions E4OBD Stage 1 + NOx controlDurabilityIn use compliance Since 2005 was possible to register vehicles according to Euro 4/5 emission values 從2005年開始可以按照歐4/歐5排放進行車輛注冊 Euro 4 Step 1 (ODB stage 1) are compulsor

8、y from Oct 2006 從2006年10月強制執(zhí)行歐4第1階段(OBD第1階段)認證Emissions E3Emissions E5Emissions E5 Euro 4 Step 2 (OBD stage 1 + NOx control) are compulsory from Oct 2007 從2007年10月強制執(zhí)行歐4第2階段(OBD第1階段+NOx控制)認證 Euro 5 (emission values + OBD stage 2) are compulsory from Oct 2009 從2009年10月開始歐5(排放+OBD第2階段)Step 1Step 226 J

9、une 20078Legislation summary 法規(guī)概要法規(guī)概要26 June 20079Durabilty requirements 耐久性要求耐久性要求= Present European Euro 4 legislations specifies that當前歐當前歐4法規(guī)說明法規(guī)說明 A minimum durability of the engine in terms of emissions legislation conformity must be guaranteed by the manufacturer (limit depending on vehicle c

10、lass / size)排放法規(guī)中的發(fā)動機最低耐排放法規(guī)中的發(fā)動機最低耐久性符合性由制造廠保證久性符合性由制造廠保證(限值取決于車輛類型限值取決于車輛類型/尺寸尺寸) The same criteria applies to the after treatment system標準同樣適標準同樣適用于后處理系統(tǒng)用于后處理系統(tǒng) No specific demonstration of this durability is required. 沒有明確沒有明確的耐久性的耐久性”試驗實例試驗實例”要求要求= It is expected that future European legislatio

11、n will include a durability “demonstration” equivalent to the USA EPA approach未未來的歐洲法規(guī)將包含耐久性來的歐洲法規(guī)將包含耐久性”試驗實例試驗實例”,等同于美國環(huán)保署方法等同于美國環(huán)保署方法26 June 200710In-use compliance 1 在用車符合性在用車符合性-1= The verification of conformity to emission standards of vehicles in real use is very critical on HD applications.檢查

12、重型在用車輛排檢查重型在用車輛排放符合性是非常復雜的放符合性是非常復雜的. As NOx and particulate emissions are very low at low engine load, any “conformity” test must be performed with the engine under high load. This requires either因為在發(fā)動機低負荷時因為在發(fā)動機低負荷時NOx和顆粒排放非常低和顆粒排放非常低,任何符合性測試必須在發(fā)動機高負荷時進行任何符合性測試必須在發(fā)動機高負荷時進行. Emission measurements o

13、n vehicle in operation on road 車輛排放在道路上運轉(zhuǎn)車輛排放在道路上運轉(zhuǎn) Use of a roller test bed (for a truck, a very heavy / expensive device)使用轉(zhuǎn)鼓試驗臺使用轉(zhuǎn)鼓試驗臺(對于卡車對于卡車,非常重非常重/裝置昂貴裝置昂貴) Dismounting the engine (and the after treatment system) from the vehicle and installation on an engine test bed從車從車輛上拆下發(fā)動機輛上拆下發(fā)動機(和后處理系統(tǒng)

14、和后處理系統(tǒng))并安裝到發(fā)動機排放試驗臺上并安裝到發(fā)動機排放試驗臺上.26 June 200711In-use compliance 2 在用車符合性在用車符合性-2= European (and US) legislations have selected the “OBD” approach.歐洲歐洲(和美國和美國)法規(guī)選擇法規(guī)選擇”O(jiān)BD”方法方法 The control system of the engine / after treatment must detect any system malfunction causing an increase of emissions and

15、 give indication to the driver (including engine power reduction)發(fā)動機發(fā)動機/后處理控制系統(tǒng)必須發(fā)現(xiàn)任何導致排放后處理控制系統(tǒng)必須發(fā)現(xiàn)任何導致排放增加的系統(tǒng)故障并給駕駛員故障指示增加的系統(tǒng)故障并給駕駛員故障指示(包括發(fā)動機功率降低包括發(fā)動機功率降低) The effectiveness of the OBD must be demonstrated at engine homologation 必須在發(fā)動機認證時認證必須在發(fā)動機認證時認證OBD效果效果 The “road” inspection authority can “r

