學(xué)術(shù)英語翻譯

1、 Text 4 云計(jì)算的安全利益1. 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的未來現(xiàn)在，我們可以很容易地注意到網(wǎng)絡(luò)的本質(zhì)從被用來讀網(wǎng)頁的地方變?yōu)樵试S用戶運(yùn)行軟件應(yīng)用程序的環(huán)境。諾瓦提出了一個(gè)有趣的類比，以如下的形式描述了網(wǎng)絡(luò)的進(jìn)化：1）web 1.0 是只讀的，被用來創(chuàng)造幾乎靜態(tài)的網(wǎng)頁，比如個(gè)人網(wǎng)頁、報(bào)紙、購物應(yīng)用程序等。2）web 2.0 引入了讀和寫的內(nèi)容出版變成了參與，網(wǎng)頁變成博客，博客聚集在一起變成大的匯總。對于網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)容而言，現(xiàn)在互動(dòng)與合作非常普遍。Executable: 可執(zhí)行的Execute: v. 運(yùn)行，執(zhí)行3）web 3.0 將允許讀、寫和執(zhí)行操作， 所以內(nèi)容將變成可執(zhí)行的網(wǎng)絡(luò)The future belong

2、s to the Web 3.0, also called the intelligent web, which is the next stage of the Internet evolution based on the services for data mining, artificial intelligence, independent agents, speech recognition and new computing models (distributed, grid and cloud).未來屬于web 3.0, 也被稱為智能網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)化的下一階段，這種進(jìn)化以數(shù)

3、據(jù)挖掘、人工智能、獨(dú)立代理人、言語識別和新的計(jì)算模式（分配計(jì)算、網(wǎng)格計(jì)算和云計(jì)算）為基礎(chǔ)。The Web 3.0 can be seen as a new way of creating and using applications that can run on different devices, like mobile phones or PDAs, and having the data stored into the cloud.Web 3.0可以被視為一種新的創(chuàng)造和使用應(yīng)用程序并且讓數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在云中的方式，這些程序可以在不同的設(shè)備上運(yùn)行，比如手機(jī)或掌上計(jì)算機(jī)。2. 云計(jì)算的基本原則S

4、imply speaking, the cloud means the Internet. The term is derived from the way in which the Internet is often represented into the network diagrams. Cloud computing represents a new paradigm of the Internet computing in which the software is seen as a service and the applications and data are stored

5、 on multiple servers that can be accessed from the Internet.簡單地說，云意味著網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這個(gè)術(shù)語來自于網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖表中網(wǎng)絡(luò)常常被代表的方式。云計(jì)算代表著一種新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算范例，其中軟件被看作是一種服務(wù)，應(yīng)用程序和數(shù)據(jù)被儲(chǔ)存在多個(gè)服務(wù)器中，這些服務(wù)器可以從網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)入。The current cloud computing architecture involves the existence of data centers that are able to provide services to the clients located all ove

6、r the world. In this context, the cloud can be seen as a unique access point for all the requests coming from the customers/clients.目前云計(jì)算技術(shù)涉及這樣一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)中心的存在，這個(gè)中心能夠?yàn)槿澜缬脩籼峁┓?wù)。在這個(gè)背景下，云可以被看作是對于所有來自顧客或客戶請求的獨(dú)特的進(jìn)入點(diǎn)。移動(dòng)電話或掌上計(jì)算機(jī)可以成功地扮演云客戶的角色。由于這個(gè)原因，移動(dòng)設(shè)備可以在安卓或iphone 平臺上運(yùn)行。同時(shí)，網(wǎng)頁瀏覽器，比如谷歌瀏覽器，毫無疑問也可以是云客戶。云客戶可以是普通的電腦，

7、移動(dòng)手機(jī)，掌上計(jì)算機(jī)或其他任何類似的設(shè)備?；旧?，客戶是從數(shù)據(jù)中心租用或直接進(jìn)入數(shù)據(jù)中心獲取所需的數(shù)據(jù)處理能力。服務(wù)的品質(zhì)是云計(jì)算成功的關(guān)鍵因素。要注意客戶可以是硬件設(shè)備和（或）軟件應(yīng)用程序，比如瀏覽器。Cloud computing allows to move the processing effort from the local devices to the data center facilities. In such a way, any phone, for example, could be able to solve complex differential equation

8、 systems by simply passing the specific arguments to a data center service that will be capable to give back the results in a very short time. In these conditions, the security of data and applications becomes a very major issue.云計(jì)算允許把數(shù)據(jù)處理的過程從當(dāng)?shù)卦O(shè)備移動(dòng)到數(shù)據(jù)中心設(shè)施。這樣的話，舉個(gè)例子，任何電話都可以解決復(fù)雜的微分方程系統(tǒng)，只要把特定的自變量傳到數(shù)據(jù)服

9、務(wù)中心，這項(xiàng)服務(wù)可以在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)返回結(jié)果。在這些條件下，數(shù)據(jù)和應(yīng)用程序的安全性變成了一個(gè)重要的問題。云計(jì)算的主要優(yōu)勢如下：1）沒必要下載或安裝特定的軟件，軟件的使用成為很快、很簡單的任務(wù)2）費(fèi)用很低，在某些情況下，甚至是免費(fèi)的，客戶只需支付他們實(shí)際使用的資源費(fèi)用3）如果客戶電腦崩潰，因?yàn)橐磺卸純?chǔ)存在云中，幾乎不會(huì)丟失什么4）當(dāng)一些新的安裝包被釋放時(shí)，沒必要升級本地系統(tǒng)5）云計(jì)算可以被用在有最小硬件需求的客戶端上面，如移動(dòng)電話或掌上計(jì)算機(jī)6）給不同的軟件包授予許可證的問題轉(zhuǎn)到了數(shù)據(jù)中心層面7）硬件升級不需花費(fèi)（或花費(fèi)很少）8）用戶不用依靠他們的個(gè)人電腦，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢允褂萌魏纹渌O(shè)備，只要這些設(shè)

10、備能夠連接上互聯(lián)網(wǎng)并有一些基本的軟件。當(dāng)然，也有一些缺點(diǎn)，比如：1）為了能夠進(jìn)入和使用云，網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接是必要的，這種對網(wǎng)絡(luò)的依賴性使離線模式不可能。另一方面，一些應(yīng)用程序需要高速網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接，所以網(wǎng)絡(luò)速度會(huì)影響整體的表現(xiàn)。2）從長期看，服務(wù)的用戶費(fèi)比購買硬件的費(fèi)用更貴3）很難整合公司內(nèi)部現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，同時(shí)，從云又回到公司內(nèi)部的模式會(huì)很難。4）現(xiàn)在，在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域沒有足夠的大供應(yīng)商5）令人擔(dān)憂的一個(gè)非常大的問題是數(shù)據(jù)安全，因?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)和軟件位于遙遠(yuǎn)的服務(wù)器，而這些服務(wù)器可以在沒有任何額外警告的情況下崩潰或消失。在這種背景下，服務(wù)質(zhì)量非常重要，備份的需求也是至關(guān)重要的。3. 安全優(yōu)勢云計(jì)算為個(gè)人和公司提供了一些

11、主要的安全優(yōu)勢，比如:1) Centralized data storage - this goes to reduced effects of loosing some hardware items, like a laptop, for example. While the main part of the applications and data is stored into the cloud, loosing a client is not a big issue anymore- there are no sensitive data lost and a new client

12、can be connected to the cloud very fast;1) 集中的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)這就減少了由于沒有硬件如手提電腦帶來的影響。應(yīng)用程序和數(shù)據(jù)的主要部分被儲(chǔ)存在云端，失去客戶端放松不再是一件嚴(yán)重的事情沒有敏感的數(shù)據(jù)丟失，新的客戶端可以很快被連接到云端。2）對數(shù)據(jù)獲取的監(jiān)控變得更簡單，因?yàn)橹灰O(jiān)控一個(gè)地方就夠了，而不是一家大公司的成千上萬臺電腦3）不確定性的增加小偷幾乎不可能決定為了得到一種數(shù)字資產(chǎn)究竟該偷哪一個(gè)實(shí)體成分。Virtualization allows a rapid replacement of a compromised server located into t

13、he cloud without major costs or damages. Also, the downtime for computers in the cloud could be substantially reduced because it is very easy to create a clone by using an image.4）虛擬化允許位于云端中的受損服務(wù)器得到快速替換，而不會(huì)有大的破壞或損失。同時(shí)，在云中電腦的停機(jī)時(shí)間可以大大降低，因?yàn)橥ㄟ^使用一個(gè)圖像，很容易創(chuàng)造一個(gè)一模一樣的東西。 5）日志更多的記錄可以被激活，因?yàn)樵瓶臻g足夠大，可以儲(chǔ)存大量匯總的數(shù)據(jù)6）安