16、ead” the OBD “history” of the vehicle to detect malfunctions or mis-use道道路檢查權(quán)威部門可讀取車輛上路檢查權(quán)威部門可讀取車輛上OBD”歷史歷史”記錄記錄,以發(fā)現(xiàn)故障或錯誤以發(fā)現(xiàn)故障或錯誤使用使用26 June 200712. from “Euro 3” to Euro 4 .從歐從歐3到歐到歐4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200713Engine development 發(fā)動機技術(shù)發(fā)展發(fā)動機技術(shù)發(fā)展NOXPMFuel Consumption燃油消耗燃油消耗Engine adjust

17、ments NOx reduction increase PM and fuel consumption PM reduction reduce fuel consumption but NOx increase26 June 200714The technology choice 技術(shù)選擇技術(shù)選擇= Two possible solutions兩種可能的解決方案兩種可能的解決方案: Exhaust Gas Recirculation廢氣再循環(huán)Selective Catalytic Reduction選擇性催化轉(zhuǎn)化器26 June 200715EGR: to match Euro 4 匹配歐匹

18、配歐4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200716EGR: to match Euro 4 匹配歐匹配歐4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200717SCR: to match Euro 4 匹配歐匹配歐4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200718SCR: to match Euro 4 匹配歐匹配歐4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)EURO 426 June 200719SCR: to match Euro 5 匹配歐匹配歐5NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)

19、EURO 4EURO 526 June 200720EGR valve EGR technology EGR技術(shù)技術(shù)PM Filter EGR system effects emissions at source, in the combustion chamber EGR系統(tǒng)在源頭解決排放,在燃燒室內(nèi)26 June 200721Exhaust gas is forced through porous ceramic cell排氣強制通過多孔蜂窩狀陶瓷Walls外殼 Closed filter structure封閉式濾芯結(jié)構(gòu) Efficiency up to 80%效率上限80% Combi

20、nation with Oxi cat 與氧化型催化轉(zhuǎn)化器結(jié)合PM Filter = PM Trap = DPF26 June 200722PM Trap: two possible offers 兩種可能的提議兩種可能的提議Standard Version標準版標準版 Filter unit to be replaced 過濾器單元被取代 Maintenance intervals required 必要的間隔維護CRTContinuously Regenerating Trap連續(xù)再生式顆粒捕集器連續(xù)再生式顆粒捕集器Permanent PM combustion 永久的顆粒燃燒No mai

21、ntenance required 免維護Car application客車應用客車應用Truck application卡卡車應用車應用26 June 200723A part of the exhaust gas is led through the metal部分排氣通過金屬fleece, the rest is bypassing the fleece 其余通過編織物 Open cell structure開放式蜂窩結(jié)構(gòu) No maintenance免維護 Efficiency up to 50%效率上限50% Combination with Oxi cat 與氧化型催化轉(zhuǎn)化器結(jié)合P

22、M Cat 顆粒催化轉(zhuǎn)化器顆粒催化轉(zhuǎn)化器26 June 200724Comparison: PM Trap vs. PM Cat 顆粒捕集器與顆粒催化轉(zhuǎn)化器比較顆粒捕集器與顆粒催化轉(zhuǎn)化器比較Disadvantage缺點缺點 Backpressure increase排氣背壓增加 Ash accumulation灰聚集 Packaging裝配 Filter clogging過濾器堵塞Disadvantage缺點缺點 Low efficiency效率低 Smoke puff during up-transients變工況冒煙 Low soot load capacity煙灰裝載量低 Low pas

23、sive regeneration potential被動再生潛力低PM Trap顆粒捕集器顆粒捕集器PM Cat顆粒催化轉(zhuǎn)化器顆粒催化轉(zhuǎn)化器PlugPorous filter wallCorrugated metal foilPorous layer(sinter metal fleece)26 June 200725SCR technology SCR技術(shù)技術(shù) No PM Filter is necessary 不需要顆粒過濾器SCR is an after treatment system that requires Urea as additive to create a chemic

24、al reaction to reduce NOx SCR是一種以尿素作為添加劑發(fā)生化學反應降低是一種以尿素作為添加劑發(fā)生化學反應降低NOx的后處理系統(tǒng)的后處理系統(tǒng)26 June 200726SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction)Air Pressure空氣壓力空氣壓力Cooling circuit冷卻系冷卻系26 June 200727characteristics尿素性能尿素性能Availability有效性Used in other industry sectors用于其它工業(yè)領(lǐng)域Economic price價格Mix: 32,5 % ammonia +