14、全變化可以很容易被測試和實(shí)施云計(jì)算還處在起步階段，所以還會(huì)有很多新的優(yōu)點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在這一清單中。4. 結(jié)論現(xiàn)在，信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施正在向一個(gè)簡單而創(chuàng)新的概念發(fā)展，它就叫做云計(jì)算。有很多應(yīng)用程序都能利用云技術(shù)，而且很快會(huì)有更多的應(yīng)用程序加入到隊(duì)伍當(dāng)中來。許多設(shè)備都是云兼容的，比如傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)算機(jī)，掌上計(jì)算機(jī)，移動(dòng)電話，甚至瀏覽器（google 瀏覽器），在這個(gè)前提下，云計(jì)算有潛力能夠提供大的安全優(yōu)勢。 Text 8 納米技術(shù)如何工作 How Nanotechnology WorksThere's an unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence of scie

15、ntists dedicated to the study of a world so small, we can't see it - even with a light microscope. That world is the field of nanotechnology, the realm of atoms and nanostructures. Nanotechnology is so new, no one is really sure what will come of it. Even so, predictions range from the ability t

16、o reproduce things like diamonds and food to the world being devoured by self-replicating nanorobots. 有很多致力于研究小到我們無法看見的世界的科學(xué)家。他們從事不同學(xué)科，但是他們史無前例地會(huì)聚在一起，他們研究的世界小得連借助精致的顯微鏡都看不見。那個(gè)世界就是納米技術(shù)的世界，一個(gè)由原子和納米結(jié)構(gòu)組成的領(lǐng)域。納米技術(shù)是如此新以至于沒人能夠確定它會(huì)給我們帶來什么。即便如此，各種預(yù)言卻都有，比如說復(fù)制鉆石和食物，又比如說世界會(huì)被自我復(fù)制的納米機(jī)器人毀滅。In order to understand th

17、e unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved. A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter, a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter, and a micrometer is one-millionth of a meter, but all of these are still huge compared to the nanoscale. A nanometer (nm) i

18、s one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair為了了解納米技術(shù)不同尋常的世界，我們需要了解所涉及的測量單位，一厘米是一米的百分之一，一毫米是一米的千分之一，一微米是百萬分之一米，但是和納米級相比，這些都還是巨大的數(shù)字。一納米是十億分之一米，比可見光的波長還要小，還不到人類一根頭發(fā)寬度的十萬分之一。As small as a nanometer is, it's still large co

19、mpared to the atomic scale. An atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is much smaller - about 0.00001 nm. Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our universe. You and everything around you are made of atoms. Nature has perfected the science of manufacturing matter molecu

20、larly. For instance, our bodies are assembled in a specific manner from millions of living cells. Cells are nature's nanomachines. At the atomic scale, elements are at their most basic level. On the nanoscale, we can potentially put these atoms together to make almost anything.盡管納米很小，但是和原子水平比起來依

21、然很大。原子的直徑大約是0.1納米。原子的核更是小得多大約0.00001納米。原子是宇宙所有物質(zhì)的基石。你和你身邊的一切都是由原子組成的。自然界從分子水平上完善了制造物質(zhì)的科學(xué)。比如，我們的身體是從千百萬個(gè)活細(xì)胞以特定的方式聚集在一起的。細(xì)胞是自然界的納米機(jī)器。在原子的層級，各種元素都處在最基本的水平。在納米層面，我們可以把這些原子放在一起做成幾乎任何一種物質(zhì)。In a lecture called "Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience," Nobel Prize winner Dr. Horst Stoermer said tha

22、t the nanoscale is more interesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something - it's not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.在一次名為“小小的奇觀：納米科學(xué)的世界” 的講座中，諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主Horst Stormer 博士說納米級別比原子級別更有趣，因?yàn)榧{米級是我們可以把東西放在一起的最初的

23、起始點(diǎn)直到我們開始把原子放在一起，這個(gè)東西才變得有價(jià)值。Nanotechnology is rapidly becoming an interdisciplinary field. Biologists, chemists, physicists and engineers are all involved in the study of substances at the nanoscale. Dr. Stoermer hopes that the different disciplines develop a common language and communicate with one

24、 another. Only then, he says, can we effectively teach nanoscience since you can't understand the world of nanotechnology without a solid background in multiple sciences.納米技術(shù)正在迅速變成一個(gè)跨學(xué)科的領(lǐng)域。 生物學(xué)家、化學(xué)家、物理學(xué)家和工程師們都要參與納米層面物質(zhì)的研究。Stormer博士希望不同學(xué)科可以發(fā)展出相同的語言，可以彼此交流。他說，只有那時(shí)我們才能有效地教授納米科學(xué)，因?yàn)槿绻麤]有多學(xué)科科學(xué)的扎實(shí)背景，你無法

25、理解納米技術(shù)的世界。One of the exciting and challenging aspects of the nanoscale is the role that quantum mechanics plays in it. The rules of quantum mechanics are very different from classical physics, which means that the behavior of substances at the nanoscale can sometimes contradict common sense by behav

26、ing erratically. You can't walk up to a wall and immediately teleport to the other side of it, but at the nanoscale an electron can - it's called electron tunneling. Substances that are insulators, meaning they can't carry an electric charge, in bulk form might become semiconductors when

27、 reduced to the nanoscale. Melting points can change due to an increase in surface area. Much of nanoscience requires that you forget what you know and start learning all over again.納米尺度最令人激動(dòng)和最具挑戰(zhàn)性的方面之一就是量子力學(xué)在其中起的作用。量子力學(xué)的規(guī)則非常不同于經(jīng)典物理學(xué)。這意味著在納米層面，物質(zhì)的有時(shí)表現(xiàn)的不穩(wěn)定，而產(chǎn)生與常識相違背的現(xiàn)象。你不能走向一面墻，馬上又穿墻而過到達(dá)墻的另一邊，但是在納米水平

28、電子就可以這被稱為電子隧道效應(yīng)。絕緣體物質(zhì)，其含義是不能攜帶電荷，但是當(dāng)降低到納米水平時(shí)，如果大批存在也許會(huì)變成半導(dǎo)體。因?yàn)楸砻婷娣e的增加物體的熔點(diǎn)也會(huì)變化。所以大部分納米材料要求你忘記你所了解的知識，開始重新學(xué)習(xí)。So what does this all mean? Right now, it means that scientists are experimenting with substances at the nanoscale to learn about their properties and how we might be able to take advantage of

29、 them in various applications. Engineers are trying to use nano-size wires to create smaller, more powerful microprocessors. Doctors are searching for ways to use nanoparticles in medical applications. Still, we've got a long way to go before nanotechnology dominates the technology and medical m

30、arkets.這一切意味著什么？現(xiàn)在，這意味著科學(xué)家們正在用納米水平的物質(zhì)試驗(yàn)，以了解它們的性質(zhì)，以及在不同的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域我們?nèi)绾文芾煤盟鼈儭９こ處焸冋趪L試用納米大小的金屬線來創(chuàng)造更小、更強(qiáng)大的微處理機(jī)，醫(yī)生們正在尋找在醫(yī)療應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域使用納米顆粒的方式。但是，在納米技術(shù)統(tǒng)治技術(shù)和醫(yī)療市場之前還有很長的路要走。In the world of "Star Trek," machines called replicators can produce practically any physical object, from weapons to a steaming cup of

31、Earl Grey tea. Long considered to be exclusively the product of science fiction, today some people believe replicators are a very real possibility. They call it molecular manufacturing, and if it ever does become a reality, it could drastically change the world.在星際迷航的世界里，被稱為復(fù)制者的機(jī)器可以生產(chǎn)幾乎任何物體，從武器到一杯冒著

32、熱氣的格雷伯爵茶。長久以來復(fù)制者被認(rèn)為是科幻小說專屬的產(chǎn)品，可是現(xiàn)在有些人相信這些機(jī)器是非常真實(shí)的并且有可能存在的。人們把它稱為分子制造者，如果這些機(jī)器真的變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)，它們將極大地改變世界。Atoms and molecules stick together because they have complementary shapes that lock together, or charges that attract. Just like with magnets, a positively charged atom will stick to a negatively charged at

33、om. As millions of these atoms are pieced together by nanomachines, a specific product will begin to take shape. The goal of molecular manufacturing is to manipulate atoms individually and place them in a pattern to produce a desired structure.原子和分子粘在一起是因?yàn)樗鼈冇谢パa(bǔ)的形狀，這樣的形狀鎖在一起，或者它們的電荷互相吸引。就像磁鐵一樣，帶正電的原子