25、67,5% water 混合比:32.5%氨水+67.5%水Easy handling, no danger-good 易操作,無危險Freezing point冰點: -11 CEvaporating point蒸發(fā)點: + 60 CStrong volume extension較強的體積膨脹26 June 200728SCR vs. EGR SCR和和EGR比較比較= Feature 特點特點SCREGRFuel consumption燃油耗燃油耗 Lower 低低Higher高高Engine durability發(fā)動機耐久性發(fā)動機耐久性as Euro 3 同歐同歐3Reduced減少減少

26、Oil change intervals 更換機油間隔更換機油間隔as Euro 3 同歐同歐3Reduced減少減少Euro 5 compatibility歐歐5兼容性兼容性YES是是 Difficult困難困難Cooling requirements 冷卻系要求冷卻系要求up to 6 %減少減少6% up to + 15%增加增加15%AdBlue infrastructure 尿素尿素Yes 是是No無無Diesel fuel requirement柴油要求柴油要求Standard (EN590)標準標準Low sulphured 低硫低硫Additional weight 增加重量增

27、加重量Yes 是是Yes是是SCR technology offers important advantages most relevant:SCR技術(shù)優(yōu)點技術(shù)優(yōu)點 : Reduced fuel consumption lower CO2 emissions)燃油消耗低燃油消耗低,CO2排放少排放少 Insensitive to fuel quality (sulphur content)對燃油品質(zhì)不敏感對燃油品質(zhì)不敏感 Pro and cons starting from Euro 3從歐從歐3起點的正反面比較起點的正反面比較 26 June 200729FPT technology str

28、ategy FPT技術(shù)路線技術(shù)路線= According to FPT evaluation the conclusion is 根據(jù)根據(jù)FPT評估評估 Solution for Light range 輕型車輕型車 New engine + EGR + Particulate Trap 新型發(fā)動機新型發(fā)動機+EGR+顆粒捕集器顆粒捕集器Lower system cost 成本低成本低Easier installation and maintenance安裝維護容易安裝維護容易No Increase in fuel consumption due to new engine design 新設

29、計發(fā)動機不新設計發(fā)動機不增加燃油耗增加燃油耗 Solution for the Medium / Heavy range中中/重型車重型車: SCR technology SCR技術(shù)技術(shù)26 June 200730Practical case應用圖例應用圖例00.020.040.060.080.10.120246810NOx emissions g/kWh ESCPM emissions g/kWh ESCCOMBUSTIONSCRPM TRAPEGR929496981001021041061081101120246810NOx emissions g/kWh ESCFuel consumpt

30、ion % ESCCOMBUSTIONSCREGRPM TRAPCOMBUSTION270 hp / 2700 rpm26 June 200731“Light” HD engines”輕型車輕型車”發(fā)動機發(fā)動機= For low-range engines (below 3.5 l) 小排量發(fā)動機小排量發(fā)動機(3.5L以下以下) The trade-off between fuel consumption and system cost is less favorable to the SCR system燃油耗和系統(tǒng)成本與燃油耗和系統(tǒng)成本與SCR系統(tǒng)相比低系統(tǒng)相比低 A system con

31、figuration compatible with LD regulations (roller test bed homologation) is preferred to avoid vehicle configuration proliferation 系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)是輕型車規(guī)則系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)是輕型車規(guī)則(轉(zhuǎn)鼓試驗臺認證轉(zhuǎn)鼓試驗臺認證)首選首選,以避免增加配置以避免增加配置= Therefore the solution EGR + Particulate trap is preferred EGR+顆粒捕集器是首選顆粒捕集器是首選 With different calibration &

32、amp; sizing of the trap it can be used also for LD homologations.不同的標定和捕集器尺寸可用于輕型車認證不同的標定和捕集器尺寸可用于輕型車認證 This solution requires low sulphur fuel (less than 50 ppm) to allow filter regeneration該方案需要低硫柴油該方案需要低硫柴油(小于小于50 ppm)以利于過濾器再生以利于過濾器再生26 June 200732HD with EGR / trap engine configuration帶帶EGR/顆粒捕集

33、器發(fā)動機結(jié)構(gòu)顆粒捕集器發(fā)動機結(jié)構(gòu)EGR cooler (water heat exchanger)EGR冷卻器冷卻器EGR valveEGR閥閥FPT F1C 3.0 L engine4 valves/cylinder4氣門氣門/缸缸CR injection高壓共軌系統(tǒng)高壓共軌系統(tǒng)26 June 200733HD with EGR / trap exhaust configuration帶帶EGR/顆粒捕集器排氣系結(jié)顆粒捕集器排氣系結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)Particulate trap顆粒捕集器顆粒捕集器Silencer消聲器消聲器Differential pressure sensor壓差傳感器壓差傳感器26 June 20