34、會(huì)粘住帶負(fù)電的原子，千百萬這樣的原子由納米機(jī)器粘在一起，一個(gè)特殊的產(chǎn)品就將成形。分子制造的目標(biāo)就是控制單個(gè)的原子，把它們按照某種樣子放置，這樣就可以生產(chǎn)出想要的結(jié)構(gòu)。The first step would be to develop nanoscopic machines, called assemblers, that scientists can program to manipulate atoms and molecules at will. Rice University Professor Richard Smalley points out that it would take

35、 a single nanoscopic machine millions of years to assemble a meaningful amount of material. In order for molecular manufacturing to be practical, you would need trillions of assemblers working together simultaneously. Eric Drexler believes that assemblers could first replicate themselves, building o

36、ther assemblers. Each generation would build another, resulting in exponential growth until there are enough assemblers to produce objects第一步是研發(fā)納米機(jī)器，也被稱為裝配器。這樣科學(xué)家可以按照自己的意愿讓這些裝配器控制原子和分子。萊斯大學(xué)的Richard 教授指出要組裝一定數(shù)量的物質(zhì)，一臺納米裝配器要花上幾百萬年的時(shí)間。為了讓分子制造變得更實(shí)際一些，你需要讓無數(shù)的裝配器同時(shí)工作。Eric 相信，裝配器首先要復(fù)制自己，建造其它的裝配器，每一代會(huì)建造另一代，以

37、指數(shù)方式增長，直到有足夠的裝配器生產(chǎn)物品。Assemblers might have moving parts like the nanogears in this concept drawing. Trillions of assemblers and replicators could fill an area smaller than a cubic millimeter, and could still be too small for us to see with the naked eye. Assemblers and replicators could work togethe

38、r to automatically construct products, and could eventually replace all traditional labor methods. This could vastly decrease manufacturing costs, thereby making consumer goods plentiful, cheaper and stronger. Eventually, we could be able to replicate anything, including diamonds, water and food. Fa

39、mine could be eradicated by machines that fabricate foods to feed the hungry.在上述描繪的概念中，裝配器可能有移動(dòng)的零件比如納米齒輪，無數(shù)的裝配器和復(fù)制者可以填滿一個(gè)比立方毫米還要小的區(qū)域，并且依然還是太小以至于我們的肉眼看不見。裝配器和復(fù)制者可以一起工作，這樣可以自動(dòng)建造產(chǎn)品，可以最終取代所有傳統(tǒng)的勞動(dòng)力方法。這可以大大降低制造費(fèi)用，從制造更多，更便宜，功能更強(qiáng)的消費(fèi)品。最終，我們能夠復(fù)制任何東西，包括鉆石、水和食物。饑荒會(huì)被消除，因?yàn)橛袡C(jī)器制造食物來喂養(yǎng)饑餓的人。Nanotechnology may have it

40、s biggest impact on the medical industry. Patients will drink fluids containing nanorobots programmed to attack and reconstruct the molecular structure of cancer cells and viruses. There's even speculation that nanorobots could slow or reverse the aging process, and life expectancy could increas

41、e significantly. Nanorobots could also be programmed to perform delicate surgeries - such nanosurgeons could work at a level a thousand times more precise than the sharpest scalpel. By working on such a small scale, a nanorobot could operate without leaving the scars that conventional surgery does.

42、Additionally, nanorobots could change your physical appearance. They could be programmed to perform cosmetic surgery, rearranging your atoms to change your ears, nose, eye color or any other physical feature you wish to alter.對于醫(yī)療工業(yè)納米技術(shù)可能有最大的影響。病人會(huì)喝下含有納米機(jī)器人的液體，這些納米機(jī)器人會(huì)按照程序設(shè)定來攻擊癌細(xì)胞和病毒的并且重建它們的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。甚至有

43、猜測說納米機(jī)器人可以減緩或逆轉(zhuǎn)衰老的過程，壽命預(yù)期會(huì)大大增加。納米機(jī)器人也可以被設(shè)定用來做精密的手術(shù)這樣的納米外科醫(yī)師的工作水平可以比最尖銳的解剖刀還要精準(zhǔn)一千倍。通過在這樣小的水平上工作，納米機(jī)器人在工作時(shí)可以不留 下常規(guī)手術(shù)中會(huì)有的傷口。此外，納米機(jī)器人還可以改變你的外貌。它們可以被設(shè)定來做美容手術(shù)，重新安排你的原子，來改變你的耳朵、鼻子、眼睛的顏色，或者任何你希望改變的外貌特點(diǎn)。Nanotechnology has the potential to have a positive effect on the environment. For instance, scientists co

44、uld program airborne nanorobots to rebuild the thinning ozone layer. Nanorobots could remove contaminants from water sources and clean up oil spills. Manufacturing materials using the bottom-up method of nanotechnology also creates less pollution than conventional manufacturing processes. Our depend

45、ence on non-renewable resources would diminish with nanotechnology. Cutting down trees, mining coal or drilling for oil may no longer be necessary - nanomachines could produce those resources.納米技術(shù)有潛力對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生積極的影響。比如，科學(xué)家們可以讓空中的納米機(jī)器人重建正在變薄的臭氧層。納米機(jī)器人可以移除水源中的污染物，清掃濺出的油。使用納米技術(shù)從細(xì)節(jié)開始的方法來制造材料，相比常規(guī)的制造過程產(chǎn)生的污染更少。

46、擁有納米技術(shù)后我們對于不可再生資源的依賴性會(huì)降低?？硺洹⒉擅夯蜚@井勘探石油也許不再必要納米機(jī)器可以生產(chǎn)這些資源。Many nanotechnology experts feel that these applications are well outside the realm of possibility, at least for the foreseeable future. They caution that the more exotic applications are only theoretical. Some worry that nanotechnology will en

47、d up like virtual reality - in other words, the hype surrounding nanotechnology will continue to build until the limitations of the field become public knowledge, and then interest (and funding) will quickly dissipate.許多納米技術(shù)專家覺得這些應(yīng)用都不在可能實(shí)施的領(lǐng)域里，至少在可預(yù)見的未來是這樣。他們提示說更奇異的應(yīng)用只是理論性的。有些人擔(dān)心納米技術(shù)最終會(huì)是虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)換句話說，圍繞在

48、納米技術(shù)周圍的炒作將繼續(xù)增強(qiáng)，直到這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的局限性成為公共知識，然后興趣（和資助）會(huì)很快消散。The most immediate challenge in nanotechnology is that we need to learn more about materials and their properties at the nanoscale. Universities and corporations across the world are rigorously studying how atoms fit together to form larger structures.

49、We're still learning about how quantum mechanics impact substances at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology will definitely continue to impact us as we learn more about the enormous potential of the nanoscale.納米技術(shù)領(lǐng)域現(xiàn)在面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是我們需要了解更多有關(guān)納米層面的材料和它們的性質(zhì)的知識。全世界的大學(xué)和企業(yè)正在仔細(xì)地研究原子如何連在一起以構(gòu)成更大的結(jié)構(gòu)，我們還正在學(xué)習(xí)量子力學(xué)如何在納米水平影響物

50、質(zhì)。當(dāng)我們了解更多納米水平巨大的潛力后納米技術(shù)肯定會(huì)繼續(xù)影響我們。 Text 10 全球變暖Global warming is about much more than hotter summers, winter floods, and farting cows. There is absolutely no question that the earth is warming up fast, and few climate scientists would argue with this. The dispute lies in whether or not the warming we

51、 are now experiencing simply reflects a natural turnabout in the recent global temperature trend or results from the polluting impact of human activities since the Industrial Revolution really began to take hold.全球變暖遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止是更熱的夏天，冬天的洪水，還有放屁的牛。毫無疑問地球正在快速變暖，幾乎沒有氣候科學(xué)家會(huì)對此有爭議。這一爭論的焦點(diǎn)在于：我們正在經(jīng)歷的變暖僅僅反映了最近全球氣溫變

52、化趨勢的自然轉(zhuǎn)變，還是工業(yè)革命真正開始以來人類活動(dòng)造成污染影響的結(jié)果。預(yù)測氣候變化時(shí)極其困難的，這也解釋了為什么未來氣溫升高和海平面變化的模型要經(jīng)常進(jìn)行修訂。但是現(xiàn)在的證據(jù)無可辯駁：人類行為正在推動(dòng)現(xiàn)在的行星變暖周期。盡管有一些特立獨(dú)行的科學(xué)家，石油公司的支持者，還有世界最大污染國的總統(tǒng)，但是壓倒性的一致意見是如果沒有減少溫室氣體的排放，情況真的會(huì)變得很糟。Amazingly，this prospect is still played own and intentionally hidden by some, most recently by Danish statistician, Bjor

53、n Lomborg. In his widely savaged book, The Skeptical Environmentalist, Lomborg denigrates global warming and its future impact, while at the same time, through highly selective references to scientific research, coming to the conclusion that all is right with the world.但令人驚訝的是，這種可能性依然被淡化，并且被人有意隱藏，最近

54、被丹麥統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家比約恩.隆伯格隱藏。在他廣受抨擊的一書令人懷疑的環(huán)境學(xué)家中，隆伯格詆毀全球變暖和它未來的影響。與此同時(shí)，通過對科學(xué)研究成果十分有選擇性地查閱，他得出結(jié)論說，世界一切都好。過去的70年間，地球比上個(gè)千年的任何時(shí)間都要熱，就在過去幾十年間這種變暖一直在急劇加速。毫無疑問每個(gè)人都至少有一位更年長的親戚，他經(jīng)?；叵脒^去某個(gè)時(shí)候，那時(shí)夏天更熱，天空更藍(lán)。Meteorological records show, however, that this is simply a case of selective memory, and in fact 19 of the hottest year

55、s on record have occurred since 1980s, with the late 1990s seeing the warmest years of all across the planet as a whole.但是氣象記錄顯示，這僅僅是選擇性記憶的情況。實(shí)際上，記錄中19個(gè)最熱的年份發(fā)生在1980年之后，而二十世紀(jì)九十年代末期見證了整個(gè)星球上最暖的年份。地球現(xiàn)在比它46億年歷史上90%多的時(shí)間都要暖。到21世紀(jì)末我們的星球?qū)⒔?jīng)歷比過去15萬年來任何時(shí)候都更高的溫度。上升的氣溫趨勢不僅僅是氣候的小問題，也不能完全由太陽輸出的變化來解釋。盡管太陽輸出很顯然對氣候有顯著

56、影響。Rather, it is a consequence of two centuries of pollution, which is now enclosing the earth in an insulating blanket of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases.實(shí)際上，這是兩個(gè)世紀(jì)污染的結(jié)果，這種污染現(xiàn)在把地球包圍在一個(gè)由二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮，還有其他溫室氣體構(gòu)成的隔熱毯子當(dāng)中。自從18世紀(jì)晚期以來，我們的種族一直在從事一項(xiàng)巨大的星球試驗(yàn)，最終會(huì)有什么樣的結(jié)果我們也只能僅

57、僅靠猜測。不幸的是，對于我們而言，現(xiàn)在試驗(yàn)進(jìn)入了失控的階段，由于內(nèi)在的慣性，我們不能馬上停下來，只能放慢速度。即使我們今天能夠使溫室氣體的排放穩(wěn)定下來，氣溫和海平面依舊會(huì)繼續(xù)上升幾百年。我們時(shí)代的大問題是：我們有決心做這些嗎？或者我們會(huì)避開這個(gè)問題，讓情況惡化到落后者遭殃的境地？We know from studies of polar ice cores that before the hiss of steam and grinding of metal on metal that heralded the arrival of the industrial world, the conc

58、entrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been pretty much constant since the glaciers retreated at the end of the last Ice Age我們從極地冰核的研究中知道，自從上一次冰川時(shí)代結(jié)束時(shí)冰川不斷消融以來，大氣中溫室氣體的濃度一直非常穩(wěn)定。這些都是在預(yù)示著工業(yè)世界的到來的嘶嘶的蒸汽聲和金屬之間的摩擦聲出現(xiàn)之前的狀況。但是，自前工業(yè)時(shí)代以來，大氣中的二氧化碳水平增加了30%，其它溫室氣體的含量也急劇增加，尤其是甲烷和一氧化二氮?，F(xiàn)在大氣中二氧化碳的含量比持續(xù)

59、了42萬年的水平要高，過去兩千萬年來也沒有被超出過。氣體的增加的速度也是前所未有的，過去100年的增加率比過去兩萬年的任何時(shí)候要高。As these gases have accumulated in the earths atmosphere so they have, quite literally, caused it to act in the manner of a greenhouse, allowing heat from the sun in but hindering its escape back into space. In fact, our atmosphere has operated in this way for billions of years, moderating temperature swings